Hubbry Logo
search
logo
Gylfi avatar
Gylfi
Gylfi
current hub
2238538

Gylfi

logo
Community Hub0 Subscribers
Read side by side
Gylfi
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Gylfe Stood Boldly Before Odin (1908) by George Hand Wright.

In Norse mythology, Gylfi (Old Norse: [ˈɡylve]), Gylfe, Gylvi, or Gylve was the earliest recorded king of Sviþjoð, Sweden, in Scandinavia. He is known by the name Gangleri when appearing in disguise. The Danish tradition on Gylfi tells how he was tricked by Gefjon and her sons from Jötunheim, who were able to shapeshift into tremendous oxen.

The creation of Zealand

[edit]

The Ynglinga saga section of Snorri's Heimskringla and the Eddic poem Ragnarsdrápa tell a legend of how Gylfi was seduced by the goddess Gefjon to give her as much land as she could plow in one night. Gefjon transformed her four sons into oxen and took enough land to create the Danish island of Zealand, leaving the Swedish lake Vänern.

Meeting the Æsir

[edit]
Gylfi is tricked in an illustration from Icelandic Manuscript, SÁM 66

Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda and the Ynglinga saga tell how the supposedly historic (non-deified version) Odin and his people the Æsir and Vanir, who later became the Swedes, obtained new land where they built the settlement of Old Sigtuna. In Snorri's account Gylfi is supposedly deluded by the Æsir into accepting their religion; hence the name "Gylfaginning",[1] most often interpreted as the "deluding of Gylfi", although '-ginning' is regarded the same as what we recognise in "beginning", thus "the origin of Gylfi" is also possible. Gylfi and the remaining older bronze-age inhabitants of the land then supposedly adopted the religion of the Æsir and began to live under their rule. Snorri presents an outline of Norse mythology through a dialogue between Gylfi and three rulers of the Æsir.

It is possible that Snorri's account is based on an old tradition tracing particular beliefs or foundations of particular Norse cults to this legendary Gylfi. However, it is much more likely that the historic King Gylfi was simply already a follower of the ancient Norse religion and, as such, could easily have passed on these beliefs or stories.

Other appearances

[edit]

In one version of Hervarar saga, king Gylfi married his daughter Heiðr to Sigrlami, the king of Garðaríki (Russia).[2] Heiðr and Sigrlami had the son Svafrlami, who forced the two dwarves Dvalin and Durin to forge the magic sword Tyrfing.

A Gylfi is attested in the lineage of sea-kings in Hversu Noregr byggðist, a saga sketching out an origin myth of Norway, where he appears as the brother of Glamma, eponymous of the longest river in Norway, now spelled Glomma, sons of Geitir, apparently one of four sons of Gor the brother of Nór, eponymous first king of Nórway. The connection with Glamma is interesting regarding how Gylfi is attested in Ynglinga saga particularly connecting him to the longest river system in Scandinavia, now carrying four different names beginning as Femund river and Trysil river in Norway, then Klarälven in Sweden, above the rather big lake Vänern into which it drains, central to the story of Gefjon in Ynglinga saga, and finally Göta älv that drains lake Vänern into the Kattegat, at the city of Gothenburg, on the western coast of Sweden. Hversu Noregr byggðist is loaded with eponymous tales to such an extent that to not connect this Gylfi with this river system would be kind of ignorant. One will find some common sources of the drainage-system forming the signified rivers in the Mountain-region of Norway, turning into Rena River as a tributary to Glomma, and Femund River, as a tributary to Kläraälven. The lake Korssjøen which drains to the east into the Femund River and the drainage system reaching the sea by Gothenburg in Sweden, and the lake Narsjøen that drains to the north into Nørå River and Glomma running south, reaching the sea close to Fredrikstad by the Oslofjord.

Notes

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Gylfi

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Gylfi is a legendary king and wise ruler in Norse mythology, portrayed as the earliest king of the land now known as Sweden, who, impressed by the power of the Æsir gods, disguises himself as the wanderer Gangleri to journey to their hall in Ásgard and seek knowledge of their nature and the cosmos.[1] In the narrative framework of Gylfaginning, the first major section of Snorri Sturluson's 13th-century Prose Edda, Gylfi encounters three thrones occupied by figures named Hárr (High), Jafnhárr (Equally High), and Þriði (Third)—manifestations of Odin—who regale him with accounts of creation from the primordial giant Ymir, the structure of the nine worlds around the ash tree Yggdrasill, the exploits of gods like Thor and Loki, and the prophesied doom of Ragnarök.[2] This deluding illusion culminates in the hall vanishing, leaving Gylfi alone on a plain to realize the gods' supernatural trickery, after which he returns home to disseminate these tales among his people, thereby preserving pre-Christian mythological lore in a euhemerized form that presents the gods as historical deified humans.[1] Prior to his journey, Gylfi's reign is marked by encounters with divine figures, notably when he rewards the goddess Gefjun for entertaining him by granting her as much land as four oxen could plow in a day; using her sons transformed into giant oxen, she carves out the island of Sjælland (Zealand) from Sweden, towing it to Denmark and leaving Lake Mälaren as the resulting depression.[3] Skilled in magic himself, Gylfi's curiosity stems from the Æsir's apparent omnipotence, which troubles him as a mortal king striving to govern wisely, leading him to undertake the perilous quest to Ásgard despite the risks of divine deception.[3] His story serves not only as an engaging prologue to the mythological compendium but also as a literary device in the Prose Edda to frame pagan traditions for a Christian audience, blending historical legend with cosmology to explain the origins and fate of the world.[4] In broader Scandinavian lore, Gylfi is remembered as an ancestral figure linking mythological and historical kings of Sweden, with medieval texts like the Ynglinga Saga—also by Snorri—depicting him as a predecessor to the Yngling dynasty, underscoring his role in bridging euhemerism and myth to legitimize royal lineages.[3] Scholarly interpretations emphasize Gylfaginning's function in transmitting oral traditions into written form, highlighting Gylfi's humility and thirst for knowledge as archetypal traits that humanize the divine narratives he elicits.[5]

Name and Etymology

Linguistic Origins

The name Gylfi originates from Old Norse, where it appears as the designation for a legendary figure in medieval Icelandic literature, particularly in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. Variations in spelling, such as Gylfe, Gylvi, and Gylve, occur across different Icelandic manuscripts of the Prose Edda, reflecting orthographic differences in 13th- and 14th-century scribal practices.[6] Linguistically, Gylfi is potentially derived from the Old Norse noun gjálfr, meaning "the din of the sea" or "swelling waves," a poetic term denoting the roaring sound of ocean waves.[7] This word traces back to Proto-Germanic roots associated with vocalization or noise, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root ghel-, connoting "to call" or "cry out," as evidenced in comparative studies of Germanic languages where cognates like Old Norse gjalp ("yelping, boasting") appear.[8] The association with "howler" aligns with this etymological lineage, evoking sounds of natural force. Such derivations are based on comparative linguistics, but the name's mythological usage may have influenced its form beyond strict semantic origins. Connections to geographic features are suggested by similar-sounding place names in Scandinavia, such as potential echoes in Swedish and Norwegian toponyms, which could indicate historic or folkloric inspirations for the name's adoption in narrative traditions.[9]

Interpretations of the Name

The name Gylfi has been subject to various scholarly interpretations that seek to uncover symbolic meanings tied to his role in Norse mythological narratives. Another interpretation connects the name to themes of delusion and bewitchment, drawing from the title Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda, which translates as "the deluding (or beguiling) of Gylfi." Here, "gylf-" is seen as evoking enchantment or trickery, reflecting the king's deception by the Æsir and symbolizing the illusory nature of pagan beliefs in a Christian-framed text.[10] This ties into philological analyses emphasizing Gylfi's narrative function as a figure ensnared by divine illusion, underscoring themes of mortal folly. These interpretations highlight the name's potential to encapsulate both natural forces and spiritual deception in Norse cosmology.

Role as King of Sweden

Early Reign and Encounters with the Æsir

In the Ynglinga Saga, the opening narrative of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla, Gylfi is portrayed as the inaugural king of Sviþjóð, the ancient name for Sweden.[11] This depiction establishes Gylfi as a foundational figure in the euhemerized history of Scandinavian royalty, embodying the transition from legendary to more structured kingship in the region.[12] His rule is characterized by wisdom and hospitality, qualities that later influence his interactions with incoming powers. Gylfi's early reign involves initial contact with emissaries from the Æsir, beginning with Gefjon, whom Odin dispatched to scout lands; in a display of generosity, Gylfi granted her as much territory as four oxen could plow in a day, unaware of her divine connections.[11] This act set the stage for broader encounters, as Odin and his followers soon arrived in Sweden, drawn by reports of its prosperity.[11] Recognizing the Æsir's formidable skills in enchantments and deceptions, Gylfi, despite his own reputed magical prowess, chose not to resist and instead offered them homage, forging a peaceful alliance.[11] Under this arrangement, the Æsir integrated into Swedish society, with Odin establishing a grand temple at Sigtuna for sacrifices modeled on Asaland customs, thereby introducing new religious observances.[11] Gylfi's deference facilitated the allocation of domains to key Æsir figures, such as Njörðr at Noatun and Freyr at Uppsala, marking a pivotal shift toward the veneration of these deities through formalized rituals and temples.[11] In the saga's euhemeristic framework, Gylfi thus serves as a historical intermediary, linking indigenous Swedish governance with the Æsir's influence and the evolution of Norse cult practices.[12]

The Gefjon Legend and Zealand's Creation

In the mythological account preserved in the Ynglinga Saga, part of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla, King Gylfi of Sweden encounters the goddess Gefjon, who arrives as a beggar woman seeking hospitality. Impressed by her entertainment, Gylfi promises her as much land as four oxen can plough in a day and a night.[11] Gefjon, acting on behalf of the Æsir and sent by Odin to scout new territories, travels to Jötunheimr, where she bears four sons by a giant and transforms them into exceptionally strong oxen. Yoking these sons to a plough, she carves out a vast portion of Swedish soil, dragging it westward across the sea to form the island of Sjælland (Zealand) in Denmark, opposite the island of Odinsøy in Fyn.[11] This act underscores Gylfi's unwitting generosity, as the land gifted far exceeds ordinary expectations due to Gefjon's divine cunning and ties to the Æsir pantheon. A parallel narrative appears in the Skáldskaparmál section of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, where Gylfi similarly rewards the disguised Gefjon with a ploughgate of land for her pleasing performance. There, too, she employs her four giant-born ox-sons to detach the territory, hauling it to the sea to create Zealand, leaving behind a massive depression in Sweden that becomes Lake Mälaren, with its bays precisely mirroring the island's promontories (though some translations of the Ynglinga Saga name Vänern or Laage).[13] The topographical details emphasize the myth's explanatory role: Zealand's irregular coastline and fertile plains result from this supernatural ploughing, while the Mälaren Valley's lowlands and the lake's inlets represent the remnants of the excavated earth, linking Swedish and Danish landscapes in a shared origin story.[13] The legend is further attested in the ninth-century skaldic poem Ragnarsdrápa by Bragi inn gamli Boddason, quoted in both the Ynglinga Saga and Skáldskaparmál, which celebrates Gefjon's feat and reinforces her Æsir connections:
Gefjon from Gylfi drove away,
To add new land to Denmark's sway --
Blythe Gefjon ploughing in the smoke
That steamed up from her oxen-yoke:
Four heads, eight forehead stars had they,
Bright gleaming, as she ploughed away;
Dragging new lands from the deep main
To join them to the sweet isle's plain.[11][13]
This verse highlights the oxen-sons' monstrous features—four heads and eight eyes—symbolizing their giant heritage and the extraordinary scale of the endeavour, while portraying Gylfi's offer as a pivotal moment of territorial transfer driven by divine deception.

The Gylfaginning Narrative

Disguise as Gangleri and Journey to Asgard

In the narrative of the Prose Edda's Gylfaginning, King Gylfi of Sweden, having witnessed the Æsir's prosperity through the land acquisition by the goddess Gefjon, becomes profoundly awed and troubled by their apparent cunning and success. This event, where Gefjon plowed away a portion of Sweden to form Zealand, leaves Gylfi pondering whether the Æsir's power derives from their inherent nature or from superior divine forces, motivating him to seek direct knowledge of their ways.[3] Determined to investigate without revealing his identity, Gylfi disguises himself in the likeness of an old man and adopting the alias Gangleri, a name signifying "wanderer" or "one who goes," which reflects his secretive quest. He travels secretly to Asgard, the realm of the gods. This transformation allows Gylfi to pose as a humble traveler, enabling him to probe the secrets of divine prosperity without arousing suspicion.[3] Upon arrival, Gangleri encounters a magnificent hall with a roof thatched with golden shields, which further heightens his sense of wonder at the Æsir's wealth and craftsmanship. Entering the hall, he beholds three enthroned figures—High, Just-as-High, and Third—seated in majestic high-seats, setting the stage for his interrogation of their knowledge. This moment marks the culmination of his journey, positioning him to uncover the truths behind the gods' dominion.[3]

Dialogue and Deception by Odin

In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda, the narrative unfolds as a structured dialogue where King Gylfi, having arrived in Asgard disguised as the wanderer Gangleri, encounters three enthroned figures identified as High, Just-as-high, and Third, who are manifestations of Odin. Gangleri poses a series of probing questions about the nature of the gods and the cosmos, and the trio responds in turn, with High often taking the lead while the others provide supplementary details or clarifications. This question-and-answer format serves as the core mechanism for presenting Norse mythological knowledge, drawing on poetic sources like Völuspá to ensure accuracy in skaldic tradition.[14] The dialogue systematically covers key aspects of Norse cosmology, beginning with the creation of the world from the primordial giant Ymir's body—earth from his flesh, mountains from his bones, and the sky from his skull—and extending to the structure of the universe, including the world tree Yggdrasil with its three roots and the rainbow bridge Bifröst connecting Midgard to Asgard. It then details the Æsir gods, their attributes, and familial relations: Odin as the Allfather and ruler of Valhalla, Thor as the protector wielding Mjöllnir, and figures like Baldr, Freyja, and Loki with their respective roles and offspring, such as the Fenriswolf. The exchange culminates in prophecies of Ragnarök, describing the Fimbulwinter, the battles involving the Midgard Serpent and Fenriswolf, the gods' doom, and the world's renewal through survivors like Víðarr and Válí.[14] At the dialogue's conclusion, as Gangleri prepares to ask further questions, the opulent hall suddenly vanishes, leaving him alone on an open plain and revealing the entire encounter as an illusion orchestrated by Odin. This revelation underscores the deceptive nature of the interaction, where Gylfi gains profound wisdom but is ultimately tricked by the gods' supernatural guile. The term "Gylfaginning" itself translates to "the deluding" or "fooling of Gylfi," encapsulating this theme of intellectual bait-and-switch.[14] As a framing device in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, this dialogue functions as an encyclopedic scaffold for compiling and educating on pre-Christian Norse lore, allowing the author to present pagan myths in a controlled, narrative form suitable for Christian-era skalds while highlighting their illusory quality through the deception motif.[15]

Attestations in Old Norse Literature

Prose Edda Accounts

In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda, Gylfi is portrayed as a wise Swedish king ruling the lands now known as Sweden (Svithjod), renowned for his skill in magic and curiosity about the Æsir's power.[16] Disguised as the wanderer Gangleri, he journeys to Asgard to question the gods, engaging in a structured dialogue with the figures High (Hár), Just-as-High (Jafnhár), and Third (Þriði), who reveal Norse cosmology, deities, and myths through their responses.[17] This narrative frames the entire section, with Gylfi's inquiries driving the exposition of pagan beliefs.[18] The euhemeristic account in the Prologue of the Prose Edda (paralleling the Ynglinga Saga in Snorri's Heimskringla) cross-references Gylfi's kingship in a historical context, depicting him as ruler of Sweden who encounters the arriving Æsir led by Odin.[19] Impressed by Odin's superior strength and enchantments, Gylfi cedes power and offers land, allowing Odin to establish settlements like Sigtuna near Lake Mälaren.[20] In Gylfaginning, Gylfi's interaction with the goddess Gefjon is detailed at the outset: she requests plowland as a reward for entertaining him, then uses four oxen—her sons by a giant from Jötunheim—to carve out Zealand (Sjælland), leaving Lake Mälaren in its place.[21] In Skáldskaparmál, Gylfi's role is reinforced through a retelling of the Gefjon myth, emphasizing the land grant and its poetic significance.[22] Odin dispatches Gefjon northward, where she deceives Gylfi into granting her as much land as four oxen can plow in a day; transforming her giant sons into the beasts, she plows Zealand from Sweden, an act celebrated in kennings and verses like Bragi's: "Gefjon glad drew from Gylfe the excellent land, Denmark’s increase, so that it reeked from the running beasts. Four heads and eight eyes bore the oxen, as she ploughed with them the isle of Sjælland."[23] Gefjon is also enumerated among the goddesses as a maiden (mær) whose handmaidens are deceased virgins, linking her directly to Æsir society.[24] Snorri Sturluson's euhemeristic framework across the Prose Edda presents Gylfi as a historical figure from ancient Sweden, converted by the god-like Æsir invaders from Asia Minor, whom he initially perceives as magicians rather than deities.[18] In the Prologue, this rationalizes Gylfi's submission and the Gefjon episode as territorial expansions by human leaders, with Odin's troop portrayed as Trojan descendants skilled in arts that mimic divinity.[25] Gylfi's sea is later kenning-named "Gylfi's Land" or "Gylfi's Stream’s Mirth," tying his legacy to poetic diction.[18]

Hervarar Saga and Other Sagas

In the Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, Gylfi appears as the father of Heiðr, who marries Sigrlami, the king of Garðaríki and reputed son of Odin.[26] Heiðr and Sigrlami have a son named Svafrlami, who succeeds his father as ruler and encounters two dwarves, Dvalinn and Dulin, whom he compels to forge a magical sword.[26] This sword, named Tyrfing, possesses extraordinary sharpness—capable of slicing through iron as if it were cloth—and a gleaming hilt, but the dwarves curse it before dying, ensuring it brings death to a man whenever drawn and leads to three great acts of treachery, marking the beginning of a tragic lineage tied to Gylfi's descendants.[26] The Hversu Noregr byggðist, a legendary account of Norway's origins preserved in the Flateyjarbók, places Gylfi in the lineage of sea-kings descending from the primordial figure Fornjótr.[27] Here, Gylfi is the son of Geitir, a sea-king and brother to Nórr, the eponymous settler of the Norwegian mainland, while their father Gór claims the surrounding isles; Gylfi's sibling Glamma links the family to the region around the Glomma River, with descendants populating areas along this waterway and contributing to early Norwegian settlement narratives.[27] This portrayal emphasizes Gylfi's role in bridging Swedish and Norwegian kingly ancestries, tracing territorial divisions from Jötunheimr westward.[27] Beyond these, Gylfi holds minor ancestral roles in other fornaldarsögur, such as genealogical lists in sagas of ancient times, where he figures as a progenitor in intertwined Swedish-Norwegian royal lines, reinforcing his status as an early Scandinavian ruler without prominent narrative actions.[28]

Scholarly Interpretations

Historical and Euhemeristic Views

In the Prologue to the Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson employs euhemerism to rationalize Norse mythology by portraying the Æsir as historical migrants from Troy in Asia Minor, led by Odin, a priest and chieftain skilled in magic rather than a divine being. These Trojan descendants, including Odin and his kin, journeyed northward, settling in Scandinavia where their advanced knowledge and sorcery were mistaken for godhood, leading locals to deify them. Snorri depicts Gylfi as a king of Sweden who welcomed the Æsir upon their arrival and offered Odin equal power in his realm.[29] This euhemeristic framework positions Gylfi as a semi-legendary figure from the Migration Period (c. 400–550 CE), potentially rooted in early Swedish royal traditions centered at Gamla Uppsala, an archaeological site featuring monumental royal mounds and evidence of elite burials dating to that era. Excavations at Gamla Uppsala reveal it as a major power center with temple complexes and sacrificial sites from the 5th–6th centuries CE.[30] Similar euhemeristic treatments appear in medieval Scandinavian chronicles, such as the Historia Norwegiae, which historicizes early kings like Ingui (Yngvi), the first monarch of Sweden, as human rulers whose deeds were later mythologized. This approach in the Historia Norwegiae uses genealogies from poems like Ynglingatal to trace dynasties from pagan origins to Christian kings, emphasizing deified humans over supernatural entities.[31]

Symbolic and Cultural Significance

Gylfi, as depicted in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, symbolizes the archetype of a mortal king driven by curiosity to seek divine knowledge, embodying the human quest to comprehend the cosmos and the gods' dominion. His disguise as Gangleri and interrogation of the Æsir figures—Hár, Jafnhár, and Þriði—underscore themes of illusion and deception, where the gods' elaborate hall and responses create a layered reality that ultimately reveals the fragility of mortal perception. This narrative highlights the limits of human understanding, as Gylfi's pursuit of wisdom ends in delusion, illustrating how divine trickery exposes the boundaries between the earthly and the supernatural.[32] In Norse lore, Gylfi further represents a cultural bridge, facilitating the integration of indigenous Swedish beliefs with the worship of the Æsir, as his encounters mark a transitional moment in mythological geography and religious identity.[33] This portrayal, shaped by Snorri's euhemeristic framework, reflects the Christian-era compilation of pagan myths, where gods are recast as historical migrants from Asia, easing the shift toward monotheism by demystifying pre-Christian deities.[12] The Gylfaginning thus serves as a pedagogical device, embedding these transitions within a dialogue that preserves oral traditions while aligning them with medieval Christian sensibilities.[34] In modern receptions, Gylfi's narrative influences fantasy literature, notably in Neil Gaiman's 2017 book Norse Mythology, which retells the Gylfaginning frame story, where themes of deceptive divine encounters inspire explorations of human ambition and folly. Interpreted as a cautionary tale against hubris, Gylfi's story warns of the perils of overreaching into godly realms, a motif echoed in contemporary analyses of Norse mythology as meditations on mortality and illusion.

References

  1. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Prose_Edda_(1916_translation_by_Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur
  2. ECT: Gylfaginning: The Deluding of Gylfi
  3. Gylfaginning | Sacred Texts Archive
  4. The Prose Edda (Chapter 23) - The Cambridge History of Old Norse ...
  5. (PDF) How Gylfi's Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky - ResearchGate
  6. Gylfi - Myth and Folklore Wiki - Fandom
  7. Old Norse Men's Names - The Viking Answer Lady
  8. User-submitted name Gylfi - Behind the Name
  9. Gjálfr - Old Norse Dictionary
  10. What Does The Name Gylfi Mean?
  11. Gylfi - Nordic Names
  12. Gylfi - Old Norse Dictionary
  13. THE YNGLINGA SAGA | Sacred Texts Archive
  14. Chapter 5 - Gods and Humans in the Prose Edda
  15. Gefion's Home Page - University of Pittsburgh
  16. [PDF] the-prose-edda-snorri-sturluson-anthony-faulkes.pdf
  17. Performing Poetic Knowledge in Gylfaginning – The Contribution of Grímnismál and Vafþrúðnismál
  18. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page49
  19. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page51
  20. [PDF] The Prose Edda - Internet Archive
  21. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#CHAPTER_VI
  22. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page47
  23. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page49-50
  24. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page231
  25. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#page50
  26. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#CHAPTER_X
  27. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm#preface
  28. Hervarar Saga og Heiðreks - Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda
  29. Is316 | Sacred Texts Archive
  30. 2. The Icelandic fornaldarsaga - The Skaldic Project
  31. Prologue | Sacred Texts Archive
  32. https://www.archaeology.org/issues/july-august-2017/off-the-grid/trenches-sweden-gamla-uppsala/
  33. Euhemerism and the Veiling of History in Early Scandinavian ... - jstor
  34. [PDF] The Self-Made Gods - Université de Strasbourg
  35. Kevin J. Wanner CUNNING INTELLIGENCE IN NORSE MYTH - jstor
  36. None
  37. [PDF] OLd NOrse MythOLOgy — COMParative PersPeCtives - DiVA portal
  38. (PDF) How Gylfi's Illusion Breathes Life into the Sky 1 - Academia.edu
User Avatar
No comments yet.