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Czech National Revival
The Czech National Revival was a cultural movement which took place in the Czech lands during the 18th and 19th centuries. The purpose of this movement was to revive the Czech language, culture and national identity. The most prominent figures of the revival movement were Josef Dobrovský and Josef Jungmann.
Following the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Czech lands experienced Germanisation politics spearheaded by the Habsburg emperors.[citation needed]
The oppression was also connected with religion – about one half of the inhabitants of Bohemia were Protestants (see Hussite) when the Habsburgs took power.[citation needed] The Habsburgs started rampant anti-Reformation and re-Catholicization efforts which made some Czech elites flee the country. This violent re-Catholicization has been suggested to be one of the reasons behind today's widespread Czech atheism.[citation needed]
During the two following centuries, Czech language had been more or less eradicated from state administration, literature, schools, Charles University, and among the upper classes.[citation needed] Large numbers of books written in Czech were burned for confessional reasons. For example, Jesuit Antonín Koniáš alone is credited with burning as many as 30,000 Czech-language books. Gradually, Czech was reduced to a means of communication between peasants, who were often illiterate.[citation needed] Therefore, the revival looked for inspiration among ordinary Czechs in the countryside.
Josef Dobrovský published his Czech grammar book in 1809. In 1817, Václav Hanka claimed to have discovered medieval Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora, which were decades later proven as Hanka's and Linda's forgeries.
Josef Jungmann published the five-volume Czech-German dictionary in 1834–1839. It was a major lexicographical work, which had a great formative influence on Czech. Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice (1579–1613) period and of the language used by his contemporaries. He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms. He also inspired development of Czech scientific terminology, thus making it possible for original Czech research to develop.
This work was published by the Matice česká, an institution created by František Palacký in 1831 as a branch of the National Museum. The Matice became an important institution as it was at the time one of the few routes through which works in Czech could be published. In 1832 it took over the publication of the journal of the Bohemian Museum. This journal was important as it provided a forum for the Czech intelligentsia to publish their ideas in their own language, in contrast to the journal published by the Royal Bohemian Academy of Sciences, which was published in German.
With the renaissance of language, Czech culture flourished. Czech institutions were established to celebrate Czech history and culture. The National Theatre opened in 1883 and the National Museum in 1818. The foundations were financially supported by the nobility, industrialists, as well as the Habsburg emperors.
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Czech National Revival
The Czech National Revival was a cultural movement which took place in the Czech lands during the 18th and 19th centuries. The purpose of this movement was to revive the Czech language, culture and national identity. The most prominent figures of the revival movement were Josef Dobrovský and Josef Jungmann.
Following the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Czech lands experienced Germanisation politics spearheaded by the Habsburg emperors.[citation needed]
The oppression was also connected with religion – about one half of the inhabitants of Bohemia were Protestants (see Hussite) when the Habsburgs took power.[citation needed] The Habsburgs started rampant anti-Reformation and re-Catholicization efforts which made some Czech elites flee the country. This violent re-Catholicization has been suggested to be one of the reasons behind today's widespread Czech atheism.[citation needed]
During the two following centuries, Czech language had been more or less eradicated from state administration, literature, schools, Charles University, and among the upper classes.[citation needed] Large numbers of books written in Czech were burned for confessional reasons. For example, Jesuit Antonín Koniáš alone is credited with burning as many as 30,000 Czech-language books. Gradually, Czech was reduced to a means of communication between peasants, who were often illiterate.[citation needed] Therefore, the revival looked for inspiration among ordinary Czechs in the countryside.
Josef Dobrovský published his Czech grammar book in 1809. In 1817, Václav Hanka claimed to have discovered medieval Manuscripts of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora, which were decades later proven as Hanka's and Linda's forgeries.
Josef Jungmann published the five-volume Czech-German dictionary in 1834–1839. It was a major lexicographical work, which had a great formative influence on Czech. Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice (1579–1613) period and of the language used by his contemporaries. He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms. He also inspired development of Czech scientific terminology, thus making it possible for original Czech research to develop.
This work was published by the Matice česká, an institution created by František Palacký in 1831 as a branch of the National Museum. The Matice became an important institution as it was at the time one of the few routes through which works in Czech could be published. In 1832 it took over the publication of the journal of the Bohemian Museum. This journal was important as it provided a forum for the Czech intelligentsia to publish their ideas in their own language, in contrast to the journal published by the Royal Bohemian Academy of Sciences, which was published in German.
With the renaissance of language, Czech culture flourished. Czech institutions were established to celebrate Czech history and culture. The National Theatre opened in 1883 and the National Museum in 1818. The foundations were financially supported by the nobility, industrialists, as well as the Habsburg emperors.