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Sue-Ellen Cassiana "Suella" Braverman KC (/suˈɛlə ˈbrævərmən/;[1] née Fernandes; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician and barrister who served as Home Secretary from 6 September 2022 to 19 October 2022, and again from 25 October 2022 to 13 November 2023. A member of the Conservative Party, she was chair of the European Research Group from 2017 to 2018 and Attorney General for England and Wales from 2020 to March 2021, and again from September 2021 to 2022. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Fareham and Waterlooville, previously Fareham, since 2015.

Key Information

In the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle, Braverman was appointed parliamentary under-secretary of state for exiting the European Union by Prime Minister Theresa May. In November 2018, she resigned in protest against May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement. Braverman was appointed attorney general for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland by Prime Minister Boris Johnson in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle; she was appointed as Queen's Counsel automatically on her appointment.

Following Johnson announcing his resignation in July 2022, Braverman stood as a candidate to succeed him in the July–September Conservative Party leadership election; she was eliminated from the ballot after the second round of voting. She subsequently supported Liz Truss's bid to become Conservative leader, and was appointed home secretary on 6 September 2022 when Truss became prime minister. Braverman resigned as home secretary on 19 October 2022 following public claims that she had broken the Ministerial Code after having sent a Cabinet document using her personal email address. Six days later, she was reinstated as home secretary by Truss's successor Rishi Sunak. She was dismissed from her post by Sunak in the November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle.

Early life and education

[edit]

Braverman was born in Harrow, Greater London, and raised in Wembley.[2] She is the daughter of Uma (née Mootien-Pillay) and Christie Fernandes,[3] both of Indian origin,[4][5] who emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Mauritius and Kenya respectively. She is named after the character Sue Ellen Ewing from the American television soap opera Dallas, of which her mother was a fan, but Sue-Ellen was abbreviated to Suella by her primary school teachers.[6] Her mother, of Hindu Tamil Mauritian descent, was a nurse and a councillor in Brent,[5] and the Conservative candidate for Tottenham in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election.[5] Her father, of Goan Catholic ancestry (who formerly was an Indian in Kenya),[7][8] worked for a housing association.[2] She is the niece of Mahen Kundasamy, a former Mauritian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.[3][9]

She attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship,[2][10] after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chairwoman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.[11]

Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she studied for a master's degree in European and French law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University.[12]

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Braverman was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005.[13][14] She completed pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers)[15] but did not start tenancy there, beginning practice at the London branch of a large Birmingham set, No5 Chambers. She worked in litigation including the judicial review "basics" for a government practitioner of immigration and planning law.[13][16] She passed the New York bar examination in 2006, becoming licensed to practise law in the state until the licence was suspended in 2021 after she did not re-register as an attorney.[b] She was appointed to the Attorney General's C panel of counsel, the entry level, undertaking basic government cases, in 2010.[18]

Braverman founded the Africa Justice Foundation in 2010 alongside barristers Cherie Booth and Philip Riches.[19][20]

Parliamentary career

[edit]

Braverman's name was already on the list of Conservative parliamentary candidates at the time of the 2003 Brent East by-election, and she had to be persuaded not to seek the nomination. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, a Conservative councillor, was selected to fight the seat, and Braverman campaigned for her.[5] During the campaign, Braverman (as Fernandes) was included in an article in The Guardian newspaper with title "The road to No 10".[21]

At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz, who won with a 15,876-vote (38.4%) majority.[22] She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful,[23] and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate for Fareham in Hampshire.[24] Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections and was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list;[25] only the first three Conservative candidates were elected.[26]

Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham at the 2015 general election with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262.[27] She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015.[28] She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome.[29] She was a member of the British delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2015 to 2017, and was a full member of the Assembly's Committee on the Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights.[30]

Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons[31] on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and chaired meetings with the Trust's executives and with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire, in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated.[32]

Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for Leave.[33] She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, from May 2017 until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.[34] At the 2017 general election, Braverman was re-elected, increasing her share of the vote to 63.0% but decreasing her majority to 21,555.[35] Following the election, she was appointed parliamentary private secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.[36]

During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department for Exiting the European Union.[37] On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which had been released the day before.[38]

In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "as Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalist Dawn Foster challenged Braverman's use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its antisemitic history and stating it was a theory in the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik.[39] Braverman's use of the term was initially condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. ... I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn."[40] After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress".[41]

At the 2019 general election, Braverman was again re-elected, increasing her share of the vote to 63.7% and increasing her majority to 26,086.[42]

Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, her Fareham constituency was dissolved and merged with part of Meon Valley to form "Fareham and Waterlooville".[43] Her rival in the selection process was Meon Valley MP Flick Drummond.[44] On 5 April 2023, the re-selection vote was held and Braverman won the vote by 77 votes to 54.[45]

At the 2024 general election, Braverman was elected to Parliament as MP for Fareham and Waterlooville with 35% of the vote and a majority of 6,079.[46]

Attorney general

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Braverman in her role as attorney general meeting prosecutor general of Ukraine Iryna Venediktova in May 2022

In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government.[47] Braverman was made QC at the time of this appointment.[8] She was later criticised by members of the Bar Council for her poor choices in the role.[48]

Braverman was designated as a minister on leave while pregnant on 2 March 2021,[49] shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement. Michael Ellis became acting attorney general until she resumed office on 11 September 2021.[50]

Leadership candidate

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Logo used by Braverman's leadership bid

During the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, Braverman remained a minister, though on 6 July 2022, she called for Boris Johnson to resign.[51] She stood in the ensuing Conservative Party leadership election, but was eliminated from the race in the second round of ballots, winning 27 votes, a reduction on her vote in the first round and the lowest of the remaining candidates.[52] She then endorsed Liz Truss.[53]

Braverman was eliminated in round 2.

Had she succeeded in being appointed prime minister, Braverman said her priorities would have been to deliver tax cuts, cut government spending, tackle the cost of living challenges, "solve the problem of boats crossing the Channel", deliver "Brexit opportunities", withdraw the UK from the European Convention of Human Rights and "get rid of all of this woke rubbish".[54] She also said she would suspend the UK's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050.[55] In August 2022, The Guardian reported that Braverman's leadership campaign had received a £10,000 donation from a company owned by the climate change denier Terence Mordaunt.[56]

Home secretary first term (2022)

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Braverman was appointed Home Secretary in the new Truss ministry on 6 September 2022.[57]

In October 2022, Braverman said that she would love to see a front page of The Daily Telegraph sending asylum seekers to Rwanda, and described it as her "dream" and "obsession".[58] The first attempted flight by the UK to send asylum seekers to Rwanda in June 2022 resulted in asylum seekers being restrained and attached to plane seats after self-harming and threatening suicide.[58] On the matter, the UN Refugee Agency said that the "arrangement, which amongst other concerns seeks to shift responsibility and lacks necessary safeguards, is incompatible with the letter and spirit of the 1951 Convention" in regard to the rights of refugees.[59] Later Amber Rudd, a former Conservative Home Secretary, criticised the plans to send some asylum seekers to Rwanda as "brutal" and "impractical".[60]

In October 2022, in the midst of a speech advocating for the government's Public Order Bill, she held responsible the "coalition of chaos" formed by Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the progressive activists she referred to as the "Guardian-reading, tofu-eating wokerati," for the series of protests that led to disruptive scenarios on the streets of London.[61][62]

Braverman left her cabinet position as Home Secretary on 19 October 2022. She said that her departure was because she had made an "honest mistake" by sharing an official document from her personal email address with a colleague in Parliament, Sir John Hayes, an action which breached the Ministerial Code.[63][64][65] Braverman was highly critical of Truss's leadership in her resignation letter.[66]

Return as Home secretary (2022–2023)

[edit]

On 25 October 2022, Braverman was reappointed as the Home Secretary by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak upon the formation of the Sunak ministry.[67] Braverman's reappointment was challenged by Labour Party MPs, Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party MPs and some Conservatives. The Labour leader and Leader of the Opposition, Keir Starmer, raised it as the subject of his first question to Rishi Sunak at Sunak's first Prime Minister's questions on 26 October 2022. Sunak said Braverman "made an error of judgment but she recognised that she raised the matter and she accepted her mistake".[68][69][70][71] Jake Berry, who was dismissed by Sunak after becoming PM, said that "from my own knowledge, there were multiple breaches of the ministerial code".[72]

Braverman with Rwandan President Paul Kagame, 19 March 2023

There were demands by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, as well as Conservative MP Caroline Nokes, for an inquiry into Braverman's return to the cabinet despite the alleged security breach.[73][74] The government did not launch an inquiry into Braverman.[75] The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee was strongly critical of the decision to reappoint Braverman. The committee stated that reappointing Braverman created a dangerous precedent. Leaking restricted material "is worthy of significant sanction under the new graduated sanctions regime (...) including resignation and a significant period out of office."[76] The committee also stated a later change in prime minister should not allow a minister to return to office in a shorter period. "To allow this (...) does not inspire confidence in the integrity of government nor offer much incentive to proper conduct in future."[77]

In January 2023, Braverman dropped three of the 30 recommendations set out in the Windrush Lessons Learned Review. These recommendations, which had been accepted by then home secretary Priti Patel, concerned organizing reconciliation events, enhancing the powers of the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, and committing to the establishment of a Migrants' Commissioner. In June 2024 the High Court ruled that this decision was unlawful.[78]

In March 2023, Braverman visited Rwanda and viewed housing which might be used by asylum seekers.[79] The Court of Appeal judges have rendered a verdict stating that sending asylum seekers to Rwanda for claim processing is unlawful.[80] The judges concluded that government officials were mistaken in placing their trust in unsupported guarantees from Rwanda, where it was acknowledged that inadequate procedures would be enhanced.[81]

Braverman's comments on illegal immigration have spoken of "invasion" and on child protection from "grooming gangs" – language criticised by "Tory MPs, peers and activists", alongside international agencies and rights groups, as inflammatory,[82][83] with Sayeeda Warsi calling it "racist rhetoric", and an anonymous former senior minister under Boris Johnson saying "Conservative reputation on discrimination has dropped to a new low" on Braverman's watch.[84][85] A Home Office spokesperson responded that the home secretary would "not shy away from telling hard truths",[82] a sentiment reiterated by Braverman, who said it was "not racist" to tell "plain truths",[86] or to want to cut illegal immigration.[87]

Downing Street meanwhile denied that the talk of "grooming gangs" was indicative of the party resorting to dog-whistle politics.[88] In October 2022, Braverman likewise stated that it was "not racist" to want to control the UK's borders.[89] Joan Salter, a Holocaust survivor, confronted Braverman over her rhetoric on 14 January 2023. Salter told Braverman, "When I hear you using words against refugees like 'swarms' and an 'invasion', I am reminded of the language used to dehumanise and justify the murder of my family and millions of others."[90] Ruling on a complaint made about an article in The Mail on Sunday written by Braverman, Ipso said in September 2023 that her comment about British-Pakistani men's involvement in child sexual abuse gangs was "significantly misleading".[91]

Braverman with Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on 12 October 2023

In April 2023, Braverman unveiled a proposition to house approximately 500 single adult men on Bibby Stockholm, a barge. The proposal was implemented in August of the same year[92][93] and sparked a notable political response amongst both Labour and Conservative MPs due to the backdrop of the Home Office's escalated stringent policies targeting refugees, intended to curtail the frequency of small boat crossings amid the European migrant crisis.[94][95][96][97] On 2 August 2023, the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) wrote to Braverman to request a meeting to talk about their concerns over the safety of the barge.[98]

In July 2023, Braverman personally intervened to prevent Siyabonga Twala, a British resident who had travelled from Manchester to Istanbul for a family holiday, from returning to the UK, ordering his exclusion "on the basis of serious criminality" in relation to a cannabis offence five years previously.[99] Siyabonga Twala's solicitors said Braverman's intervention set a "worrying precedent" for the use of exclusion order in barring people from reentry into the UK in setting "such a low bar to what is considered a serious criminal".[99] In June 2024, just before a court hearing, the Home Office withdrew the exclusion order, enabling Twala to return to the UK.[100]

In November 2023, Braverman proposed new laws in England and Wales to limit the use of tents by homeless people, stating that many of them see it as "a lifestyle choice". She said the government would always support those who were genuinely homeless, but planned to stop "those who cause nuisance and distress to other people by pitching tents in public spaces, aggressively begging, stealing, taking drugs, littering and blighting our communities." Her comments were criticised by opposition MPs. The Housing charity Shelter said: "Living on the streets is not a lifestyle choice."[101][102] Rishi Sunak later cancelled her plan to restrict the use of tents by homeless people.[103]

Following the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel, Braverman said in a letter to chief constables in England and Wales: "I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' (...) in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence", adding that "Behaviours that are legitimate in some circumstances, for example the waving of a Palestinian flag, may not be legitimate such as when intended to glorify acts of terrorism".[104]

She later described subsequent pro-Palestine marches during the Gaza war as "hate marches (...) chanting for the erasure of Israel from the map" containing a "large number of bad actors who are deliberately operating beneath the criminal threshold".[105] In criticism of marches proposed to take place on Armistice Day, she cited "reports that some of Saturday's march group organisers have links to terrorist groups, including Hamas" and compared it to marches in Northern Ireland.[106] Scotland's First Minister Humza Yousaf called for her resignation and accused her of "fanning the flames of division".[107] The Labour Party and some police officers said that Braverman's writing had led to far-right supporters attacking police on 11 November.[108]

Braverman wrote an opinion piece that was published in The Times on 8 November which included a statement that there was "a perception that senior police officers play favourites when it comes to protesters" and were tougher on right-wing extremists than pro-Palestinian "mobs".[109] The Guardian reported that the Prime Minister's office had asked for changes to be made to the article, but not all were implemented.[108]

Braverman was dismissed as Home Secretary in the cabinet reshuffle of 13 November 2023, and was replaced by James Cleverly, who had been the Foreign Secretary.[110] According to The Guardian, the trigger for her sacking was her Times article.[108] The Telegraph throws doubt on this view, reporting that David Cameron was offered the role of foreign secretary on 7 November 2023, the day before Braverman's Times article was published.[111]

Return to the backbenches (2023–present)

[edit]

In December 2023, Braverman delivered a speech in the House of Commons in which she argued that "the Conservative Party faces electoral oblivion" if the Government's policy of deporting asylum seekers to Rwanda was not introduced.[112]

In January 2024, Braverman joined pro-Israel protesters at a rally in London held to mark 100 days since the Gaza war.[113]

In June 2024, while speaking to the Times, Braverman suggested that the Conservative Party should "welcome" Nigel Farage into the party to "unite the right".[114]

In July 2024, after the Conservative Party's loss in the 2024 General Election, Braverman delivered a speech at the National Conservatism Conference in Washington, D.C., where she attributed the party's defeat to the influence of "liberal Conservatives." Later that month, following Rishi Sunak's resignation as leader of the Conservative Party, Braverman unexpectedly announced that she would not be standing for leader.[115]

In August 2024, it was disclosed that Braverman had given several paid speeches internationally, including in India, South Korea, and the United States, and had earned nearly £60,000 from these engagements.[116]

In January 2025, Braverman attended Donald Trump's presidential inauguration in Washington, D.C., and was seen wearing a 'Make America Great Again' cap.[117] Later that month, Braverman delivered the Margaret Thatcher Freedom Lecture at The Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C. and raised the question of whether the United Kingdom could become "the first Islamist nation with nuclear weapons", whilst saying she did not think that was a realistic outcome.[118]

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Braverman is ideologically on the right-wing of the Conservative Party. She was a supporter of Brexit, supports the withdrawal of the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights and supports sending cross-Channel migrants to Rwanda. In a May 2022 article, she said, "If I get trolled and I provoke a bad response on Twitter I know I'm doing the right thing. Twitter is a sewer of left-wing bile. The extreme left pile on is often a consequence of sound conservative values."[119]

National conservatism

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In May 2023, Braverman spoke at the National Conservatism Conference in London. In her speech, she stated that immigration threatened the country's "national character", and that Britons should be trained to do the jobs where immigrants are currently employed. She also expressed opposition to what she referred to as "radical gender ideology".[120][121][122]

Immigration and national culture

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Braverman has criticised multiculturalism, saying that it allowed people to "come to our society and live parallel lives in it" and that it "makes no demands of the incomer to integrate".[123]

Writing for The Daily Telegraph in a February 2025 article titled "I will never be truly English", Braverman argued that despite being born and educated in England, she is not English and "cannot claim to be". She asserted that the English national identity "must be rooted in ancestry, heritage, and, yes, ethnicity – not just residence or fluency". Describing herself as British Asian, she said that she doesn't "feel English" because she has "no generational ties to English soil", and asked whether it would take five or six generations "before one can claim to be English".[124] These comments drew sharp criticism from Sathnam Sanghera, Sunder Katwala and Jolyon Maugham, among others.[125] Katwala pointed out that despite her call to "defend Judeo-Christian civilization", Braverman's position would mean that the large majority of British Jews could not be English. Ian Dunt said: "It's the view of almost everyone in this country that you can be English without being white".[125] Conservative former Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Shadow Foreign Secretary Priti Patel affirmed that they do consider themselves English, with Sunak saying that he found Braverman and Kisin's position "ridiculous".[126][127]

Refugees

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In September 2023, Braverman spoke at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington. In this speech, she argued that the UN's 1951 Convention on Refugees needed reforming, questioning if it was "fit for our modern age".[128][123][129] In the same speech, she also said that being gay or a woman was insufficient to qualify for asylum; stating:

Let me be clear, there are vast swathes of the world where it is extremely difficult to be gay, or to be a woman. Where individuals are being persecuted, it is right that we offer sanctuary. But we will not be able to sustain an asylum system if in effect, simply being gay, or a woman, and fearful of discrimination in your country of origin, is sufficient to qualify for protection.[130][131]

This led to criticism from members of the Labour Party and also by Andrew Boff, a patron of the LGBT+ wing of the Conservative Party. However, Conservative MP Michael Fabricant, another patron of the LGBT+ group, said that claiming to be gay "should not provide the key to entry to our country".[132] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees rejected Braverman's calls for reform.[133][123]

Legacy of the British Empire

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Braverman has described herself as a "child of the British Empire". Her parents, who were from Mauritius and Kenya, came to the UK "with an admiration and gratitude for what Britain did for Mauritius and Kenya, and India". She believes that on the whole, "the British Empire was a force for good",[119] and described herself as being "proud of the British Empire".[134]

Free schools

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Braverman was the founding chair of governors at the Michaela Community School,[135] and supported plans to create a free school in Fareham.[136] In 2017 she sat on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector.[137]

Rights and responsibilities

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In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quoted Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above the rights of those who are tortured." She concluded,[138]

To correct the imbalance, perhaps we should adopt a Universal Declaration of Responsibilities and Duties, to be read in tandem with that on Human Rights? A fair, decent and reasonable society should question the dilution of our sense of duty, the demotion of our grasp of responsibility and our virtual abandonment of the spirit of civic obligation. What we do for others should matter more than the selfish assertion of personal rights and the lonely individualism to which it gives rise.

Transgender issues

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In a May 2022 interview with The Times, Braverman said that schools do not have to accommodate requests from students who wish to change how others recognise their gender, including the use of the pronouns, uniforms, lavatories and changing facilities of their identified gender if it differs from their sex. She argued that, legally, under-18s are entitled to be treated only by the gender corresponding to their sex and that the "unquestioning approach" adopted by some teachers and schools is the reason different parts of the country have very different rates of children presenting as transgender.[119] Some of her statements have been criticised by trans advocates as transphobic.[139][140] On 13 March 2024, Braverman wrote an article for The Telegraph in which she discussed J. K. Rowling's views on transgender people. She voiced support for Rowling's stances, including Rowling's comments calling the broadcaster India Willoughby, a transgender woman, a man. Braverman joined Rowling in doing so, saying, "India Willoughby is a trans woman. That means, with all respect to India, he is a man."[141]

LGBTQ community

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In July 2024 Braverman in a speech at the National Conservatism conference in Washington DC said that the Conservative Party had failed to 'stop the lunatic woke virus' after a Pride flag was flown at the Home Office. She said 'what the Progress flag says to me is one monstrous thing: that I was the member of a government that presided over the mutilation of children in our hospitals and from our schools'. Two Conservative candidates Iain Dale and Casey Byrne criticised her. Dale said 'what a disgusting speech. And she seriously thinks she has a chance of leading the Conservative party. Not while I have a breath in my body'. Byrne said 'I urged all decent people to speak up...this cannot be allowed to go without consequences.'[142]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

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In October 2023, she condemned Hamas' actions during the Gaza war and expressed her support for Israel. She called for legislation that criminalises boycotts of Israel, saying that "Israel is a beacon of democracy in the Middle East. Defending Israel is not part of the culture wars. It is symbolic of defending humanity."[143] She consistently criticised those who took part in the protests against the Israeli attack on Gaza,[144] urging the police to take action on any attempts by protesters to use flags, songs or swastikas to harass members of the Jewish community.[104] Keir Starmer accused her of "sowing the seeds of hatred".[145]

In July 2024, Braverman criticised the British government's decision to restore funding to UNRWA, claiming that the decision was "naive, dangerous and shameful" and diverted "British taxpayer cash to Hamas".[146]

India trade deal

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Braverman, who is of Indian heritage, said that she feared a trade deal with India would increase migration to the UK when Indians already represented the largest group of people who overstayed their visa.[147]

Allegations of misconduct

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Complaint to the Bar Standards Board

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Nine organisations wrote a letter to the Bar Standards Board in May 2023 alleging that Braverman had violated the Bar's code of conduct regarding "racist sentiments and discriminatory narratives"[148] They referred to comments Braverman made in 2022, referring to people reaching the UK by crossing the Channel in small boats as an 'invasion',[149] as well as comments about sexual grooming gang members being predominantly British-Pakistani men who "hold cultural values totally at odds with British values".[150][148]

[edit]

Braverman's details on the No5 Chambers website state that she "is a contributor to Philip Kolvin QC's book Gambling for Local Authorities, Licensing, Planning and Regeneration".[151] The Observer had questioned this in 2020[152] and, in October 2022, The Big Issue reported Kolvin saying that she "did not make a written or editorial contribution to the book", but simply "on one occasion I asked her to do some photocopying for the book". Braverman's parliamentary office, the Home Office and No5 Chambers all declined to comment, but the claim was removed from the website after The Big Issue had enquired.[153]

"The Secret Barrister" told The Big Issue, "For a practising barrister to include on a chambers profile something which is not merely an exaggeration but knowing false, is the type of dishonest conduct that should rightly attract the attention of the Bar Standards Board."[154] It was later reported by Private Eye that the Bar Standards Board was investigating a complaint that she had made a "dishonest statement out of self-interest to promote her career".[155]

Private Eye also reported that her MP's website had said that she was involved "in the lengthy Guantanamo Bay Inquiry into the treatment of detainees by US and UK forces", although her name does not appear in the inquiry report, and suggested she may merely have been one of scores of lawyers who had sifted through documents.[155]

Alleged breach of the ministerial code

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In May 2023, it was reported that, following an incident where she was caught speeding by police while she was Attorney General for England and Wales, Braverman asked whether civil servants could arrange for her an option to take a driving awareness course as a private one-to-one session rather than the standard group course with other motorists. They refused, and reported the request to the Cabinet Office. Braverman then asked one of her political aides to assist her, who asked the course providers whether aliases could be used with online courses and whether cameras could be switched off. The providers said those options were not available.[156][157]

The Liberal Democrats and Labour, which suggested the matter could be a breach of the ministerial code, called for an inquiry by the prime minister's independent adviser on ministerial interests and "ethics chief", Sir Laurie Magnus.[157] Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said that after consulting Magnus, he had decided that further investigation was not necessary, and that the incident did not constitute a breach of the Ministerial Code.[158]

Personal life

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In 2018, she married Rael Braverman,[159] a manager of the Mercedes-Benz Group, whom she described as a "very proud member of the Jewish community".[160] The wedding was celebrated at the House of Commons in February 2018.[161] Rael Braverman, who moved to the UK as a teenager from South Africa, formerly lived in Israel.[162] Suella Braverman told The Jewish Chronicle that she has "close family members who serve in the IDF".[163] As of 2021, they have two children: a son, George, born in 2019 and a daughter, Gabriella, born in 2021.[164][165] She lives in Locks Heath, Hampshire.[166]

Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order,[167] but is not a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order.[168] She took her oath of allegiance as an MP on the Buddhist Dhammapada.[169]

In July 2024, Braverman was one of five politicians to cover for James O'Brien's radio show on LBC, as part of the station's "Guest Week".[170]

In December 2024, Rael Braverman joined Reform UK,[171] but resigned just seven months later after his wife was criticised by Reform's former chairman over a political matter.[172]

Awards and honours

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Awards

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Honours

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Notes

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References

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Sue-Ellen Cassiana "Suella" Braverman KC (born 3 April 1980) is a British politician and barrister serving as the Reform UK Member of Parliament for Fareham and Waterlooville since defecting from the Conservative Party on 26 January 2026, having previously represented Fareham as a Conservative from 2015 to 2024 and winning her current seat in the 2024 general election. A former barrister specializing in public law and national security, she held senior government roles including Attorney General for England and Wales from 2020 to 2022 and Home Secretary under prime ministers Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak in 2022–2023. Braverman is known for her national conservative views, advocacy for stricter immigration controls including the UK-Rwanda asylum partnership, support for Brexit and sovereignty, and criticisms of protest policing and cultural policies. After her second dismissal from the Home Office in November 2023, she returned to the backbenches, contested the Conservative leadership, and defected to Reform UK citing the party's failure to curb illegal migration. Her positions also encompass foreign policy stances on Israel and India, social issues like transgender rights and free speech, and a rights-responsibilities framework in education and welfare.

Early life and education

Family background and upbringing

Suella Braverman was born Sue-Ellen Fernandes on 3 April 1980 in Harrow, north-west London, to parents of Indian origin.[1] Her mother, Uma Fernandes, emigrated from Mauritius at age 18 to train as a nurse in the United Kingdom; she later served as a councillor for the Labour Party in the London Borough of Brent and belonged to a Hindu Tamil family.[2] [3] Braverman's father, Christie Fernandes, of Christian Goan ancestry, fled Kenya amid post-independence ethnic tensions and settled in London, where he worked for a housing association.[2] [4] The couple met in the United Kingdom after their respective migrations and raised Braverman as their only child in Wembley, where the family emphasized education and aspiration amid the immigrant experience.[5] Braverman's upbringing reflected her parents' professional and civic commitments; her mother balanced nursing and local politics, while her father contributed to social housing initiatives.[3] The family resided in a middle-class area of Wembley, and Braverman attended a local state primary school before her parents opted to enroll her in an independent school, where she secured a scholarship based on academic merit.[5] This transition underscored the family's investment in private education to foster opportunity, aligning with broader patterns among upwardly mobile Indian diaspora households in 1980s and 1990s Britain. Her heritage combined Tamil Mauritian and Goan Kenyan roots, shaping a multicultural identity within a Conservative-leaning household, though her mother's Labour affiliation introduced cross-party influences.[6] [7]

Academic achievements

Braverman attended Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent before securing a partial scholarship to the fee-paying Heathfield School in London.[8] [6] She then gained admission to read law at Queens' College, Cambridge, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree.[9] [5] Following her undergraduate studies, Braverman pursued postgraduate education in Paris, completing a Master of Laws (LLM) in European and French law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University on an Entente Cordiale scholarship.[2] [10] This program involved two years of study abroad, building on her Cambridge foundation in legal principles.[5]

Pre-parliamentary career

Legal training and barrister practice

Braverman read law at Queens' College, Cambridge, where she was active in the Cambridge University Conservative Association, serving as its president. Following her undergraduate studies, she obtained a Master of Laws degree in European and French law from Panthéon-Sorbonne University in Paris. She completed the Bar Vocational Course and was called to the Bar of England and Wales by the Middle Temple in April 2005. In 2009, she passed the New York Bar examination and was admitted to practice in New York, though she did not engage in active practice there, instead undertaking a secondment focused on international commercial law.[11][2][6] Braverman undertook pupillage at what became Cornerstone Chambers, specializing in planning and public law, before taking tenancy at No. 5 Chambers in Birmingham. Over approximately ten years of practice until her election to Parliament in 2015, she focused on public and administrative law, including judicial review, planning inquiries, immigration, and human rights cases. Her clientele encompassed local residents opposing developments such as housing estates, supermarkets, and industrial sites, as well as government entities.[12][13][10] From 2010 to 2015, Braverman served on the Attorney General's Panel of Treasury Counsel (Junior), prosecuting and defending the Crown in high-profile public law litigation. In this role, she represented the Home Office in immigration and asylum appeals, the Parole Board against prisoner challenges, the Ministry of Defence in claims by injured service personnel, and contributed to the Iraq and Guantanamo Bay inquiries examining detainee treatment. She also handled EU competition law matters during a secondment in Paris and volunteered on community justice projects in Rwanda and Sierra Leone.[12][14][15]

Parliamentary career

Election to Parliament and early roles (2015–2020)

Suella Braverman was elected as the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Fareham constituency on 7 May 2015, succeeding Mark Hoban.[16][17] Upon entering Parliament, she joined the Education Committee, serving from 6 July 2015 until 3 May 2017.[18] In 2017, Braverman was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to ministers in the Treasury.[5][19] That year, she also became chair of the European Research Group, a Eurosceptic faction within the Conservative Party, holding the position until January 2018.[20][21] In the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle under Prime Minister Theresa May, Braverman was promoted to Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union.[9][18] She served in this role from 9 January to 15 November 2018, when she resigned in protest against May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement, which she described as failing to deliver on the referendum mandate.[22][23] Following her resignation, Braverman returned to the backbenches, advocating for a harder line on Brexit negotiations.[24] On 13 February 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed Braverman as Attorney General for England and Wales, marking her return to government in a senior legal role.[25]

Attorney General (2020–2022)

Suella Braverman was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales on 13 February 2020 by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, replacing Geoffrey Cox following a cabinet reshuffle.[25] She was sworn into office at the Royal Courts of Justice on 24 February 2020.[26] In this role, Braverman advised the government on legal matters, including constitutional and international law issues arising from Brexit implementation, and superintended the Crown Prosecution Service alongside the Serious Fraud Office. Her appointment came shortly after she had publicly criticized "unelected, unaccountable judges" for overreaching into policy areas, a stance that aligned with Johnson's agenda to assert parliamentary sovereignty.[27] During her tenure, Braverman provided key legal advice on the Northern Ireland Protocol, part of the UK-EU Brexit withdrawal agreement. In May 2022, she endorsed the view that the UK could lawfully introduce domestic legislation to disapply or override protocol provisions creating a regulatory border in the Irish Sea, invoking the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty despite acknowledged risks of breaching international law.[28][29] This advice supported the government's Northern Ireland Protocol Bill, which aimed to address perceived economic barriers but faced opposition from EU representatives and some UK legal scholars who contended it violated treaty obligations without justification under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.[30] Braverman argued that such measures were necessary to prevent the protocol from undermining the UK's internal market integrity, prioritizing domestic legal supremacy over strict adherence to international commitments in cases of good faith disputes.[31] Braverman intervened in the prosecution of the "Colston Four," who were acquitted in January 2022 of criminal damage for toppling the statue of slave trader Edward Colston during 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, on grounds of believing the act proportionate under Article 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention on Human Rights. In June 2022, she referred the case to the Court of Appeal, seeking clarification on whether such a defense applies to serious property damage. The court ruled in September 2022 that defendants cannot advance a proportionality belief defense where damage is significant, as no reasonable jury would deem it justified, thereby limiting human rights claims in future protest-related criminal damage trials while upholding the original acquittals.[32] This action drew accusations from senior lawyers of politically motivated interference undermining jury verdicts, though Braverman maintained it was required to uphold the rule of law against expansive judicial interpretations of rights.[33][34] In response to Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Braverman took steps to bolster war crimes accountability. On 28 March 2022, she appointed retired judge Sir Howard Morrison QC as an independent adviser to Ukraine's Prosecutor General, Iryna Venediktova, to enhance investigative capacity.[35] She visited Ukraine on 9 May 2022 to affirm UK support for domestic prosecutions, condemning Russian "barbarity" and atrocities including against civilians and women, and pledged assistance in evidence gathering and trials.[36] Braverman co-signed a May 2022 statement with Attorneys General from the US, Australia, Canada, and France endorsing Ukraine's efforts and committing to international cooperation against perpetrators.[37] She further advocated deploying retired UK judges to Ukraine for hybrid tribunals and emphasized urgency in securing forensic evidence.[38][39] Braverman also addressed domestic legal policy, delivering an August 2022 speech at Policy Exchange highlighting tensions between equality laws, human rights, and single-sex spaces, calling for clearer statutory guidance to resolve judicial inconsistencies without legislative overhaul.[40] She revised government guidance on assessing litigation risks, directing lawyers to adopt a more pragmatic approach less deterred by uncertain legal challenges, aiming to enable bolder policy execution. Her tenure concluded on 6 September 2022 upon her appointment as Home Secretary by Prime Minister Liz Truss.[9]

Home Secretary, first term (September–October 2022)

Braverman was appointed Secretary of State for the Home Department on 6 September 2022 by Prime Minister Liz Truss, succeeding [Priti Patel](/page/Priti Patel) in the role.[41][42] This followed Braverman's endorsement of Truss in the Conservative leadership contest earlier that summer.[5] In her initial weeks, Braverman prioritized immigration enforcement, setting an internal Home Office target of achieving "no boats crossing the Channel" via small vessel arrivals, amid ongoing record crossings that year exceeding 30,000 by September.[43] She addressed Home Office staff on 7 September, criticizing illegal migration routes, advocating for returns to France without asylum processing in the UK, and urging civil servants to end remote work in favor of office attendance; the speech, which referenced "trashy TV" as a distraction, drew internal backlash for its tone.[43] Braverman advanced restrictive asylum policies, including proposals to deem Channel crossers ineligible for refugee status under international law interpretations, building on prior government efforts like the Rwanda deportation plan.[44] Near the end of her term, on 18 October, she oversaw parliamentary efforts to enact measures under the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act limiting disruptive protests, responding to rising activism amid economic turmoil.[45] Her tenure concluded on 19 October 2022 with her resignation, after she admitted breaching the ministerial code by dispatching a draft policy document on migration from her personal email to a parliamentary colleague the previous week, bypassing official channels.[46][47] Braverman stated the error occurred under time pressure but accepted responsibility, contributing to the instability of Truss's short-lived government.[48]

Home Secretary, second term (October 2022–November 2023)

![Suella Braverman shaking hands with Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda][float-right] Suella Braverman was reappointed as Home Secretary by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on 25 October 2022, six days after her resignation from Liz Truss's administration over a security breach involving the use of a personal email to send an official document.[49][50] On 31 October 2022, she admitted in a letter to Cabinet Secretary Simon Case that she had used her personal email for official business on six occasions, including the incident that prompted her prior resignation, but maintained that no further classified material was sent.[50] Braverman prioritized curbing illegal migration, particularly Channel crossings by small boats, which reached 45,774 arrivals in 2022.[45] She advanced the UK-Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership, originally agreed in April 2022, by expanding its scope to include modern slavery victims after the High Court ruled the policy lawful on 19 December 2022.[51] Despite a planned flight's cancellation in June 2022 due to legal intervention, Braverman introduced the Illegal Migration Bill on 10 March 2023, which aimed to detain and remove irregular arrivals to Rwanda or a safe third country, barring them from asylum claims; the bill passed its third reading in the House of Commons on 12 July 2023 amid opposition from human rights groups and Labour.[52][53] In June 2023, following the Court of Appeal's ruling against the policy's safety, she vowed to MPs to do "whatever it takes to stop the boats."[54] Braverman also addressed domestic security, advocating stricter policing of environmental protests by groups like Just Stop Oil and anti-social behaviour, including plans to treat shoplifting over £50 as a police matter rather than a civil issue.[55] In response to pro-Palestinian demonstrations following the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, she described the marches in a 30 October speech as "hate marches," arguing they displayed "fervent support for Hamas" and featured chants like "jihad," which she claimed police would not tolerate in other contexts.[56] On 9 November 2023, she published an article in The Times—without prior No. 10 approval—accusing the Metropolitan Police of "double standards and bias" for permitting these protests while restricting others, such as those by women's rights groups, and suggesting some organizers had links to Hamas.[57][58] The article prompted backlash from police chiefs, opposition parties, and some Conservatives, who viewed it as undermining operational independence; Sunak, facing pressure ahead of a potential general election, sacked Braverman on 13 November 2023, replacing her with James Cleverly.[57][59] In her resignation letter, Braverman accused Sunak of betraying their agreement to prioritize stopping the boats, criticizing his government's inaction on net migration—which hit 745,000 in 2022—and failure to revive the Rwanda flights, while alleging weakness in addressing cultural and policing issues.[60][61]

Return to backbenches and 2024 leadership bid (2023–2024)

Following her dismissal as Home Secretary on 13 November 2023 by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak—after she published an opinion piece in The Times accusing the Metropolitan Police of "double standards" and bias in policing pro-Palestinian protests, contrary to Downing Street guidance—Braverman returned to the backbenches as a private member of Parliament.[57][62] The article, which described the protests as "hate marches," prompted widespread condemnation from police leaders and some Conservative MPs, leading Sunak to conclude it undermined confidence in policing; Braverman was replaced by James Cleverly.[57][63] On 6 December 2023, Braverman delivered a personal statement in the House of Commons, defending her record and criticizing the government's approach to migration and security, though she reaffirmed her loyalty to the Conservative Party.[64] In early 2024, she participated in public activities aligned with her prior positions, including joining a pro-Israel rally in London on 20 January to mark 100 days since the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks on Israel. As an opposition MP following the Conservative defeat in the 4 July 2024 general election—where she secured re-election in the newly created Fareham and Waterlooville constituency with 14,568 votes (34.7% share)—Braverman used her platform to critique the party's direction.[65] On 8 July 2024, speaking at the National Conservatism Conference in Washington, D.C., she argued that "conservatism didn't fail; liberalism did," attributing the election loss to the party's failure to deliver on promises to reduce net migration (which reached 685,000 in 2023), cut taxes, and resist cultural shifts like the flying of Pride flags at government buildings, which she called a "monstrous" symbol of state endorsement of divisive identity politics.[66][67] Braverman launched a bid for the Conservative leadership following Sunak's resignation on 5 July 2024 after the party's worst postwar defeat, securing initial nominations from at least 10 MPs required to enter the contest.[68] However, facing insufficient broader support amid reports of key allies like MP Danny Kruger endorsing Robert Jenrick instead, she withdrew on 29 July 2024 before the parliamentary ballot to select the final two candidates for party members.[69][70] In a Telegraph article explaining her decision, Braverman stated that the parliamentary party remained "traumatised" and unwilling to confront core failures—such as unchecked immigration, tax rises despite pledges, and capitulation to transgender activism—which she deemed essential for renewal, rendering her leadership unviable without party consensus.[70] She emphasized that these policy lapses, not conservatism itself, alienated voters, including to Reform UK, and warned against further "mimicking Labour" on issues like net zero costs and cultural conservatism.[67] Her withdrawal left candidates including Kemi Badenoch and Robert Jenrick advancing, with Badenoch ultimately winning the contest on 2 November 2024.[71]

Opposition backbencher activities (2024–present)

Following the Conservative Party's defeat in the 4 July 2024 general election, Braverman retained her seat as MP for Fareham and Waterlooville with a reduced majority of 4,412 votes.[18] As an opposition backbencher, she has focused on scrutinising Labour government policies through debate contributions and voting, aligning consistently with the Conservative whip without recorded rebellions in 154 divisions during the parliamentary session.[72] Braverman participated in the second reading debate on the Employment Rights Bill on 21 October 2024, raising concerns over its potential to impose burdensome regulations on businesses and undermine flexible labour markets.[73] She signed an early day motion on 9 September 2024 calling for reforms to social security systems to address work incentives and dependency.[72] In October 2024, she addressed migration and economic development issues in parliamentary proceedings, criticising government approaches to border control and integration.[74] Into 2025, Braverman contributed to debates on the Crime and Policing Bill on 18 June, advocating for tougher measures against urban crime and emphasising the need for proactive policing over reactive responses.[75] She also spoke on businesses in rural areas on 18 June 2025, highlighting regulatory pressures exacerbating challenges for small enterprises outside urban centres, and revisited employment rights on 15 September 2025, reiterating opposition to expansive worker protections that could stifle economic growth.[75] Braverman holds no select committee positions, maintaining a role centred on floor debates and constituency representation rather than specialised scrutiny.[72]

Political ideology and positions

National conservatism and Brexit advocacy

Suella Braverman has consistently advocated for Brexit as a means to restore British sovereignty and economic independence. Elected to Parliament in 2015, she campaigned for the Leave side in the 2016 referendum and defied the government whip to vote in favor of triggering Article 50 in 2017, emphasizing the need to exit the European Union by March 2019.[76] [77] She described Brexit not as a radical revolution but as a "restoration" of control over laws, borders, and trade, arguing it would enable the UK to pivot toward faster-growing global economies and revive Commonwealth ties while weaning employers off reliance on foreign labor to foster a high-wage economy.[78] In March 2019, Braverman portrayed Brexit as a "liberation from a failing EU economy," citing positive UK indicators such as record foreign direct investment, surpassing venture capital raises compared to France and Germany, and new manufacturing plants, while preferring a settled deal but viewing no-deal as a viable second option with surmountable challenges.[79] Braverman's Brexit stance aligns with her embrace of national conservatism, which she promotes as a framework prioritizing national sovereignty, cultural preservation, and resistance to supranational constraints. She has delivered keynote addresses at National Conservatism conferences, including in London in May 2023, where she outlined the value of conservatism in upholding community, family, and national identity.[80] In April 2024 in Brussels, she advocated exiting the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to fully realize post-Brexit border control, criticizing the ECHR for enabling "rights radicalism" by unelected judges that blocks deportations and undermines parliamentary democracy, proposing a six-month notice under Article 58 followed by a British Bill of Rights.[81] At the Washington, D.C., National Conservatism Conference on July 8, 2024, Braverman argued that conservatism did not fail but liberalism did, faulting the Conservative Party's adoption of liberal policies—such as failing to deliver on Brexit promises like curbing illegal migration via the Rwanda scheme—for electoral defeats, including the loss of half the party's votes in 2024.[66] She positioned national conservatism as essential for countering liberal intolerance and cultural dissolution, urging a return to principles that unify through national culture rather than impose conformity, while linking unfulfilled Brexit opportunities to broader conservative shortcomings under leaders like Rishi Sunak.[66] This advocacy underscores her view that Brexit's sovereignty gains must be defended against institutions like the ECHR to enable effective national governance.[81]

Immigration, asylum, and border security

![Suella Braverman shaking hands with Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda][float-right] Braverman has consistently advocated for stricter controls on illegal immigration, emphasizing the need to deter dangerous Channel crossings by small boats, which she described as an "invasion" in a November 2022 parliamentary statement.[82] She argued that such arrivals undermine border security and overburden the asylum system, noting that small boat crossings had increased to 150 times higher levels by September 2023 compared to five years prior.[83] As Home Secretary, Braverman championed the Illegal Migration Act 2023, introduced in March 2023, which mandated the detention and swift removal of individuals arriving irregularly by small boat, aiming to remove incentives for people smugglers and prevent lives from being endangered. She characterized those crossing the Channel illegally as criminals whose values were "at odds with our country," asserting that the policy would restore sovereignty over UK borders.[84] [85] Braverman strongly supported the Rwanda deportation scheme, visiting Rwanda in March 2023 to advance the plan despite ongoing legal challenges, insisting it was essential to break the business model of smuggling gangs.[51] The policy sought to relocate asylum seekers arriving irregularly to Rwanda for processing, but faced repeated judicial blocks, including a June 2023 Court of Appeal ruling deeming it unlawful, which Braverman vowed to override through legislation.[54] She later criticized subsequent government delays, stating in November 2023 that no flights would occur before the next election under the revised plan.[86] On legal migration, Braverman expressed alarm at record net migration figures, which reached 606,000 in 2022 and 672,000 for the year ending June 2023, calling them a "slap in the face to the British public" and advocating for an annual cap to protect national infrastructure and cultural cohesion.[87] [88] She critiqued international frameworks like the 1951 UN Refugee Convention for lowering asylum thresholds over decades, proposing reforms to allow countries to limit refugee intakes based on capacity.[89] [90] In February 2025, she reiterated calls to exit the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to reclaim border control from foreign courts.[91] Braverman's positions drew public support, with a October 2023 poll indicating over half of Britons agreed with her "invasion" framing of small boat surges, though critics from human rights groups and opposition parties labeled the measures as performative or rights-violating.[92] Despite her efforts, Channel crossings persisted at high levels during her tenure, highlighting enforcement challenges amid legal and logistical hurdles.[93]

National culture, identity, and the British Empire's legacy

Braverman has publicly affirmed pride in the British Empire's legacy, declaring in June 2022 as Attorney General that she is "proud" of it despite acknowledging "some bad things" and rejecting calls to apologize for its history.[94] [95] She criticized left-wing tendencies to view Britain's past through a lens of shame, contrasting this with an appreciation for the empire's role in fostering ingenuity and global influence, as stated in a Telegraph interview where she highlighted "the genius of the British people" over narratives of decline.[96] Regarding national identity, Braverman has emphasized the distinction between British citizenship and English cultural rootedness, writing in February 2025 that, despite being born in England, raised speaking the Queen's English, and educated there, she "will never be truly English" due to her family's Indian heritage and lack of multi-generational ties to the land.[97] [98] She described her identity as distinctly British Asian, expressing gratitude for Britain's opportunities while arguing that preserving English culture requires acknowledging such ethnic and historical boundaries rather than blurring them, a stance she framed as necessary to counter Britain's identity crisis amid mass immigration.[97] On British culture and values, Braverman has advocated for immigrants to actively embrace core national principles, including tolerance, respect for the law, and integration into communities, proposing an "Oath of British Values" to underscore these expectations.[99] She has warned that certain arrivals, particularly via small boats, often hold "values at odds with our country," leading to parallel societies that erode cultural cohesion, as articulated in April 2023 remarks and reiterated in October 2023 statements criticizing non-assimilating groups for failing to adopt British norms.[84] [100] This position aligns with her broader defense of Western heritage against multiculturalism's potential to undermine established national identity, as discussed in a February 2025 interview.[101]

Social issues: Transgender rights, LGBT policies, and free speech

Braverman has consistently argued that biological sex is immutable and should take precedence over gender identity claims in law and policy, particularly to safeguard women's rights to single-sex spaces, services, and sports. In an August 2022 speech as Attorney General, she highlighted tensions under the Equality Act 2010 between protections for sex and those for gender reassignment, stating that "sex is real" and that allowing self-identified gender to override sex-based rights erodes hard-won female protections, such as in prisons, refuges, and changing rooms.[40] She emphasized that single-sex exceptions exist precisely to exclude those of the opposite biological sex, regardless of identity, and criticized interpretations that prioritize subjective feelings over objective biology.[40] On education and youth, Braverman has opposed policies enabling social transition without robust safeguards. In August 2022, she asserted that schools providing only gender-neutral toilets violate Equality Act provisions for single-sex facilities, and that teachers should refrain from using preferred pronouns for pupils questioning their gender absent a medical diagnosis of gender dysphoria.[102] By February 2023, as Home Secretary, she reiterated that educators face no legal duty to affirm gender exploration through pronouns, names, or uniforms, positioning such decisions as parental rather than institutional prerogatives.[103] In October 2023, she convened a roundtable with police leaders and women's rights advocates, directing that transgender offenders, including rapists, be recorded and referred to by biological sex in crime statistics and public communications to maintain data integrity and public trust.[104][105] Regarding broader LGBT policies, Braverman has distinguished between acceptance of homosexuality—which aligns with her support for equal legal treatment under UK law—and expansions involving gender ideology or asylum claims. In a September 2023 speech in Washington, D.C., she contended that mere fear of discrimination for being gay or female does not qualify for refugee status under the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, which requires evidence of serious harm or persecution tantamount to a threat to life or freedom; she cited this threshold to curb system abuse, noting instances where claimants fabricate LGBT identities for preferential treatment.[106][107] In July 2024, she denounced the Progress Pride flag—incorporating trans and intersex elements—as "horrible" and "monstrous," arguing against its display on government buildings during Pride Month as it supplants the Union Jack and symbolizes ideological overreach rather than core equality.[108] These positions drew rebukes from LGBT advocacy groups, which interpreted them as undermining protections, though Braverman framed them as defending definitional clarity against expansive reinterpretations.[106][108] Braverman has positioned herself as a defender of free speech, particularly against censorship of gender-critical views and campus intolerance. In March 2024, she called for amendments to the Equality Act to resolve ambiguities enabling harassment claims against those asserting sex-based realities, arguing that unclear laws stifle open debate on transgender policies.[109] Her advocacy intensified after October 2024, when pro-Palestinian protesters at the University of Cambridge prompted security concerns that forced the cancellation of her speech; she attributed this to a "free speech crisis" fueled by "mob rule tactics" and criticized Labour's delay in implementing the Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Act 2023, which she had supported to mandate university protections for controversial speakers.[110][111] Braverman linked such incidents to broader cancel culture, including pressures on gender-realist feminists, and urged enforcement of laws against non-crime hate incident recordings that chill expression, as outlined in a March 2023 government code she endorsed as Home Secretary.[112]

Foreign policy: Israel–Palestine conflict and India relations

Braverman has consistently expressed strong support for Israel in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict, particularly following the Hamas attacks on October 7, 2023, which killed approximately 1,200 Israelis and took over 250 hostages. She defended Israel's military response as "legitimate self-defence measures" aimed at eliminating Hamas threats, including operations targeting sites used by the group, such as hospitals or mosques under terrorist control.[113] In April 2024, she argued that Israel's actions complied with international humanitarian law and rejected accusations of genocide, emphasizing Hamas's use of civilian infrastructure for military purposes as the causal factor in civilian casualties.[114] Braverman undertook a four-night solidarity visit to Israel in spring 2024, funded by a £27,801 donation from a pro-Israel grassroots group, during which she met officials and toured affected areas.[115] As Home Secretary, Braverman criticized pro-Palestine demonstrations in the UK following the October 2023 escalation, describing them as "hate marches" that promoted Islamist ideology, celebrated terrorism, and displayed antisemitic rhetoric, rather than genuine humanitarian concern for Gaza.[56] She asserted that chants like "From the river to the sea" constituted calls for the eradication of Israel and Jewish Israelis, linking such protests to a broader assertion of minority primacy over British values and drawing comparisons to sectarian marches in Northern Ireland.[116] Braverman warned that support for Hamas eroded UK social cohesion and identity, urging stricter policing and potential bans on certain slogans to counter what she viewed as thuggish intimidation and extremism.[117] In December 2024, she was appointed parliamentary chair of Conservative Friends of Israel, reinforcing her alignment with pro-Israel advocacy within the party.[118] Regarding UK–India relations, Braverman prioritized immigration control over expedited trade agreements, expressing reservations about a potential free trade deal in October 2022 due to its likely increase in migration from India, which she identified as the largest source of UK visa overstays and student dependents.[119] As Home Secretary, she blocked concessions on visas during negotiations, preventing a deal that would have eased entry for Indian workers, students, and families, arguing it contradicted Brexit's aim to reduce net migration.[120] In May 2025, she criticized the Labour government's eventual trade agreement—projected to yield £5 billion in long-term benefits by 2040—as a "flagrant betrayal" of Brexit sovereignty, citing opened labor markets and visa pathways as short-term costs undermining UK border integrity.[121] Despite her Indian heritage, Braverman's stance reflected a first-principles focus on empirical migration data over ethnic affinities, consistent with her broader advocacy for national sovereignty.[122]

Education and rights-responsibilities balance

Braverman co-founded the Michaela Community School in Wembley in 2014, serving as its chair, where the institution applies a "no excuses" disciplinary approach with zero tolerance for poor behavior to foster high academic standards and social mobility among a diverse pupil body, including over 50% eligible for pupil premium funding and roughly half with English as a second language.[123] The school's model treats every child as capable of reaching top university levels, achieving rapid progress such as five years' reading advancement in one year for some students through rigorous phonics and EBacc-focused curricula, emphasizing personal accountability and collective order over individual accommodations.[123] Prior to her ministerial roles, she served on the House of Commons Education Select Committee from 2015 to 2017, advocating for expanded free schools and grammar schools to prioritize outcomes, quality teaching, and discipline as pathways to opportunity irrespective of background.[123][124] Braverman's educational philosophy aligns with a broader advocacy for curricula grounded in evidence and traditional standards, opposing the prioritization of ideological content that she views as divisive.[40] She has endorsed Conservative reforms like the phonics emphasis since 2012 for literacy gains and criticized Labour's 2025 Schools Bill for risking standards achieved under prior Tory policies.[125] In policy terms, she supports new grammar schools to enable choice and excellence, arguing that education must instill discipline and high expectations to counter excuses and promote self-reliance.[124] Central to Braverman's framework is the principle that rights entail corresponding responsibilities, a stance she articulated in a 2015 commentary decrying Britain's "lawsuit-heavy culture" where awareness of personal rights eclipses communal duties, eroding civic obligation and tradition in favor of individualism.[126] She has called for a "Universal Declaration of Responsibilities" to complement human rights frameworks, stressing collective service over unchecked self-interest, which informs her view that education should reinforce societal cohesion through enforced standards rather than unchecked personal assertions.[126] In school contexts, this balance manifests in her position that institutions hold responsibilities to prioritize biological sex in facilities, sports, and policies—such as refusing opposite-sex access for transgender pupils if proportionate—over accommodating self-identified gender under the Equality Act, while urging parental involvement and adherence to Department for Education guidance against teaching contested gender theories to primary-aged children.[40] Braverman argues such measures protect majority spaces and evidence-based practice, countering what she sees as judicial overreach expanding minority claims at the expense of democratic accountability and institutional duties.[40] This extends to free speech in education, where she maintains rights are qualified by obligations to others, as debated in the 2021 Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill.[127]

Controversies and responses

Alleged ministerial code breaches and sacking

In October 2022, Suella Braverman resigned as Home Secretary after admitting to two breaches of the ministerial code during her tenure as Attorney General, involving the forwarding of sensitive government documents, including a draft cabinet paper on migration, from her official account to her private email address and subsequently to a special adviser outside government.[128] She acknowledged the errors in a statement, describing them as inadvertent but accepting responsibility, which prompted her immediate resignation on 19 October.[128] Critics, including Labour MPs, alleged additional unreported breaches and demanded a formal inquiry, citing risks to national security from repeated private email use for official business.[129] However, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak reappointed her as Home Secretary just six days later on 25 October, defending the decision by noting her apology and the non-malicious nature of the lapses, though opposition figures like Yvette Cooper argued this undermined accountability.[130] Further scrutiny emerged in 2024 when freedom of information requests revealed Braverman had forwarded at least 127 government documents to her private email while Attorney General between 2020 and 2021, including sensitive legal advice, potentially constituting additional code violations related to data security protocols.[131] Braverman responded that such transfers were for convenience to access files remotely and did not involve external sharing beyond the admitted 2022 incident, emphasizing no evidence of data compromise or malice.[132] These disclosures, reported amid her post-government activities, reignited debates on ministerial oversight but did not lead to formal sanctions as she was no longer in office. Braverman's second dismissal occurred on 13 November 2023, following the unauthorized publication of an opinion article in The Times on 23 November—drafted earlier—where she accused the Metropolitan Police of "double standards" in policing pro-Palestinian protests, labeling them "hate marches" that displayed "openly antisemitic" signs and aggression while right-wing demonstrations faced stricter enforcement.[133] [134] Cabinet Secretary Simon Case advised Prime Minister Sunak that the piece breached the ministerial code's principles of collective responsibility, as Braverman had not sought prior approval or shared the draft with Downing Street despite ongoing internal disagreements over allowing a major pro-Palestine march on Armistice Day.[135] Sunak's office confirmed the sacking, stating it reflected her failure to uphold government unity on sensitive policing matters.[136] Braverman contested the breach allegation, asserting she had cleared the article's content with Home Office officials and viewed it as consistent with her departmental remit on public safety, rather than a personal attack requiring prime ministerial sign-off.[135] Supporters, including some Conservative MPs, argued the dismissal stemmed from policy tensions over immigration and protests rather than a strict code violation, noting empirical evidence of police leniency toward pro-Palestine events—such as delayed interventions on chants like "jihad"—contrasted with rapid action against other groups. The episode highlighted divisions within the Conservative Party, with right-wing figures decrying it as capitulation to "woke" pressures, while mainstream outlets framed it as reckless undermining of police morale.[137] No formal investigation followed the sacking, as Sunak exercised his prerogative to remove her.

Public statements on protests, homelessness, and policing

In October 2023, Braverman described pro-Palestinian demonstrations in London as "hate marches" that tolerated antisemitism and included "appalling" incidents, such as support for Hamas and glorification of violence against Jews, arguing that while free speech must be protected, such displays crossed into incitement.[56][138] She urged police to take robust action against protesters engaging in hate speech or threats, stating she would not hesitate to use powers to prevent marches if necessary for public safety.[56] In a November 2023 opinion piece, Braverman accused police of applying double standards, noting that aggressive far-right protesters were met with "stern" responses including dawn raids, whereas pro-Palestinian "mobs" were "largely ignored" despite evidence of criminality like support for terrorist organizations.[137][139] These remarks, criticized by some as inflammatory by left-leaning outlets, were later echoed in assessments that the marches had fostered normalized antisemitism, with Braverman's characterization appearing understated given subsequent escalations in hate incidents.[140] On homelessness, Braverman stated on November 4, 2023, that rough sleeping, particularly in tents, was increasingly viewed as a "lifestyle choice" rather than an unavoidable necessity, linking it to post-pandemic shifts where some rejected available shelter options.[141][142] She proposed legislative restrictions on tent use by rough sleepers to discourage encampments in urban areas, emphasizing British compassion but arguing that unchecked growth—evidenced by rising tent numbers in cities like London—risked normalizing vagrancy and straining public resources.[142] This position, which challenged narratives portraying all homelessness as systemic failure, drew rebukes from advocacy groups and media framing it as victim-blaming, though it aligned with data on shelter refusals and behavioral factors in chronic rough sleeping.[143] Regarding policing, Braverman advocated for "common sense" approaches in a April 26, 2023, speech, prioritizing serious crimes like violence and theft over low-level offenses, and criticizing "woke" distractions such as officers kneeling in solidarity with protesters.[144] In September 2023, she ordered a review into political activism within police ranks, directing forces to refocus on crime-fighting rather than partisan gestures, amid concerns over impartiality erosion.[145][146] On protest policing specifically, she stressed even-handed enforcement, warning that perceived favoritism—such as leniency toward disruptive left-wing actions versus crackdowns on right-wing ones—undermined public trust, and called for chiefs to prioritize safety over avoiding controversy.[139] Her interventions, including backing for the Metropolitan Police ahead of major marches while decrying bias, highlighted tensions between ministerial oversight and operational independence, with subsequent police admissions that her comments may have indirectly heightened officer risks from agitated crowds.[147][148]

Professional conduct complaints and legal ethics accusations

In May 2023, nine organizations—including the Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers, the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants, and the Association of Muslim Lawyers—filed a formal complaint with the Bar Standards Board (BSB) against Braverman, alleging she violated the BSB Handbook's core duties by expressing "racist sentiments and discriminatory narratives" in public statements on immigration.[149][150][151] The complaint centered on her April 2023 speech to the National Conservatism conference, where she described small boat migrant crossings as an "invasion on the scale of D-Day in reverse" and critiqued multiculturalism as fostering division, claims the complainants argued discriminated against Black, Muslim, and refugee communities.[149][152] These groups, often aligned with progressive advocacy on migration, contended her rhetoric breached rules requiring barristers to uphold public trust in the profession and avoid conduct bringing it into disrepute, even while not practicing.[150][151] The BSB, which regulates all barristers regardless of practice status, received the complaint but has not issued a public decision or imposed sanctions as of October 2025; Braverman continued to be recognized as a qualified barrister (Suella Braverman KC) without reported disciplinary action.[9] Critics of the complaint, including conservative commentators, viewed it as politically motivated attempts to silence policy debate on illegal migration statistics—such as the 45,774 small boat arrivals recorded in 2022—rather than genuine ethical lapses, given Braverman's comments aligned with documented enforcement challenges rather than unfounded prejudice.[153] Separately, in October 2022, Braverman faced accusations of misleading claims about her legal career after stating she "contributed" to the 2007 textbook Gambling for Local Authorities and Chief Executives by Philip Kolvin KC. Kolvin clarified she performed only minor tasks like photocopying cases and basic research as a junior lawyer, not substantive writing or editing, prompting questions over whether this breached BSB integrity standards on honesty.[154][155] The BSB confirmed it was assessing the matter in November 2022, but no formal findings or penalties have been announced publicly since.[156] Supporters argued such CV phrasing is common in legal circles for supportive roles, lacking evidence of deliberate deceit, especially absent harm to clients or the profession.[157]

Political motivations and media framing of criticisms

Criticisms of Suella Braverman have often emanated from political actors opposed to her emphasis on robust border enforcement and cultural integration, including moderate Conservatives seeking to broaden the party's appeal and Labour figures benefiting from Conservative internal divisions. Her sacking as Home Secretary on November 13, 2023, by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak followed an article she published accusing the Metropolitan Police of bias in policing pro-Palestinian protests, a move some Tory right-wing MPs attributed to Sunak's need to appease centrist colleagues uncomfortable with her direct challenges to institutional leniency toward perceived ideological allies on the left.[158][159] This episode exemplified intra-party tensions, where Braverman's alignment with grassroots Conservative voters on issues like small boat crossings—polls consistently showing public support for reductions exceeding 60%—clashed with leadership efforts to project moderation ahead of elections.[160] Media framing has amplified these political critiques, with left-leaning outlets portraying Braverman's statements as inflammatory or prejudiced while downplaying empirical underpinnings, such as in her April 2023 comments on grooming gangs predominantly involving British-Pakistani men in cases like Rotherham, where inquiries found over 80% of perpetrators were of Pakistani heritage due to cultural attitudes rejecting integration.[161][162] Although a 2020 Home Office study indicated white offenders comprised the majority in overall child sexual exploitation, it highlighted disproportionate group-based offending by Asian men, a nuance often elided in coverage accusing her of racism without engaging the data from independent inquiries.[162] Right-leaning publications like The Telegraph and The Spectator countered by defending her positions as reflective of public sentiment and factual patterns, criticizing regulators like Ipso for rulings that overlooked case-specific evidence in favor of broader national statistics.[163][153] This framing pattern extends to her advocacy against "two-tier policing," where she highlighted disparities in handling pro-Palestinian marches—marked by documented antisemitic incidents—versus disruptions by other groups, a claim substantiated by police records of unprosecuted hate speech yet leading to backlash from outlets and officials prioritizing institutional defense over accountability.[164] Political incentives for such scrutiny include undermining potential leadership rivals; senior Conservatives reportedly withdrew support during her bids citing her rhetoric, despite its resonance with the party's base favoring her over perceived "wet" alternatives.[165][166] Outlets with established progressive leanings, such as The Guardian, have recurrently labeled her views "racist rhetoric," attributing controversies to personal ambition rather than policy substance, thereby reinforcing a narrative that prioritizes ideological conformity over addressing causal factors like unchecked migration's strain on resources—evidenced by over 45,000 small boat arrivals in 2022 alone.[167][168]

Personal life

Marriage, family, and religious influences

Braverman married Rael Braverman, a South African-born executive at Mercedes-Benz, in 2018 at the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft in the Palace of Westminster.[169] [170] The couple has two children: a son named George Jeffrey Braverman, born on 10 July 2019 weighing 8 pounds 6 ounces, and a daughter named Gabriella, born later that year.[171] [170] [172] Braverman identifies as a Buddhist and, upon her election to Parliament in 2015, affirmed her oath of allegiance using the Dhammapada, a key Buddhist scripture.[169] Her husband is Jewish, having described himself as a "proud Jew and Zionist" who lived in Israel and maintains close family ties there, including relatives serving in the Israel Defense Forces.[173] [174] Braverman has publicly referenced her husband's Jewish heritage and family's Israeli connections as shaping her personal perspectives on related geopolitical matters.[175] The interfaith nature of their marriage has not been reported as causing public discord, though Rael Braverman's brief political affiliations, including a 2024 defection to Reform UK followed by his resignation in 2025 amid party criticisms of his wife, highlight ongoing family involvement in British politics.[176] [177]

Recognition and post-political activities

Awards, honours, and speaking engagements

In September 2022, Braverman was named the inaugural recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Woman of the Year award, presented at a ceremony in London shortly after the death of Queen Elizabeth II, in recognition of her role as Attorney General and subsequent appointment as Home Secretary.[178][179] The award, established to honor outstanding women leaders, highlighted her advocacy for law and order amid her political rise.[180] In November 2023, Braverman received the Disruptor of the Year award at The Spectator's Parliamentarian of the Year ceremony, acknowledging her provocative stances on immigration, policing, and cultural issues during her tenure as Home Secretary.[181] After losing her parliamentary seat in the July 2024 general election, Braverman entered the paid speaking circuit, registering earnings of approximately £60,000 from international engagements by August 2024, including £25,000 for an appearance in South Korea in May 2024 and £20,000 for one in India.[182][183] In October 2025, she secured approval for a part-time role as a speaker with the agency CWG Speakers, which manages her bookings on topics such as conservatism, national security, and global migration.[184][19] Notable post-election speeches include her address at a Conservative Post analysis event in July 2024 alongside Jacob Rees-Mogg, dissecting the election defeat and Tory strategy, and her delivery of the 2025 Margaret Thatcher Freedom Lecture at the Heritage Foundation, where she critiqued progressive ideologies and outlined defenses for Western values.[185][186]

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  191. Suella Braverman defects to Reform UK
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