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A handmade wooden doorstop
A manufactured black rubber doorstop
Door Stop
An integrated doorstop

A doorstop (also door stopper, door stop or door wedge) is an object or device used to hold a door open or closed, or to prevent a door from opening too widely. The same word is used to refer to a thin slat built inside a door frame to prevent a door from swinging through when closed. A doorstop (applied) may also be a small bracket or 90-degree piece of metal applied to the frame of a door to stop the door from swinging (bi-directional) and converting that door to a single direction (in-swing push or out-swing pull). The doorstop can be a separate part or integrated with a hinge or door closer.

History

[edit]

Formally-produced doorstops trace their history to the 18th century in Europe, becoming widely manufactured in Europe in the early 19th century. By the mid 19th century, manufacturing had primarily moved to the United States.[1] Despite their early manufacturing, credit for the invention of the doorstop is usually granted to Osburn Dorsey, an American inventor, in 1878. The doorstop was Dorsey's most famous invention and he received a US patent, number 210,764, for the invention.[2]

Usage

[edit]

Holding doors open

[edit]

A door may be stopped by a doorstop which is simply a heavy solid object, such as a brick, placed in the path of the door. These stops are predominantly improvised.[1] Historically, lead bricks have been popular choices when available.[3] However, as the toxic nature of lead has been revealed, this use has been strongly discouraged.[4]

Another method is to use a doorstop which is a small wedge of wood, rubber, fabric, plastic, cotton or another material. Manufactured wedges of these materials are commonly available. The wedge is kicked into position and the downward force of the door, now jammed upwards onto the doorstop, provides enough static friction to keep it motionless.[5]

A third strategy is to equip the door itself with a stopping mechanism. In this case, a short metal bar capped with rubber, or another high-friction material, is attached to a hinge near the bottom of the door opposite the door hinge and on the side of the door which is in the direction that it closes. When the door is to be kept open, the bar is swung down so that the rubber end touches the floor. In this configuration, further movement of the door towards being closed increases the force on the rubber end, thereby increasing the frictional force which opposes the movement. When the door is to be closed, the stop is released by pushing the door slightly more open, which releases the stop and allows it to be flipped upwards. A newer version of equipping the door with the stopping mechanism is to attach a magnet to the bottom or top of the door on the side which opens outward, which then latches onto another magnet or magnetic material on the wall or a small hub on the floor. The magnet must be strong enough to hold the weight of the door, but weak enough to be easily detached from the wall or hub.[6]

  • A metal brick used as a doorstop
    A metal brick used as a doorstop
  • A commercially available rubber doorstop
    A commercially available rubber doorstop
  • A door mounted doorstop
    A door mounted doorstop
  • A decorative concrete doorstop
    A decorative concrete doorstop

Preventing damage by doors

[edit]

Another type of doorstop is used to prevent doors from opening too far and damaging nearby walls. In this case a rubber cylinder or dome—or a rod or block of rubber-tipped metal, wood or plastic—is screwed into the wall, molding or the floor in the path of the door. If it is attached to the wall, it may be either a few inches above the ground, or at such a height as to meet the doorknob. A short, wall-attached doorstop, usually a rubber dome or cylinder, is sometimes called a wall bumper. Rigid metal springs (also tipped with rubber or plastic) are used to absorb and more widely distribute the kinetic energy of the door swinging.

On occasion, stops are used that are fitted at the midpoint of the door, as part of the central door-hinge. Such stops are known as a "hinge stops" or "hinge pin" doorstops and are often used to prevent damage to baseboard molding.[7]

  • A doorknob-blocking wall mounted doorstop, also called a "wall bumper"
    A doorknob-blocking wall mounted doorstop, also called a "wall bumper"
  • A floor mounted doorstop
    A floor mounted doorstop
  • The consequences of lacking a doorstop
    The consequences of lacking a doorstop
  • Rigid metal spring doorstop in solid baseboard molding
    Rigid metal spring doorstop in solid baseboard molding

Holding doors closed

[edit]

In his 1906 book The Right Way to Do Wrong, Harry Houdini recommends the use of a doorstop wedge to prevent a door from being pushed open from the outside, to deter burglars at night.[8]

Dialect usage

[edit]

In various British English dialects, including those in the south-west, north-east and north-west of England, the word "doorstop" is cognate with "doorstep" in standard English, being derived from door and stoop.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Doorstop

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A doorstop is a device or object designed to hold a door open or to prevent it from opening too widely, thereby protecting walls, furniture, and the door itself from damage.[1] These versatile items range from simple wedges to more complex installations, serving both functional and decorative purposes in homes, offices, and public spaces.[2] Doorstops are available in several main types to suit different needs and installations, including portable wedges, wall-mounted, floor-mounted, hinge pin, spring-loaded, magnetic, and baseboard varieties.[3][4] The history of doorstops dates back to rudimentary uses of heavy objects like rocks, bricks, or wooden blocks to secure doors, a practice common for centuries before formalized designs.[5] In 1878, African American inventor Osbourn Dorsey patented a mechanical door-holding device to secure doors open (US Patent 210,764).[6] [7] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, doorstops evolved into ornate cast iron pieces, often featuring artistic motifs like animals or figures, which became popular household decor in Europe and the United States.[8] [9] These early 20th-century examples, produced by foundries such as Hubley and Wilton, are now prized antiques, with rare pieces valued at over $1,000 due to their craftsmanship and historical significance.[10]

Types of Doorstops

Wedge Doorstops

A wedge doorstop is a portable, triangular or tapered object designed to be inserted beneath the bottom edge of a door, where it holds the door in place through frictional resistance against the floor surface.[11][12] The mechanics of a wedge doorstop rely on the principles of friction and gravity, with the inclined surface creating a normal force perpendicular to the contact area that, combined with the coefficient of friction between the wedge, door, and floor, prevents the door from moving.[13] This self-locking action occurs when the wedge angle is sufficiently shallow to ensure the frictional forces exceed the component of the door's weight tending to slide it, making it effective on various floor types without additional securing mechanisms.[14] Common subtypes of wedge doorstops include those made from rubber, which provide high grip due to their elasticity and non-marking properties; wooden versions, often carved for household use and offering natural durability; and plastic models, which are lightweight and inexpensive for general applications.[15] Heavy-duty industrial variants may incorporate aluminum or reinforced materials to handle heavier doors in commercial settings.[16] These doorstops are advantageous for their low cost, ease of portability and storage, and lack of need for permanent installation, allowing quick deployment in homes or offices.[17] However, a key disadvantage is their potential to slip on smooth surfaces like polished tile or concrete, where lower friction reduces holding power unless enhanced with anti-slip features.[18] For scenarios requiring more reliable fixed positioning, mounted doorstops serve as a permanent alternative.[17]

Mounted Doorstops

Mounted doorstops are fixed or semi-fixed devices that attach to walls, floors, baseboards, or doors to restrict the swing of a door and prevent it from striking surfaces. These hardware solutions provide a permanent or semi-permanent alternative to portable options, offering reliable protection against damage in residential and commercial settings.[4][19] Common subtypes include wall bumpers, which are rubber or metal protrusions mounted directly on walls at the height of the door knob or lever to cushion impact; baseboard stops, featuring hooks or buttons attached to floor baseboards to catch the door edge; floor-mounted stops, secured directly to the floor with a base plate and upright bumper, typically positioned about two-thirds of the distance from the door hinge to minimize stress; and spring-loaded or magnetic stops with mechanisms for discreet operation. Wall bumpers suit spaces without baseboards, while baseboard stops are ideal for homes with trim molding, and floor-mounted stops work well in open areas; spring-loaded variants absorb force upon contact, whereas magnetic types use powerful rare-earth neodymium magnets for secure engagement upon contact.[4][19][20] Installation typically involves drilling pilot holes and securing with screws. For wall bumpers, position at door knob height (typically 34-48 inches above the floor) to align with the impact point. For baseboard or floor-mounted stops, position at the door's full-open impact point, often 1.5 to 3 inches above the floor, for optimal alignment. Adhesive-backed versions, using strong 3M tape, allow tool-free mounting suitable for renters or delicate surfaces, avoiding permanent alterations. Magnetic stops require aligning and fastening a magnet base to the wall, floor, or baseboard and a catch plate to the door, leveraging rare-earth magnets for holding strength up to 27 pounds without drilling in some cases.[4][21][22] Notable innovations include hinge pin stops, which insert into existing door hinges to limit swing angle adjustably without surface mounting; installation entails removing the hinge pin, threading the stop through it, reinserting, and tightening a set screw for precise control, making them discreet for interior doors near fixtures. Kickdown stops, foot-operated mechanisms mounted on the door's bottom edge, deploy a rubber-tipped arm to the floor upon pressure; they install via screws about 8 inches from the door's lock edge and 1.5 inches from the bottom on the push side, accommodating both wood and metal doors with pre-drilled holes to prevent splitting.[4][23][24]

History

Ancient and Early Uses

Prior to the 19th century, improvised doorstops were commonplace, utilizing everyday objects such as wooden wedges, heavy rocks, or furniture pieces to hold doors ajar against drafts or to promote ventilation in enclosed spaces.[8] In Victorian-era households before 1878, these ad-hoc methods persisted to maintain air circulation in often stuffy interiors, compensating for the absence of specialized devices amid rising butt hinges that encouraged automatic door closure.[25] This reliance on basic, readily available materials transitioned with the issuance of the first U.S. patent for a purpose-built doorstop in 1878 to inventor Osbourn Dorsey, introducing a more reliable and standardized approach.[7]

19th and 20th Century Developments

The formalization of doorstop design in the 19th century began with the issuance of key U.S. patents for practical metal mechanisms. In 1878, Osbourn Dorsey received U.S. Patent No. 210,764 for an improvement in door-holding devices, featuring a mechanical device with a pivoted rod and levers connected to the doorknob that secured doors open at desired angles without manual intervention, marking one of the earliest patented designs for a reusable metal doorstop.[7] This innovation shifted doorstops from ad hoc improvised objects to manufactured items suited for industrialized homes. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras (late 19th to early 20th century), doorstop production evolved toward decorative functionality, particularly in cast iron for added weight and durability. Manufacturers began producing hollow-cast metal doorstops in animal shapes, such as cats and dogs, to complement period interiors while serving practical purposes; these were often painted in vibrant colors to enhance aesthetic appeal in middle-class households.[8] English foundries like Falkirk and Coalbrookdale led this trend from the 1820s onward, with designs emphasizing ornate motifs that reflected contemporary tastes in home decoration.[9] The 20th century saw a boom in mass-produced figural cast-iron doorstops, peaking in the 1920s and 1930s as American manufacturers capitalized on growing consumer demand for affordable home accessories. Companies like Hubley Manufacturing, founded in 1894, and Littlestown Hardware & Foundry, established in 1916, produced thousands of whimsical designs—including animals, historical figures, and Art Deco styles—using sand-casting techniques for efficient output.[26][27] This era's innovations included the widespread adoption of wall-mounted doorstops with rubber bumpers in the 1930s, designed to cushion impacts and prevent wall damage in modern architecture.[28] Post-World War II developments introduced lighter, more versatile materials amid metal shortages that had curtailed cast-iron production during the war. Plastic doorstops emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s, offering inexpensive, colorful alternatives for suburban homes, while magnetic models—patented as early as 1957 for secure door-holding via permanent magnets—gained traction for their non-intrusive installation in contemporary interiors.[29] Mass production of traditional cast-iron designs reached its height in the 1940s before declining sharply due to wartime resource constraints and shifting preferences toward synthetic materials.[30] In the 21st century, vintage cast-iron doorstops experienced a resurgence as collectibles, driven by interest in early 20th-century folk art and Americana, with rare figural pieces from Hubley and Littlestown fetching high auction prices. This revival also spurred eco-friendly reproductions using recycled metals, blending historical styles with sustainable manufacturing practices.[8][31]

Usage and Functions

Holding Doors Open

The primary function of a doorstop is to prop doors open, preventing unintended closure caused by wind, self-closing hinges, or foot traffic, thereby facilitating hands-free access in various settings. This capability is particularly valuable in residential homes for maintaining open pathways during daily activities, in office environments to allow unobstructed movement between rooms, and in hospitals where it supports efficient transport of equipment or patients without constant manual intervention.[32][33][34] Common scenarios for using doorstops to hold doors open include keeping interior doors ajar during cleaning, moving furniture, or hosting events to ensure smooth circulation, as well as securing exterior doors for natural ventilation on mild weather days to promote airflow without relying on air conditioning. In commercial spaces like warehouses or hotels, they enable temporary access for deliveries or maintenance while keeping pathways clear.[35][36] The effectiveness of a doorstop in holding doors open depends on its weight for stability against closing forces and its grip strength to resist sliding on floors. For instance, rubber wedge doorstops typically weigh between 0.25 and 1.5 pounds, with heavier models providing better resistance in windy conditions or on doors with strong closing mechanisms, while non-slip rubber bases enhance traction on smooth surfaces like tile or hardwood.[37] Safety considerations for doorstops used to hold doors open emphasize visibility to minimize tripping hazards, recommending placement near the door hinge and away from high-traffic paths. Child-proof designs incorporate low-profile shapes and secure non-slip bases to prevent dislodgement or ingestion risks, ensuring they remain stable without posing threats to young children or elderly users.[37][38]

Preventing Door Damage

Doorstops play a crucial role in protecting interior spaces from the physical impacts caused by swinging doors, particularly by limiting the door's arc of travel and absorbing kinetic energy upon contact. By strategically positioning stops along the path of the door, they prevent the doorknob or edge from colliding with vulnerable surfaces such as walls, baseboards, or adjacent furniture, thereby preserving structural integrity and aesthetic appeal in homes and buildings.[39][40] The primary mechanism of damage prevention involves restricting the door's swing to approximately 90 degrees or less, ensuring that the door halts before its hardware can exert force on surrounding elements. Many doorstops incorporate cushioned materials, such as rubber bumpers or elastomeric pads, which deform slightly on impact to dissipate energy and minimize transfer to the wall or floor. This design not only halts momentum but also reduces noise from abrupt stops, making it suitable for high-traffic areas.[39][41][42] Common issues addressed by doorstops include dents and punctures in drywall from forceful doorknob impacts, as well as scratches or gouges on baseboards, trim, and neighboring doors or furniture. These problems often arise in older homes with thin walls or in busy households where doors are swung open carelessly, leading to cumulative wear that can compromise wall finishes and require costly repairs. Doorstops mitigate such risks by providing a reliable buffer, extending the lifespan of both doors and adjacent fixtures.[39][40][43] For effective installation, install wall-mounted stops directly on the wall, positioned so the door contacts the stop 1 to 2 inches before hitting the wall, aligned at the height of the doorknob—typically 34 to 38 inches from the floor—to intercept the door precisely at its maximum safe swing. Open the door to the desired stopping point, mark the installation spot, and secure the stop using appropriate anchors or screws into studs for stability, especially in drywall applications; adjustable models allow fine-tuning for doors of varying widths or swing radii. Floor-mounted or baseboard variants should be placed 1 to 2 inches from the baseboard, near the door's base, to avoid tripping hazards while ensuring firm anchorage.[43][44][45] Contemporary doorstop designs incorporate advanced features to enhance functionality and convenience. Spring-loaded stops, often with retractable plungers, compress under pressure and rebound to avoid protruding obstacles when the door is closed, offering flexibility in dynamic spaces. Magnetic doorstops utilize powerful neodymium magnets to gently hold the door at a set angle, providing silent operation and damage-free restraint without visible hardware, ideal for modern interiors where aesthetics and noise reduction are priorities.[42][41][46][47]

Securing Doors Closed

While doorstops are primarily designed to hold doors open, they can inversely secure doors closed for added protection against intrusion.[48] One common method involves placing heavy wedges against the base of the door from the inside, creating friction to block inward movement and prevent the door from opening.[49] For exterior doors, specialized security bars or under-door blockers are positioned diagonally beneath the doorknob or along the floor, leveraging the door's structure to resist forced entry.[48] These devices find applications in providing temporary privacy in shared living spaces like apartments or dormitories, as well as basic security in homes lacking robust locking mechanisms, particularly during travel in hotels or Airbnb accommodations.[49] They also offer supplementary protection during events like storms, where wind or debris might otherwise force doors ajar in unsecured properties.[48] Design features typically include angled profiles for a secure fit under the door, paired with non-marring rubber or plastic surfaces to protect flooring without causing damage.[49] Portable models, such as adjustable security bars, often extend up to 3 feet in length to provide optimal leverage across various door heights, with some incorporating alarms for audible alerts upon tampering.[48] However, doorstops serve only as a deterrent and delay tactic, not a substitute for proper locks or deadbolts, as their effectiveness relies heavily on the door frame's alignment, floor surface grip, and the applied force from potential intruders.[49] In testing, while some bars withstand over 3,000 pounds of pressure, they require at least 0.25 to 1 inch of door-to-floor clearance and may underperform on carpeted or uneven surfaces.[48]

Materials and Design

Common Materials

Doorstops are commonly constructed from a variety of materials chosen for their functional properties, such as durability, weight, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors.[50] The primary materials include rubber, metal, wood, and plastic, each offering distinct advantages in terms of grip, impact absorption, and suitability for different environments.[51] Rubber is widely used for its flexibility and non-slip properties, making it ideal for wedge-style doorstops and bumpers that require secure placement on floors or against doors.[50] This material provides excellent friction and impact absorption, protecting both floors and doors from damage while operating quietly during use.[51] Synthetic variants, such as neoprene, enhance durability by offering superior resilience to wear, temperature extremes, and ozone exposure, which is particularly suitable for high-traffic indoor areas like offices or homes.[52] Rubber doorstops typically last 3-5 years under regular use, with their elastic nature ensuring effective holding power without scratching surfaces.[50] Metal doorstops, often made from cast iron, steel, or brass, are favored for heavy-duty applications due to their substantial weight and strength, which provide reliable stopping force.[53] Antique cast iron examples provide sufficient weight to secure heavier doors effectively. Stainless steel and brass variants offer excellent corrosion resistance, making them suitable for humid environments such as bathrooms or coastal areas, while maintaining longevity of 5-10 years or more.[50] These metals' high hardness ensures they withstand frequent impacts in public or outdoor settings, though they may require coatings to prevent rust on cast iron.[53] Wood is employed in doorstop construction for its natural aesthetic and moderate weight, with hardwoods like oak used in carved wedge designs for added strength and durability.[50] Lightweight options such as pine serve as budget-friendly alternatives, often treated with finishes to protect floors from scratches and resist moisture damage.[54] Wood doorstops provide quiet operation and are best suited for low-frequency indoor use, such as in living rooms, though they are more susceptible to mildew in damp conditions without proper treatment.[50] Their weight typically ranges from 100 to 300 grams, balancing portability with sufficient holding capability for lighter doors.[50] Plastic and composites represent affordable, lightweight alternatives in modern doorstop production, with materials like ABS plastic offering ease of manufacturing and portability for temporary or rental applications.[50] These synthetics are moisture-resistant and customizable, providing moderate durability for 1-2 years in light-duty scenarios, though they may become brittle in cold temperatures.[50] Eco-friendly options, such as those made from 100% recycled plastic, are increasingly common, appealing to sustainable practices while maintaining functional non-slip properties through added rubber pads.[55] Composites like nylon or PVC further enhance flexibility and impact absorption, making them suitable for commercial settings with aesthetic considerations.[51] In decorative contexts, these materials can be combined or finished to create collectible pieces, such as painted cast iron or varnished wood designs.[54]

Decorative and Collectible Doorstops

Decorative doorstops emerged as popular household accents in the early 20th century, particularly figural cast-iron pieces produced between the 1920s and 1940s that depicted animals like Scottie dogs, people, and whimsical objects such as flower baskets or cartoon characters.[9] These designs often drew from Art Deco influences, nursery rhymes, or everyday scenes, transforming functional items into affordable sculptures for middle-class homes.[25] Finishes typically included bright hand-painted colors or aged patinas to highlight details and add vibrancy to interiors, with manufacturers like Hubley producing sets that coordinated with bookends or door knockers.[8] The manufacturing process for these antique doorstops relied on sand-casting techniques, where patterns were pressed into sand molds to form two-part cavities, often incorporating cores to create hollow interiors that reduced overall weight without compromising the base's stability for door-holding.[56] Molten iron was poured into these molds, allowed to cool, and then the pieces were separated, cleaned, and hand-painted, resulting in smoother seams and finer details on originals compared to later reproductions.[25] Primarily using cast iron as the base material, this method allowed for intricate, three-dimensional forms that balanced durability and ornamentation.[9] The production and use of these doorstops peaked in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s, a period encompassing the Great Depression when inexpensive items sold through catalogs like Sears Roebuck provided accessible art and color for modest households.[25] Collecting antique doorstops gained momentum later, becoming a popular hobby since the 1980s.[57] Hubley Manufacturing Company, a leading producer based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, created highly sought-after models featuring dogs, footmen, and floral motifs, with production peaking before World War II metal shortages halted output.[8] Today, values for these collectibles vary by condition, rarity, and paint integrity; common Hubley pieces in good condition typically sell for $200 to $1,000, while rare examples, such as near-mint bathing beauties or signed Anne Fish designs, can fetch $3,000 to $10,000 or more at auction.[58] Collectors prioritize originals with tight mold seams and slotted screws, distinguishing them from post-1940s reproductions that often exhibit coarser finishes.[56] In contemporary interior design, reproductions of these vintage styles maintain popularity for their nostalgic charm, integrated into eclectic or retro-themed spaces as both functional accents and display pieces.[59] Custom 3D-printed designs, available through online model repositories, allow for personalized variations that mimic classic figural shapes while using modern materials like PLA plastic, appealing to DIY enthusiasts seeking affordable, customizable decor options.[60]

Terminology and Regional Variations

Dialect Usage

In the United States, the term "doorstop" refers to both fixed devices mounted on walls, floors, or baseboards to prevent doors from swinging too far and causing damage and portable variants used to hold doors open.[2] This usage arises from standard hardware nomenclature, where the term encompasses various installations emphasizing durability in architectural contexts.[61] In the United Kingdom, "door stop" (often two words) or "door wedge" predominates for both fixed and portable types, with "draught excluder" occasionally overlapping to describe under-door seals that also serve to hold doors in place, particularly in energy-efficient designs.[62][63] These terms reflect a practical focus on weatherproofing in British usage, where such items double as barriers against drafts in older homes. Examples of dialect usage appear in literature and commerce: British novels and period texts frequently employ "wedge" for simple props, as seen in descriptions of improvised holds in Victorian-era stories, while American hardware catalogs from the late 19th century onward consistently list "doorstop" for various models.[64][65] International terms, such as those in non-English languages, extend these variations but remain distinct from English dialects.[66]

International Terms

In various European languages, doorstops are referred to by terms that highlight their functional role in holding or stopping doors. In French, a wedge-style doorstop is commonly called "cale-porte," while "arrêt de porte" or "butoir de porte" denotes devices that prevent doors from swinging too far.[67][68] In German, the standard term is "Türstopper," which directly emphasizes the object's purpose as a stopper for doors.[69] Across Asia, terminology often incorporates functional descriptions or loanwords adapted to local contexts. In Japanese, doorstops are typically known as "dōasutoppā" (ドアストッパー), a katakana borrowing from English, with magnetic variants referred to as magnetic door stoppers in product descriptions; traditional holders may align with broader terms like "toatari" for impact-preventing stops.[70] In Chinese, the term "mén dǎng" (门挡) translates to "door block" or prop, commonly used for objects that hold doors open, including wooden versions in traditional households.[71] In other regions, including Latin America, Spanish speakers use "cuña de puerta" or "tope de puerta" for wedge or bumper-style doorstops, reflecting practical adaptations in everyday home use.[72] In India, heavy stone chocks have been used as improvised doorstops, such as those originally securing tents in desert regions.[73]

References

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  51. Common Door Stop Material Classification and Comparison
  52. Commercial Door Stops: Choosing the Best Materials - USA Fire Door
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  54. Comparing Door Stops Materials: Which best for Different Markets
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  74. Vintage Safavid Brass Ottoman Islamic Pierced Tomb Door Plaque ...
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