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Chilean occupation of Peru
The Chilean occupation of Peru (Spanish: Ocupación chilena del Perú) began on November 2, 1879, with the beginning of the Tarapacá campaign during the War of the Pacific. The Chilean Army successfully defeated the Peruvian Army and occupied the southern Peruvian territories of Tarapacá, Arica and Tacna. By January 1881, the Chilean army had reached Lima, and on January 17 of the same year, the occupation of Lima began.
During the occupation, a collaborationist government was established in La Magdalena, known as the Government of La Magdalena (Spanish: Gobierno de La Magdalena), headed by Francisco García Calderón, that served as the representative government of Peru in order to negotiate the end of the war. After García Calderón's refusal to agree to the territorial transfer of Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna, he was exiled to Chile along with his wife, where he was pressured again until Lizardo Montero's Cry of Montán, and the establishment of his new government in Cajamarca, known as the Regenerator Government (Spanish: Gobierno Regenerador), which would be recognized as the successor of García Calderón's government by Chile.
The occupation came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Ancón on October 23, 1883, with Chilean troops retreating on October 29. However, Chilean forces continued to occupy and administer Tarata until 1925, while a final agreement between the two countries regarding Tacna and Arica was reached in 1929.
On April 5, 1879, a state of war was officially declared between Peru and Chile, starting military confrontations between both states. Due to Bolivia's loss of its Litoral Department by the occupying Chilean forces and consequent loss of access to the Pacific Ocean, on March 26, 1879, Hilarión Daza formally offered letters of marque to any ships willing to fight for Bolivia. Despite this, the Chilean navy carried out a successful naval campaign against Peru, which guaranteed her control over the seas.
The Tarapacá campaign began on the early hours of November 2, 1879. A maritime bombing and subsequent landing at Pisagua proved successful for the Chilean troops, who quickly occupied the town and set it as their base from which to continue the invasion up north. Peruvian General Juan Buendía, who was in command of the Allied Southern Army at Tarapacá, was left in a difficult position. Pisagua and Iquique were his communication lines, and since May, Iquique was under blockade. The liberation of Pisagua then became his main objective. Buendía left Iquique on November 5, moving to Agua Santa, where his forces were to reunite. From here he marched to Porvenir, prior to moving north to join with Hilarión Daza. The Chilean advance had proven successful, however, as Peruvian troops and Chilean troops soon saw themselves fighting on November 19, in the Battle of San Francisco.
As a result of the aforementioned battle, both sides had taken heavy casualties, and the Peruvian troops had soon retreated to nearby Tarapacá. The Chilean advance continued, however, and fighting resumed in the Battle of Tarapacá, where the defending troops saw themselves victorious, and the Chilean troops were forced to retreat. The victory, however, had no effect on the general campaign. The Allies left Tarapacá, withdrawing north-west to Arica on the coast, moving through the area close to the mountains to avoid the Chilean cavalry attack. They marched during twenty days at the cost of six casualties. Therefore, despite the defeat, Chile secured Tarapacá Province. This occupation of the southern provinces of the country were successful in that Chile was able to carry out its plans of using them as leverage against the Peruvian government during the war, with most of the territory being awarded to Chile, while Tacna was, almost in its entirety, returned to Peru.
After the success in Tarapacá and the Lynch Expedition in the north of Peru, a campaign to take Lima began in late 1880, with amphibious landings taking place among the Peruvian coast. By early 1881, fighting had reached the outskirts of the capital, and after the Chilean success at Chorrillos and Miraflores, the occupation of Lima began in January 1881, with Chilean troops occupying the capital and establishing a military administration headquartered in the Government Palace, while the collaborationist government was headquartered in the Palacio de la Magdalena.
Reports of Chilean destruction and looting resulted in a meeting between the different observing powers, concluding that such an event would not be allowed in Lima proper. Had the Chilean army destroyed and looted the city as it had done in Barranco, Chorrillos and Miraflores, the observing powers would have used their military power in the form of a bombardment of the city against the occupying army.
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Chilean occupation of Peru
The Chilean occupation of Peru (Spanish: Ocupación chilena del Perú) began on November 2, 1879, with the beginning of the Tarapacá campaign during the War of the Pacific. The Chilean Army successfully defeated the Peruvian Army and occupied the southern Peruvian territories of Tarapacá, Arica and Tacna. By January 1881, the Chilean army had reached Lima, and on January 17 of the same year, the occupation of Lima began.
During the occupation, a collaborationist government was established in La Magdalena, known as the Government of La Magdalena (Spanish: Gobierno de La Magdalena), headed by Francisco García Calderón, that served as the representative government of Peru in order to negotiate the end of the war. After García Calderón's refusal to agree to the territorial transfer of Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna, he was exiled to Chile along with his wife, where he was pressured again until Lizardo Montero's Cry of Montán, and the establishment of his new government in Cajamarca, known as the Regenerator Government (Spanish: Gobierno Regenerador), which would be recognized as the successor of García Calderón's government by Chile.
The occupation came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Ancón on October 23, 1883, with Chilean troops retreating on October 29. However, Chilean forces continued to occupy and administer Tarata until 1925, while a final agreement between the two countries regarding Tacna and Arica was reached in 1929.
On April 5, 1879, a state of war was officially declared between Peru and Chile, starting military confrontations between both states. Due to Bolivia's loss of its Litoral Department by the occupying Chilean forces and consequent loss of access to the Pacific Ocean, on March 26, 1879, Hilarión Daza formally offered letters of marque to any ships willing to fight for Bolivia. Despite this, the Chilean navy carried out a successful naval campaign against Peru, which guaranteed her control over the seas.
The Tarapacá campaign began on the early hours of November 2, 1879. A maritime bombing and subsequent landing at Pisagua proved successful for the Chilean troops, who quickly occupied the town and set it as their base from which to continue the invasion up north. Peruvian General Juan Buendía, who was in command of the Allied Southern Army at Tarapacá, was left in a difficult position. Pisagua and Iquique were his communication lines, and since May, Iquique was under blockade. The liberation of Pisagua then became his main objective. Buendía left Iquique on November 5, moving to Agua Santa, where his forces were to reunite. From here he marched to Porvenir, prior to moving north to join with Hilarión Daza. The Chilean advance had proven successful, however, as Peruvian troops and Chilean troops soon saw themselves fighting on November 19, in the Battle of San Francisco.
As a result of the aforementioned battle, both sides had taken heavy casualties, and the Peruvian troops had soon retreated to nearby Tarapacá. The Chilean advance continued, however, and fighting resumed in the Battle of Tarapacá, where the defending troops saw themselves victorious, and the Chilean troops were forced to retreat. The victory, however, had no effect on the general campaign. The Allies left Tarapacá, withdrawing north-west to Arica on the coast, moving through the area close to the mountains to avoid the Chilean cavalry attack. They marched during twenty days at the cost of six casualties. Therefore, despite the defeat, Chile secured Tarapacá Province. This occupation of the southern provinces of the country were successful in that Chile was able to carry out its plans of using them as leverage against the Peruvian government during the war, with most of the territory being awarded to Chile, while Tacna was, almost in its entirety, returned to Peru.
After the success in Tarapacá and the Lynch Expedition in the north of Peru, a campaign to take Lima began in late 1880, with amphibious landings taking place among the Peruvian coast. By early 1881, fighting had reached the outskirts of the capital, and after the Chilean success at Chorrillos and Miraflores, the occupation of Lima began in January 1881, with Chilean troops occupying the capital and establishing a military administration headquartered in the Government Palace, while the collaborationist government was headquartered in the Palacio de la Magdalena.
Reports of Chilean destruction and looting resulted in a meeting between the different observing powers, concluding that such an event would not be allowed in Lima proper. Had the Chilean army destroyed and looted the city as it had done in Barranco, Chorrillos and Miraflores, the observing powers would have used their military power in the form of a bombardment of the city against the occupying army.