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\"Gandhi\" redirects here. For other uses, see Gandhi (disambiguation).

Mah\u0101tm\u0101 Gandhi
Gandhi in 1931
Born	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-10-02)2 October 1869 Porbandar, Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, British India
Died	30 January 1948(1948-01-30) (aged 78) New Delhi, Dominion of India
Cause of death	Assassination
Monuments	\n Raj Ghat, Delhi \n Gandhi Smriti, New Delhi \n
Other names	B\u0101p\u016b (father), R\u0101\u1e63\u1e6drapit\u0101 (the Father of the Nation)
Citizenship	British Raj (until 1947) Dominion of India (from 1947)
Alma mater	Samaldas Arts College^[a] University College London^[b] Inns of Court School of Law
Occupations	Lawyer anti-colonialist political ethicist
Years active	1893\u20131948
Known for	Leadership of the campaign for India's independence from British rule Nonviolent resistance
Political party	Indian National Congress (1920\u20131934)
Spouse	\n Kasturba Gandhi \n (m. 1883; died 1944)
Children	Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas
Parents	Karamchand Gandhi Putlibai Gandhi
Relatives	Gandhi family


President of the Indian National Congress
In office December 1924 \u2013 April 1925
Preceded by	Maulana Azad
Succeeded by	Sarojini Naidu
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\n \n \n Mahatma Gandhi's voice \n \n Gandhi's spiritual message to the world Recorded 17 October 1931 \n
Signature
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi^[c] (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)^[2] was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mah\u0101tm\u0101 (from Sanskrit, meaning great-souled, or venerable), first applied to him in South Africa in 1914, is now used throughout the world.^[3]\n

Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, Gandhi trained in the law at the Inner Temple in London and was called to the bar at the age of 22. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in South Africa for 21 years. Here, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land tax.\n

Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and, above all, achieving swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi adopted the short dhoti woven with hand-spun yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a self-sufficient residential community, to eat simple food, and undertake long fasts as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930 and in calling for the British to quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India.\n

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a Muslim nationalism which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within British India. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Abstaining from the official celebration of independence, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress. In the months following, he undertook several hunger strikes to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January 1948, when Gandhi was 78. The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and Indian Muslims spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was Nathuram Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist from Pune, western India, who assassinated Gandhi by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January 1948. \n

Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Gandhi is considered to be the Father of the Nation in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapu, an endearment roughly meaning \"father\".\n

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Early life and background

Parents

Childhood

Marriage

Three years in London

Student of law

Vegetarianism and committee work

Called to the bar

Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893\u20131914)

Europeans, Indians and Africans

Struggle for Indian independence (1915\u20131947)

Role in World War I

Champaran agitations

Kheda agitations

Khilafat movement

Non-co-operation

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March/Civil Disobedience Movement)

Gandhi as folk hero

Negotiations

Round Table Conferences

Congress politics

World War II and Quit India movement

Partition and independence

Death

Funeral and memorials

Principles, practices, and beliefs

Truth and Satyagraha

Nonviolence

Literary works

Legacy

Followers and international influence

Global days that celebrate Gandhi

Awards

Father of the Nation

Film, theatre, and literature

Current impact within India

Descendants

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

Books

Scholarly articles

Primary sources

External links

Mahatma Gandhi - Indian independence activist (1869–1948)

Mahatma Gandhi - Indian independence activist (1869–1948)