Charles Bingham Penrose (October 6, 1798 – April 6, 1857) was an American politician who served as a Democratic-Republican and Whig member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 16th and 14th district from 1833 to 1841 and as a Republican member for the 1st district in 1857. He served as Speaker of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1838 to 1839 and again in 1841. He was a key figure during the Buckshot War unrest in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, after the 1838 legislative election, when both Whigs and Democrats claimed control over the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

He served as Solicitor of the United States Treasury from 1841 to 1845 in the William Henry Harrison and John Tyler administrations and as the first Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1849 during the Zachary Taylor administration.

Penrose was born in the Frankford neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 6, 1798, to Clement Biddle Penrose and Anna Howard Bingham. He moved with his family to St. Louis, Missouri, when his father was assigned as commissioner of the Louisiana Territory by President Thomas Jefferson. He volunteered to fight during the War of 1812, however the St. Louis based company was never called into active service.

Penrose studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1821.

Penrose was elected as a Democratic-Republican party member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 16th district and served from 1833 to 1835. He switched political parties to the Whig party and served for the 16th district from 1835 to 1837. He served as a Whig member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 14th district from 1837 to 1841 including as Speaker of the Senate from 1838 to 1839 and again in 1841.

Penrose was a key figure during the Buckshot War of 1838, when both the Whig and Democratic parties claimed control over the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Penrose certified the Whig results from Philadelphia for the Senate which prompted Charles Brown, one of the rejected candidates, to request to speak. A crowd of hundreds armed with bowie knives and pistols were in attendance to support the Democratic side. They began to shout "You shall admit Brown and Stevens (another Democratic candidate)" and "We will have Burrowes', Stevens', and Penrose's blood". Penrose, Thaddeus Stevens and Secretary of Commonwealth Thomas H. Burrowes fled the Capitol through a window in the back of the Senate chambers to escape the mob.

Governor Joseph Ritner declared a rebellion and Pennsylvania State Milita General Robert Patterson came to Harrisburg with troops to quell any potential violence. Both Penrose and Governor Ritner wrote to Captain Edwin Vose Sumner in command of Federal troops in Carlisle to also come to Harrisburg, however Vose refused to interfere in what he deemed a state political matter.

He was a delegate to the convention that nominated William Henry Harrison as president. In 1841, Penrose was appointed Solicitor of the Treasury in the Harrison administration and was reappointed in the John Tyler administration from 1841 to 1845. In March 1849 he was appointed the first Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving under William Morris Meredith in the Zachary Taylor administration, but only served for a short time.