- Wikipedia

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For other uses, see William Shockley (disambiguation).

William Shockley
Shockley in 1975
Born	William Bradford Shockley Jr. (1910-02-13)February 13, 1910 London, England
Died	August 12, 1989(1989-08-12) (aged 79) Stanford, California, U.S.
Alma mater	\n California Institute of Technology (BS) \n Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD) \n
Known for	\n Point-contact transistor and GJT \n Diffused-base transistor \n Heterojunction bipolar transistor \n Thyristor \n BARITT diode \n Shockley diode \n Junction theory \n BJT theory \n FET theory \n Deathnium \n Deep-level trap \n Deformation potential theory \n Empty lattice approximation \n Gradual channel approximation \n Lucky electron model \n Hot electron theory \n Channel length modulation \n Process variation \n Ion implantation \n Low-level injection \n Through-silicon via \n Transmission line measurement \n Shockley diode equation \n Shockley\u2013Read\u2013Hall recombination \n Shockley partials \n Shockley\u2013Ramo theorem \n Shockley states \n Shockley\u2013James paradox \n Shockley\u2013Queisser limit \n Haynes\u2013Shockley experiment \n Read\u2013Shockley equation \n Van Roosbroeck\u2013\nShockley equation \n
Awards	\n Medal for Merit (1945) \n Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize (1952) \n Comstock Prize in Physics (1953) \n Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1953) \n Nobel Prize in Physics (1956) \n Holley Medal (1963) \n Wilhelm Exner Medal (1963) \n IEEE Medal of Honor (1980) \n
Scientific career
Institutions	\n Bell Labs \n Shockley Semiconductor Stanford University \n Columbia University \n
Thesis	Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride (1936)
Doctoral advisor	John C. Slater
\n

William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 \u2013 August 12, 1989) was an American inventor, physicist, and eugenicist. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\".^[1]\n

Partly as a result of Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s, California's Silicon Valley became a hotbed of electronics innovation. He recruited brilliant employees, but quickly alienated them with his autocratic and erratic management; they left and founded major companies in the industry.^[2] \n

In his later life, while a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University and afterward, Shockley became known as a racist and eugenicist.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]\n

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901\u20131925	\n 1901: R\u00f6ntgen \n 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman \n 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie \n 1904: Rayleigh \n 1905: Lenard \n 1906: J. J. Thomson \n 1907: Michelson \n 1908: Lippmann \n 1909: Marconi / Braun \n 1910: Van der Waals \n 1911: Wien \n 1912: Dal\u00e9n \n 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes \n 1914: Laue \n 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg \n 1916 \n 1917: Barkla \n 1918: Planck \n 1919: Stark \n 1920: Guillaume \n 1921: Einstein \n 1922: N. Bohr \n 1923: Millikan \n 1924: M. Siegbahn \n 1925: Franck / Hertz \n	$\"\"$
1926\u20131950	\n 1926: Perrin \n 1927: Compton / C. Wilson \n 1928: O. Richardson \n 1929: De Broglie \n 1930: Raman \n 1931 \n 1932: Heisenberg \n 1933: Schr\u00f6dinger / Dirac \n 1934 \n 1935: Chadwick \n 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson \n 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson \n 1938: Fermi \n 1939: Lawrence \n 1940 \n 1941 \n 1942 \n 1943: Stern \n 1944: Rabi \n 1945: Pauli \n 1946: Bridgman \n 1947: Appleton \n 1948: Blackett \n 1949: Yukawa \n 1950: Powell \n
1951\u20131975	\n 1951: Cockcroft / Walton \n 1952: Bloch / Purcell \n 1953: Zernike \n 1954: Born / Bothe \n 1955: Lamb / Kusch \n 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain \n 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee \n 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm \n 1959: Segr\u00e8 / Chamberlain \n 1960: Glaser \n 1961: Hofstadter / M\u00f6ssbauer \n 1962: Landau \n 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen \n 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov \n 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman \n 1966: Kastler \n 1967: Bethe \n 1968: Alvarez \n 1969: Gell-Mann \n 1970: Alfv\u00e9n / N\u00e9el \n 1971: Gabor \n 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer \n 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson \n 1974: Ryle / Hewish \n 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater \n
1976\u20132000	\n 1976: Richter / Ting \n 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck \n 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson \n 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg \n 1980: Cronin / Fitch \n 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn \n 1982: K. Wilson \n 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler \n 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer \n 1985: von Klitzing \n 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer \n 1987: Bednorz / M\u00fcller \n 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger \n 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul \n 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor \n 1991: de Gennes \n 1992: Charpak \n 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor \n 1994: Brockhouse / Shull \n 1995: Perl / Reines \n 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson \n 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips \n 1998: Laughlin / St\u00f6rmer / Tsui \n 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman \n 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby \n
2001\u2013 present	\n 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman \n 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi \n 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett \n 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek \n 2005: Glauber / Hall / H\u00e4nsch \n 2006: Mather / Smoot \n 2007: Fert / Gr\u00fcnberg \n 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa \n 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith \n 2010: Geim / Novoselov \n 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess \n 2012: Wineland / Haroche \n 2013: Englert / Higgs \n 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura \n 2015: Kajita / McDonald \n 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz \n 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne \n 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland \n 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz \n 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez \n 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe \n 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger \n 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier \n 2024: Hopfield / Hinton \n

v t e 1956 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	\n Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (Great Britain) \n Nikolay Semyonov (Soviet Union) \n
Literature (1956)	\n Juan Ram\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez (Spain) \n
Peace	\n None \n
Physics	\n John Bardeen (United States) \n Walter Houser Brattain (United States) \n William Shockley (United States) \n
Physiology or Medicine	\n Andr\u00e9 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cournand (United States) \n Werner Forssmann (Germany) \n Dickinson W. Richards (United States) \n
\n Nobel Prize recipients \n 1951 \n 1952 \n 1953 \n 1954 \n 1955 \n 1956 \n 1957 \n 1958 \n 1959 \n 1960 \n 1961 \n

v t e Time Persons of the Year
1927\u20131950	\n Charles Lindbergh (1927) \n Walter Chrysler (1928) \n Owen D. Young (1929) \n Mohandas Gandhi (1930) \n Pierre Laval (1931) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) \n Hugh S. Johnson (1933) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) \n Haile Selassie (1935) \n Wallis Simpson (1936) \n Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) \n Adolf Hitler (1938) \n Joseph Stalin (1939) \n Winston Churchill (1940) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) \n Joseph Stalin (1942) \n George Marshall (1943) \n Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) \n Harry S. Truman (1945) \n James F. Byrnes (1946) \n George Marshall (1947) \n Harry S. Truman (1948) \n Winston Churchill (1949) \n The American Fighting-Man (1950) \n
1951\u20131975	\n Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) \n Elizabeth II (1952) \n Konrad Adenauer (1953) \n John Foster Dulles (1954) \n Harlow Curtice (1955) \n Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) \n Nikita Khrushchev (1957) \n Charles de Gaulle (1958) \n Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) \n U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segr\u00e8 / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) \n John F. Kennedy (1961) \n Pope John XXIII (1962) \n Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) \n Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) \n William Westmoreland (1965) \n The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) \n Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) \n The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) \n The Middle Americans (1969) \n Willy Brandt (1970) \n Richard Nixon (1971) \n Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) \n John Sirica (1973) \n King Faisal (1974) \n American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) \n
1976\u20132000	\n Jimmy Carter (1976) \n Anwar Sadat (1977) \n Deng Xiaoping (1978) \n Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) \n Ronald Reagan (1980) \n Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa (1981) \n The Computer (1982) \n Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) \n Peter Ueberroth (1984) \n Deng Xiaoping (1985) \n Corazon Aquino (1986) \n Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) \n The Endangered Earth (1988) \n Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) \n George H. W. Bush (1990) \n Ted Turner (1991) \n Bill Clinton (1992) \n The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) \n Pope John Paul II (1994) \n Newt Gingrich (1995) \n David Ho (1996) \n Andrew Grove (1997) \n Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) \n Jeff Bezos (1999) \n George W. Bush (2000) \n
2001\u2013present	\n Rudolph Giuliani (2001) \n The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) \n The American Soldier (2003) \n George W. Bush (2004) \n The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) \n You (2006) \n Vladimir Putin (2007) \n Barack Obama (2008) \n Ben Bernanke (2009) \n Mark Zuckerberg (2010) \n The Protester (2011) \n Barack Obama (2012) \n Pope Francis (2013) \n Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) \n Angela Merkel (2015) \n Donald Trump (2016) \n The Silence Breakers (2017) \n The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) \n Greta Thunberg (2019) \n Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) \n Elon Musk (2021) \n Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) \n Taylor Swift (2023) \n Donald Trump (2024) \n

v t e Beckman Coulter
People	\n Arnold O. Beckman \n Wallace H. Coulter \n William Shockley \n
Products	\n Coulter counter \n
Facilities	\n Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory \n
Related companies	\n Danaher Corporation \n

v t e Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
Leaders & revolutionaries	\n David Ben-Gurion \n Winston Churchill \n Mahatma Gandhi \n Mikhail Gorbachev \n Adolf Hitler \n Ho Chi Minh \n Pope John Paul II \n Ruhollah Khomeini \n Martin Luther King Jr. \n Vladimir Lenin \n Nelson Mandela \n Mao Zedong \n Ronald Reagan \n Eleanor Roosevelt \n Franklin D. Roosevelt \n Theodore Roosevelt \n Margaret Sanger \n Margaret Thatcher \n Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel \n Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa \n
Artists & entertainers	\n Louis Armstrong \n Lucille Ball \n The Beatles \n Marlon Brando \n Coco Chanel \n Charlie Chaplin \n Le Corbusier \n Bob Dylan \n T. S. Eliot \n Aretha Franklin \n Martha Graham \n Jim Henson \n James Joyce \n Pablo Picasso \n Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein \n Bart Simpson \n Frank Sinatra \n Steven Spielberg \n Igor Stravinsky \n Oprah Winfrey \n
Builders & titans	\n Stephen Bechtel Sr. \n Leo Burnett \n Willis Carrier \n Walt Disney \n Henry Ford \n Bill Gates \n Amadeo Giannini \n Ray Kroc \n Est\u00e9e Lauder \n William Levitt \n Lucky Luciano \n Louis B. Mayer \n Charles E. Merrill \n Akio Morita \n Walter Reuther \n Pete Rozelle \n David Sarnoff \n Juan Trippe \n Sam Walton \n Thomas J. Watson Jr. \n
Scientists & thinkers	\n Leo Baekeland \n Tim Berners-Lee \n Rachel Carson \n Albert Einstein \n Philo Farnsworth \n Enrico Fermi \n Alexander Fleming \n Sigmund Freud \n Robert H. Goddard \n Kurt G\u00f6del \n Edwin Hubble \n John Maynard Keynes \n Leakey family \n Jean Piaget \n Jonas Salk \n William Shockley \n Alan Turing \n Francis Crick & James Watson \n Ludwig Wittgenstein \n Wright brothers \n
Heroes & icons	\n Muhammad Ali \n The American G.I. \n Lady Diana Spencer \n Anne Frank \n Billy Graham \n Che Guevara \n Edmund Hillary & Tenzing Norgay \n Helen Keller \n Kennedy family \n Bruce Lee \n Charles Lindbergh \n Harvey Milk \n Marilyn Monroe \n Emmeline Pankhurst \n Rosa Parks \n Pel\u00e9 \n Jackie Robinson \n Andrei Sakharov \n Mother Teresa \n Bill W. \n

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Croatia Korea Poland Israel
Academics	CiNii zbMATH
Artists	MusicBrainz
People	Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC

Early life and education

Career

Development of the transistor

Shockley Semiconductor

Racist and eugenicist views

Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics

Personal life

Death

Honors

Patents

Bibliography

Prewar scientific articles by Shockley

Postwar articles by Shockley

Books by Shockley

Interviews

Notes

Citations

Other notes

References

External links

William Shockley - American physicist and inventor (1910–1989)

William Shockley - American physicist and inventor (1910–1989)