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This article is about the 10th-century physician and polymath. For the 12th-century theologian and polymath, see Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. For other uses, see Razi (disambiguation).

Ab\u016b Bakr al-R\u0101z\u012b
$\"Statue$ Portrait of Rhazes
Born	864 or 865 CE 250 or 251 AH Ray (Iran)
Died	925 (aged 60–61) CE or 935 (aged 70–71) CE 313 or 323 AH Ray (Iran)

Era	Islamic Golden Age
Language	Arabic (writings)
Main interests	Medicine, philosophy, alchemy, criticism of religion
Notable ideas	pioneer of obstetrics and ophthalmology, author of the first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in inorganic and organic chemistry, also the author of several philosophical works.
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Ab\u016b Bakr al-R\u0101z\u012b (full name: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a, Ab\u016b Bakr Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Zakariyy\u0101\u02be al-R\u0101z\u012b),^[a] c. 864 or 865\u2013925 or 935 CE,^[b] often known as (al-)Razi or by his Latin name Rhazes, also rendered Rhasis, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of medicine,^[1] and also wrote on logic, astronomy and grammar.^[2] He is also known for his criticism of religion, especially with regard to the concepts of prophethood and revelation. However, the religio-philosophical aspects of his thought, which also included a belief in five \"eternal principles\", are fragmentary and only reported by authors who were often hostile to him.^[3]\n

A comprehensive thinker, al-Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to various fields, which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through his observations and discoveries.^[4] An early proponent of experimental medicine, he became a successful doctor, and served as chief physician of Baghdad and Ray hospitals.^[5]^[6] As a teacher of medicine, he attracted students of all backgrounds and interests and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his patients, whether rich or poor.^[7] Along with Thabit ibn Qurra (836\u2013901), he was one of the first to clinically distinguish between smallpox and measles.^[8]\n

Through translation, his medical works and ideas became known among medieval European practitioners and profoundly influenced medical education in the Latin West.^[5] Some volumes of his work Al-Mansuri, namely \"On Surgery\" and \"A General Book on Therapy\", became part of the medical curriculum in Western universities.^[5] Edward Granville Browne considers him as \"probably the greatest and most original of all the Muslim physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author\".^[9] Additionally, he has been described as the father of pediatrics,^[10]^[11] and a pioneer of obstetrics and ophthalmology.^[12]\n

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v t e Ancient anaesthesia
Plants / animals	\n Aconitum (aconite) \n Atropa belladonna (belladonna) \n Cannabis\n medical use \n Castoreum \n Coca \n Conium (hemlock) \n Datura innoxia (thorn-apple) \n Datura metel (devil's trumpet) \n Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) \n Lactucarium \n Mandragora officinarum (mandrake) \n Opium \n Saussurea (saw-wort) \n Willow \n
Preparations	\n Beer \n Wine \n
Compounds	\n Ethanol (medical use) \n Aconitine \n Atropine \n Cocaine \n Coniine \n Hyoscine \n \u03949-THC \n Hyoscyamine \n Morphine \n Salicylate \n
People	\n Abulcasis \n Avenzoar \n Avicenna \n Celsus \n Dioscorides \n Galen \n Hippocrates \n Rhazes \n Sabuncuo\u011flu \n Sushrutha \n Theophrastus \n Zhang \n

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Italy Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Belgium
Academics	CiNii zbMATH MathSciNet
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi 2

Biography

Contributions to medicine

Psychology and psychotherapy

Smallpox vs. measles

Meningitis

Pharmacy

Ethics of medicine

Books and articles on medicine

Alchemy

The transmutation of metals

Major works on alchemy

The Secrets (Al-Asrar)

Secret of Secrets (Sirr al-Asrar)

Philosophy

Metaphysics

Views on religion

Debate with Abu Hatim

Criticism

Legacy

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Primary literature

By al-Razi

By others

Secondary literature

External links