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Casimir III the Great
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Casimir III the Great
Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, retaining the title throughout the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. He was the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.
Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and under his rule it became relatively prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced several undying codified statutes, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian". Casimir built extensively and founded the Jagiellonian University (back then simply called the University of Krakow), the oldest Polish university and one of the oldest in the world. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.
Casimir left no legitimate sons. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
Casimir was born on 30 April 1310 in Kowal, Kuyavia, the third son of Władysław I Łokietek and Jadwiga of Kalisz. At the time of Kazimierz's birth, his father was one of the most powerful Polish princes, ruling over most of Lesser Poland and Kujawy, including the capital of the kingdom, Kraków. Łokietek had royal ambitions, which were rekindled by the deaths in 1305 of Wenceslaus II and, a year later, Wenceslaus III, kings of Bohemia, who also ruled over a significant part of Poland and were kings of Poland. In 1311, the legal title to the Polish crown was taken over by the new Czech king, John of Luxembourg, who, although he was never crowned, used the title of Polish king until 1335.
Through considerable military and diplomatic effort, Władysław Łokietek managed to take control of a large part of the Polish lands and was crowned king in Kraków on January 20, 1320. A sign of his growing political importance was the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to the Hungarian king Charles Robert on June 6, 1320.
It was probably around that time that the king began to look for a bride for his son and only heir. According to some accounts, the first candidate was Jutta, daughter of John of Luxembourg, but these plans never came to fruition. Subsequently, seeking allies against the Teutonic Order, the king turned to Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1323 announced his willingness to accept baptism. The marriage of Casimir to the Lithuanian princess Aldona Anna took place on October 16, 1325, in Wawel Cathedral.
An important episode in Casimir’s youth was his stay at the Buda court on a diplomatic mission around 1329/1330. There, he became involved in a romance with Klára Záh, the daughter of the Hungarian magnate Felician Záh. Klara’s father learned of the affair only after Casimir had left Hungary. Seeking revenge for the dishonor brought upon his daughter, and accusing Queen Elizabeth, Casimir’s sister, of complicity, he burst into Buda Castle during a royal feast and attacked the royal couple, wounding the king and cutting off the queen’s fingers. Zach was killed on the spot, and his family suffered severe repressions.
Meanwhile, Poland became entangled in a war with the King of Bohemia, who sought to reclaim the Kraków throne, aided by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Order. Although Poland was supported by Lithuania and Hungary, the war did not go well for her. Władysław managed to defend his crown, yet the overall outcome of the conflict was unfavorable. The Teutonic Order seized Kuyavia, a move later confirmed by John of Luxembourg, while John himself occupied the Dobrzyń Land, driving out Łokietek’s cousins, and received homage from the Duke of Płock and most of the Silesian princes as King of Poland.
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Casimir III the Great
Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, retaining the title throughout the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. He was the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.
Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and under his rule it became relatively prosperous and wealthy. He reformed the Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced several undying codified statutes, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian". Casimir built extensively and founded the Jagiellonian University (back then simply called the University of Krakow), the oldest Polish university and one of the oldest in the world. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.
Casimir left no legitimate sons. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
Casimir was born on 30 April 1310 in Kowal, Kuyavia, the third son of Władysław I Łokietek and Jadwiga of Kalisz. At the time of Kazimierz's birth, his father was one of the most powerful Polish princes, ruling over most of Lesser Poland and Kujawy, including the capital of the kingdom, Kraków. Łokietek had royal ambitions, which were rekindled by the deaths in 1305 of Wenceslaus II and, a year later, Wenceslaus III, kings of Bohemia, who also ruled over a significant part of Poland and were kings of Poland. In 1311, the legal title to the Polish crown was taken over by the new Czech king, John of Luxembourg, who, although he was never crowned, used the title of Polish king until 1335.
Through considerable military and diplomatic effort, Władysław Łokietek managed to take control of a large part of the Polish lands and was crowned king in Kraków on January 20, 1320. A sign of his growing political importance was the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to the Hungarian king Charles Robert on June 6, 1320.
It was probably around that time that the king began to look for a bride for his son and only heir. According to some accounts, the first candidate was Jutta, daughter of John of Luxembourg, but these plans never came to fruition. Subsequently, seeking allies against the Teutonic Order, the king turned to Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1323 announced his willingness to accept baptism. The marriage of Casimir to the Lithuanian princess Aldona Anna took place on October 16, 1325, in Wawel Cathedral.
An important episode in Casimir’s youth was his stay at the Buda court on a diplomatic mission around 1329/1330. There, he became involved in a romance with Klára Záh, the daughter of the Hungarian magnate Felician Záh. Klara’s father learned of the affair only after Casimir had left Hungary. Seeking revenge for the dishonor brought upon his daughter, and accusing Queen Elizabeth, Casimir’s sister, of complicity, he burst into Buda Castle during a royal feast and attacked the royal couple, wounding the king and cutting off the queen’s fingers. Zach was killed on the spot, and his family suffered severe repressions.
Meanwhile, Poland became entangled in a war with the King of Bohemia, who sought to reclaim the Kraków throne, aided by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Order. Although Poland was supported by Lithuania and Hungary, the war did not go well for her. Władysław managed to defend his crown, yet the overall outcome of the conflict was unfavorable. The Teutonic Order seized Kuyavia, a move later confirmed by John of Luxembourg, while John himself occupied the Dobrzyń Land, driving out Łokietek’s cousins, and received homage from the Duke of Płock and most of the Silesian princes as King of Poland.
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