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Qatada ibn Idris
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Qatada ibn Idris
Abu Aziz Qatada ibn Idris al-Hasani al-Alawi al-Yanbu'i al-Makki (Arabic: أبو عزيز قتادة بن إدريس الحسني العلوي الينبعى المكي, romanized: Abū ʿAzīz Qatāda ibn Idrīs al-Ḥasanī al-ʿAlawī al-Yanbuʿī al-Makkī; d. 1220/1221) was the Sharif of Mecca, reigning from 1201 to 1220/1221. He also founded the Banu Qatadah dynasty and established a tradition of sharifs descended from him to rule Mecca which lasted until the office was abolished in 1925. Regarding his sectarian denomination, Qatadah ibn Idris was a Zaidi Shi'ite.
Qatada's date of birth is not recorded, but based on differing reports of his age at death he was born circa either the early 1130s or the early 1150s. He claimed to be a sharif — apparently a descendant of Muhammad's grandson Hasan ibn Ali, in the fifteenth degree. His claimed genealogy is: Qatada ibn Idris ibn Muta'in ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Isa ibn Husayn ibn Sulayman ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Tha'ir ibn Musa al-Thani ibn Abd Allah al-Shaykh al-Salih ibn Musa al-Jawn ibn Abd Allah al-Mahd ibn al-Hasan al-Muthanna ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali. Ibn Khaldun writes that the Banu Hasan ibn Hasan (descendants of Hasan ibn Hasan ibn Ali) up to Qatadah's time were settled around Nahr al-Alqamiyah in Wadi Yanbu. He classifies them as people of the badiyah (pastoral desert or countryside), as distinguished from people of the hadar (urban center).
According to al-Mundhiri in his Takmilah, Qatada was born and raised in Wadi Yanbu. After attaining leadership of his clan, the Dhawu Muta'in, he embarked on a campaign of territorial expansion. He fought the sharifian clans of Banu Harab, Banu Isa, Banu Ali, Banu Ahmad, and Banu Ibrahim. Then he took support from the Banu Ahmad and Banu Ibrahim and completed his conquest of Wadi Yanbu. Next he moved south and conquered Wadi al-Safra from the Banu Yahya.
Peters theorizes that Qatada may have taken part in the defense of Medina against the expeditionary Crusader force launched by Raynald of Châtillon in 1183.
Between the Ayyubid takeover of Mecca in 1175 and 1200, Abbasid princes, Medina-based sharifs, and the Ayyubids under Emir Tughtakin ibn Ayyub (Saladin's brother) fought for control of the city which was governed by Emir Mikhtar. In 1200-01, the dignitaries of Mecca chose Qatada, one of their own, to rule in Mikhtar's place. Qatada was recognized by the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, as the emir (prince) of Mecca. After gaining control over the Emirate of Mecca, Qatadah extended his influence to Medina and Ta'if, and parts of Najd and Yemen. He maintained a garrisoned fortress in Yanbu which made it possible to exact a good share of the profits of the Red Sea trade as it stopped at this port before proceeding to Egypt. Dutch historian Snouck Hurgronje referred to him as a "political genius".
In 1205, Qatada and the Sharif of Medina, Salim ibn Qasim al-Husayni, entered into conflict. Each gathered a large army and battled at the outskirts of Medina. After visiting and praying at the Islamic prophet Muhammad's chamber in the Masjid an-Nabawi, Qatada proceeded to confront Salim. The latter drove him back and pursued Qatadah to Mecca. Salim besieged him there, but Qatada sent letters to Salim's commanders requesting that they defect. Salim's commanders consequently became inclined to support Qatada. After realizing this, Salim withdrew to Medina, and Qatada's position in the region was strengthened.
Qatada's growing autonomy and actions troubled the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, the Ayyubid sultan in Cairo, and the Ayyubid emir in Yemen. Challenges from those authorities coincided with the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan to Mecca. Accordingly, caravans from Cairo, Baghdad, and Damascus were accompanied by whatever number of troops the caliph or sultan deemed necessary to deliver a message to Qatada. In 1212, an assassination attempt on Qatada occurred during the Hajj. Qatada suspected the Abbasids were responsible and ordered his Nubian slave troops to attack the Baghdadi caravan, although they had already fled to join the Damascene caravan where they gained protection from Saladin's mother. Qatada demanded a compensation of 100,000 dinars for calling off the attack on the caravan, but when Saladin's mother could only raise 30,000 dinars, Qatada desisted nonetheless. However, he also promised to kill any pilgrim coming from Baghdad during the following year.
Qatada married twice, the first was to a woman from the descendants of Hussein bin Ali, with whom he had several children, Aziz, Hanzala, Idris, Rajih and Ali the Younger. His second marriage was to a woman from the Anazzah tribe, with whom he had two sons, Ali the Elder and Hasan.
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Qatada ibn Idris
Abu Aziz Qatada ibn Idris al-Hasani al-Alawi al-Yanbu'i al-Makki (Arabic: أبو عزيز قتادة بن إدريس الحسني العلوي الينبعى المكي, romanized: Abū ʿAzīz Qatāda ibn Idrīs al-Ḥasanī al-ʿAlawī al-Yanbuʿī al-Makkī; d. 1220/1221) was the Sharif of Mecca, reigning from 1201 to 1220/1221. He also founded the Banu Qatadah dynasty and established a tradition of sharifs descended from him to rule Mecca which lasted until the office was abolished in 1925. Regarding his sectarian denomination, Qatadah ibn Idris was a Zaidi Shi'ite.
Qatada's date of birth is not recorded, but based on differing reports of his age at death he was born circa either the early 1130s or the early 1150s. He claimed to be a sharif — apparently a descendant of Muhammad's grandson Hasan ibn Ali, in the fifteenth degree. His claimed genealogy is: Qatada ibn Idris ibn Muta'in ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Isa ibn Husayn ibn Sulayman ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Tha'ir ibn Musa al-Thani ibn Abd Allah al-Shaykh al-Salih ibn Musa al-Jawn ibn Abd Allah al-Mahd ibn al-Hasan al-Muthanna ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali. Ibn Khaldun writes that the Banu Hasan ibn Hasan (descendants of Hasan ibn Hasan ibn Ali) up to Qatadah's time were settled around Nahr al-Alqamiyah in Wadi Yanbu. He classifies them as people of the badiyah (pastoral desert or countryside), as distinguished from people of the hadar (urban center).
According to al-Mundhiri in his Takmilah, Qatada was born and raised in Wadi Yanbu. After attaining leadership of his clan, the Dhawu Muta'in, he embarked on a campaign of territorial expansion. He fought the sharifian clans of Banu Harab, Banu Isa, Banu Ali, Banu Ahmad, and Banu Ibrahim. Then he took support from the Banu Ahmad and Banu Ibrahim and completed his conquest of Wadi Yanbu. Next he moved south and conquered Wadi al-Safra from the Banu Yahya.
Peters theorizes that Qatada may have taken part in the defense of Medina against the expeditionary Crusader force launched by Raynald of Châtillon in 1183.
Between the Ayyubid takeover of Mecca in 1175 and 1200, Abbasid princes, Medina-based sharifs, and the Ayyubids under Emir Tughtakin ibn Ayyub (Saladin's brother) fought for control of the city which was governed by Emir Mikhtar. In 1200-01, the dignitaries of Mecca chose Qatada, one of their own, to rule in Mikhtar's place. Qatada was recognized by the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, as the emir (prince) of Mecca. After gaining control over the Emirate of Mecca, Qatadah extended his influence to Medina and Ta'if, and parts of Najd and Yemen. He maintained a garrisoned fortress in Yanbu which made it possible to exact a good share of the profits of the Red Sea trade as it stopped at this port before proceeding to Egypt. Dutch historian Snouck Hurgronje referred to him as a "political genius".
In 1205, Qatada and the Sharif of Medina, Salim ibn Qasim al-Husayni, entered into conflict. Each gathered a large army and battled at the outskirts of Medina. After visiting and praying at the Islamic prophet Muhammad's chamber in the Masjid an-Nabawi, Qatada proceeded to confront Salim. The latter drove him back and pursued Qatadah to Mecca. Salim besieged him there, but Qatada sent letters to Salim's commanders requesting that they defect. Salim's commanders consequently became inclined to support Qatada. After realizing this, Salim withdrew to Medina, and Qatada's position in the region was strengthened.
Qatada's growing autonomy and actions troubled the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, the Ayyubid sultan in Cairo, and the Ayyubid emir in Yemen. Challenges from those authorities coincided with the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan to Mecca. Accordingly, caravans from Cairo, Baghdad, and Damascus were accompanied by whatever number of troops the caliph or sultan deemed necessary to deliver a message to Qatada. In 1212, an assassination attempt on Qatada occurred during the Hajj. Qatada suspected the Abbasids were responsible and ordered his Nubian slave troops to attack the Baghdadi caravan, although they had already fled to join the Damascene caravan where they gained protection from Saladin's mother. Qatada demanded a compensation of 100,000 dinars for calling off the attack on the caravan, but when Saladin's mother could only raise 30,000 dinars, Qatada desisted nonetheless. However, he also promised to kill any pilgrim coming from Baghdad during the following year.
Qatada married twice, the first was to a woman from the descendants of Hussein bin Ali, with whom he had several children, Aziz, Hanzala, Idris, Rajih and Ali the Younger. His second marriage was to a woman from the Anazzah tribe, with whom he had two sons, Ali the Elder and Hasan.