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Ichma culture
The Ichma kingdom (also written Ychma or Yschma, Ishma, among other spellings; Classical Quechua: ićhma, pronounced [ˈiʈʂ.ma], lit. 'vermillion') or Pachacamac kingdom was a pre-Inca indigenous polity later absorbed by the Inca Empire and reorganized as a wanami (province). For the Inca it was known as Pachakamaq (Pachacamac), rather than its original name of Ichma.
The Ichmay Kingdom was located south of Lima, Peru in the Lurín River valley; it later spread north into the Rímac River's valley. The Ishma culture was formed around 1100 AD following the breakup of the Wari Empire. Ishma autonomy lasted until around 1469 when they were absorbed into the Incan Empire.
Despite occupying a desert, the inhabitants of Ishma had a high standard of living, thanks to their expertise in devising multiple irrigation channels as far as the river waters could reach, to give life to an extensive orchard and forest.
At least since the Spanish conquest, the name used for the ancient temple as well as the nearby area is Pachacamac (from the Quechua name of deity). According to some colonial sources, though, the Pachachamac name might have been given by Inca conquerors, and the previous name for both the place and the temple was Ichma.
This latter toponym has great variation in colonial sources, including <Ychma>, <Yzma>, <Ychsmac>, <Ychsma>, <Ychima>, <Ychmay> and <Irma>. The word was clearly part of Classical Quechua vocabulary, as colonial dictionaries have it, written as <yxma> or <ychma>, as a color term for red. Contemporary linguists interpret additional evidence as pointing to cinnabar as the primary referent of the term. While colonial Quechua dictionaries point to [iʃma] or [itʃma] as Classical Quechua pronunciation for the color term, the <Irma> and <Ychsma> variants have been interpreted as evidence for a retroflex affricate sound, and for *[iʈʂma] as the original local pronunciation of the place name.
Archaeologist Krysztof Makowski has proposed an Aymaran origin for Ichma, as an explanation for the existence of two placenames, as opposed to clearly Quechua Pachacamac. This latter hypothesis has not been accepted by linguists.
The Ishma controlled the coastal valleys of Rimac and Lurin rivers in modern-day Lima, from the mouth—sea of the rivers to the middle valley or "Chaupi Yunga" (middle Yunga altitude, between 500 and 1200 meters of elevation). Ishma territory reached up to the sanctuary of Mama located in Rimac (present-day Ricardo Palma) and the sites of Chontay and Sisicaya in Lurin at 1,000 meters above sea level.
The Ishma were divided into two moiety administrative divisions or saya, these were the anan (upper) saya Ichma and luren (lower) saya Ichma. On the coast, unlike the Andean highlands, the most important moiety often was that of luren (lurin) because it was linked to the sea.
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Ichma culture
The Ichma kingdom (also written Ychma or Yschma, Ishma, among other spellings; Classical Quechua: ićhma, pronounced [ˈiʈʂ.ma], lit. 'vermillion') or Pachacamac kingdom was a pre-Inca indigenous polity later absorbed by the Inca Empire and reorganized as a wanami (province). For the Inca it was known as Pachakamaq (Pachacamac), rather than its original name of Ichma.
The Ichmay Kingdom was located south of Lima, Peru in the Lurín River valley; it later spread north into the Rímac River's valley. The Ishma culture was formed around 1100 AD following the breakup of the Wari Empire. Ishma autonomy lasted until around 1469 when they were absorbed into the Incan Empire.
Despite occupying a desert, the inhabitants of Ishma had a high standard of living, thanks to their expertise in devising multiple irrigation channels as far as the river waters could reach, to give life to an extensive orchard and forest.
At least since the Spanish conquest, the name used for the ancient temple as well as the nearby area is Pachacamac (from the Quechua name of deity). According to some colonial sources, though, the Pachachamac name might have been given by Inca conquerors, and the previous name for both the place and the temple was Ichma.
This latter toponym has great variation in colonial sources, including <Ychma>, <Yzma>, <Ychsmac>, <Ychsma>, <Ychima>, <Ychmay> and <Irma>. The word was clearly part of Classical Quechua vocabulary, as colonial dictionaries have it, written as <yxma> or <ychma>, as a color term for red. Contemporary linguists interpret additional evidence as pointing to cinnabar as the primary referent of the term. While colonial Quechua dictionaries point to [iʃma] or [itʃma] as Classical Quechua pronunciation for the color term, the <Irma> and <Ychsma> variants have been interpreted as evidence for a retroflex affricate sound, and for *[iʈʂma] as the original local pronunciation of the place name.
Archaeologist Krysztof Makowski has proposed an Aymaran origin for Ichma, as an explanation for the existence of two placenames, as opposed to clearly Quechua Pachacamac. This latter hypothesis has not been accepted by linguists.
The Ishma controlled the coastal valleys of Rimac and Lurin rivers in modern-day Lima, from the mouth—sea of the rivers to the middle valley or "Chaupi Yunga" (middle Yunga altitude, between 500 and 1200 meters of elevation). Ishma territory reached up to the sanctuary of Mama located in Rimac (present-day Ricardo Palma) and the sites of Chontay and Sisicaya in Lurin at 1,000 meters above sea level.
The Ishma were divided into two moiety administrative divisions or saya, these were the anan (upper) saya Ichma and luren (lower) saya Ichma. On the coast, unlike the Andean highlands, the most important moiety often was that of luren (lurin) because it was linked to the sea.