- Wikipedia

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\"Kissinger\" redirects here. For other uses, see Kissinger (disambiguation).

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Henry Kissinger
Official portrait, c. 1973

56th United States Secretary of State
In office September 22, 1973 \u2013 January 20, 1977
President	\n Richard Nixon \n Gerald Ford \n
Deputy	\n Kenneth Rush \n Robert Ingersoll \n Charles Robinson \n
Preceded by	William Rogers
Succeeded by	Cyrus Vance
7th United States National Security Advisor
In office January 20, 1969 \u2013 November 3, 1975
President	\n Richard Nixon \n Gerald Ford \n
Deputy	\n Richard Allen \n Alexander Haig \n Brent Scowcroft \n
Preceded by	Walt Rostow
Succeeded by	Brent Scowcroft
\n
Personal details
Born	Heinz Alfred Kissinger (1923-05-27)May 27, 1923 F\u00fcrth, Bavaria, Germany
Died	November 29, 2023(2023-11-29) (aged 100) Kent, Connecticut, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Citizenship	\n Germany (until 1935) \n Stateless (1935\u20131943) \n United States (from 1943) \n
Political party	Republican
Spouses	\n \n Ann Fleischer \n (m. 1949; div. 1964) \n \n Nancy Maginnes (m. 1974) \n
Children	2
Education	\n City College of New York \n Harvard University (AB, AM, PhD) \n
Occupation	Diplomat political scientist politician
Civilian awards	1973 Nobel Peace Prize
Signature	$\"\"$
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1943\u20131946
Rank	Sergeant
Unit	\n 84th Infantry Division^[1] \n 970th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment^[2] \n
Battles/wars	\n World War II\n Battle of the Bulge \n
Military awards	Bronze Star

Henry Alfred Kissinger^[a] (May 27, 1923 – November 29, 2023) was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the 56th United States secretary of state from 1973 to 1977 and the 7th national security advisor from 1969 to 1975, serving in the presidential administrations of both Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.^[4]\n

Born in Germany, Kissinger emigrated to the United States in 1938 as a Jewish refugee fleeing Nazi persecution. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended Harvard University, where he excelled academically. He later became a professor of government at the university and earned an international reputation as an expert on nuclear weapons and foreign policy. He acted as a consultant to government agencies, think tanks, and the presidential campaigns of Nelson Rockefeller and Nixon before being appointed as national security advisor and later secretary of state by President Nixon.\n

An advocate of a pragmatic approach to geopolitics known as Realpolitik, Kissinger pioneered the policy of d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated an opening of relations with China, engaged in \"shuttle diplomacy\" in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, which ended American involvement in the Vietnam War. For his role in negotiating the accords, he was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, which sparked controversy.^[5] Kissinger is also associated with controversial U.S. policies including its bombing of Cambodia, involvement in the 1973 Chilean coup d'\u00e9tat, support for Argentina's military junta in its Dirty War, support for Indonesia in its invasion of East Timor, and support for Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Bangladesh genocide.^[6] Considered by many American scholars to have been an effective secretary of state,^[7] Kissinger was also accused by critics of war crimes for the civilian death toll of the policies he pursued and for his role in facilitating U.S. support for authoritarian regimes.^[8]^[9]\n

After leaving government, Kissinger founded Kissinger Associates, an international geopolitical consulting firm which he ran from 1982 until his death. He authored over a dozen books on diplomatic history and international relations. His advice was sought by American presidents of both major political parties.^[10]^[11]\n

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Political offices\n
Preceded by Walt Rostow \n	United States National Security Advisor 1969\u20131975\n	Succeeded by Brent Scowcroft \n
Preceded by William Rogers \n	United States Secretary of State 1973\u20131977\n	Succeeded by Cyrus Vance \n
Academic offices\n
Preceded by Margaret Thatcher \n	Chancellor of the College of William & Mary 2000\u20132005\n	Succeeded by Sandra Day O'Connor \n
Government offices\n
New title\n	Chair of the 9/11 Commission 2002\n	Succeeded by Thomas Kean \n

v t e United States secretaries of state
Foreign affairs 1781–1789	\n R. Livingston \n Jay \n	$\"\"$
State 1789–present	\n Jefferson \n Randolph \n Pickering \n J. Marshall \n Madison \n Smith \n Monroe \n Adams \n Clay \n Van Buren \n E. Livingston \n McLane \n Forsyth \n Webster \n Upshur \n Calhoun \n Buchanan \n Clayton \n Webster \n Everett \n Marcy \n Cass \n Black \n Seward \n Washburne \n Fish \n Evarts \n Blaine \n Frelinghuysen \n Bayard \n Blaine \n Foster \n Gresham \n Olney \n Sherman \n Day \n Hay \n Root \n Bacon \n Knox \n Bryan \n Lansing \n Colby \n Hughes \n Kellogg \n Stimson \n Hull \n Stettinius \n Byrnes \n G. Marshall \n Acheson \n Dulles \n Herter \n Rusk \n Rogers \n Kissinger \n Vance \n Muskie \n Haig \n Shultz \n Baker \n Eagleburger \n Christopher\n trips \n Albright\n trips \n Powell\n trips \n Rice\n tenure \n trips \n Clinton\n tenure \n trips \n Kerry\n trips \n Tillerson\n trips \n Pompeo\n trips \n Blinken\n trips \n Rubio\n trips \n
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

v t e Vietnam War
Outline
Participants	\n North Vietnam (Vi\u1ec7t Minh / PAVN, PRG, Viet Cong) \n South Vietnam (ARVN) \n International participants\n United States \n Thailand \n Philippines \n Australia \n People's Republic of China \n Republic of China \n South Korea \n New Zealand \n
Related conflicts	\n Laotian Civil War \n Cambodian Civil War \n Cold War (1962\u20131979)\n Cold War in Asia \n
Background	\n French Indochina \n Japanese occupation \n State of Vietnam (1949–1955) \n First Indochina War (Vi\u1ec7t Minh, Battle of Dien Bien Phu) \n 1954 Geneva Conference \n Vietnamese migration of 1954\u201355 \n 1955 referendum \n North Vietnamese invasion of Laos \n 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt \n
Events	\n 1962: Strategic Hamlet Program \n Independence Palace bombing \n 1963: Buddhist crisis \n Coup against Diem \n 1964: Coup against Minh \n Gulf of Tonkin incident / Resolution \n December coup \n 1965: U.S. escalation / \"Americanization\" \n 1965 South Vietnamese coup \n Bombing of North Vietnam \n 1966: Buddhist Uprising \n 1968: Tet Offensive (Khe Sanh, Hue) \n 1970: Cambodian campaign \n 1971: Vietnamization policy, ARVN campaign in Laos \n 1972: Easter Offensive \n Christmas bombings \n 1973: Paris Peace Accords \n 1974: Battle of Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long \n 1975: 1975 spring offensive \n Fall of Saigon \n
Conflict	\n C\u1ee7 Chi tunnels \n Ho Chi Minh trail \n Sihanouk Trail \n Operation Popeye \n Weapons\n Agent Orange \n Land mines \n Rape \n United States prisoners of war \n War crimes (Hu\u1ebf, My Lai, \u0110\u1eafk S\u01a1n) \n
Impacts	\n Casualties\n Body count controversy \n POW/MIA issue \n Impact of Agent Orange \n Environmental impact \n
Aftermath	\n Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War \n Indochina refugee crisis\n Vietnamese boat people \n Sino-Vietnamese War \n Veterans \n Normalization of US–Vietnam relations \n
Reactions	\n Draft evasion in the Vietnam War \n Opposition to United States involvement\n Protests \n United States news media \n In popular culture\n Film \n Games \n Songs \n
Other topics	\n Awards and decorations \n Canada and the Vietnam War \n CIA activities in Vietnam \n United Kingdom and the Vietnam War \n Henry Kissinger\u2019s involvement \n Pentagon Papers \n SEATO \n Women in the Vietnam War \n
\n $\"\"$ Category \n $\"\"$ Battles and operations \n

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901\u20131925	\n 1901: Henry Dunant / Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy \n 1902: \u00c9lie Ducommun / Charles Gobat \n 1903: Randal Cremer \n 1904: Institut de Droit International \n 1905: Bertha von Suttner \n 1906: Theodore Roosevelt \n 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault \n 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer \n 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant \n 1910: International Peace Bureau \n 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried \n 1912: Elihu Root \n 1913: Henri La Fontaine \n 1914 \n 1915 \n 1916 \n 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross \n 1918 \n 1919: Woodrow Wilson \n 1920: L\u00e9on Bourgeois \n 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange \n 1922: Fridtjof Nansen \n 1923 \n 1924 \n 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes \n	$\"\"$
1926\u20131950	\n 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann \n 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde \n 1928 \n 1929: Frank B. Kellogg \n 1930: Nathan S\u00f6derblom \n 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler \n 1932 \n 1933: Norman Angell \n 1934: Arthur Henderson \n 1935: Carl von Ossietzky \n 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas \n 1937: Robert Cecil \n 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees \n 1939 \n 1940 \n 1941 \n 1942 \n 1943 \n 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross \n 1945: Cordell Hull \n 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott \n 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee \n 1948 \n 1949: John Boyd Orr \n 1950: Ralph Bunche \n
1951\u20131975	\n 1951: L\u00e9on Jouhaux \n 1952: Albert Schweitzer \n 1953: George C. Marshall \n 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees \n 1955 \n 1956 \n 1957: Lester B. Pearson \n 1958: Georges Pire \n 1959: Philip Noel-Baker \n 1960: Albert Luthuli \n 1961: Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld \n 1962: Linus Pauling \n 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies \n 1964: Martin Luther King Jr. \n 1965: UNICEF \n 1966 \n 1967 \n 1968: Ren\u00e9 Cassin \n 1969: International Labour Organization \n 1970: Norman Borlaug \n 1971: Willy Brandt \n 1972 \n 1973: L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd (declined award) / Henry Kissinger \n 1974: Se\u00e1n MacBride / Eisaku Sat\u014d \n 1975: Andrei Sakharov \n
1976\u20132000	\n 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan \n 1977: Amnesty International \n 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin \n 1979: Mother Teresa \n 1980: Adolfo P\u00e9rez Esquivel \n 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees \n 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso Garc\u00eda Robles \n 1983: Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa \n 1984: Desmond Tutu \n 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War \n 1986: Elie Wiesel \n 1987: \u00d3scar Arias \n 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces \n 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) \n 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev \n 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi \n 1992: Rigoberta Mench\u00fa \n 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk \n 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat \n 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat \n 1996: Carlos Belo / Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta \n 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams \n 1998: John Hume / David Trimble \n 1999: M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res \n 2000: Kim Dae-jung \n
2001\u2013present	\n 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan \n 2002: Jimmy Carter \n 2003: Shirin Ebadi \n 2004: Wangari Maathai \n 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei \n 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus \n 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change \n 2008: Martti Ahtisaari \n 2009: Barack Obama \n 2010: Liu Xiaobo \n 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman \n 2012: European Union \n 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons \n 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai \n 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet \n 2016: Juan Manuel Santos \n 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons \n 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad \n 2019: Abiy Ahmed \n 2020: World Food Programme \n 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov \n 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties \n 2023: Narges Mohammadi \n 2024: Nihon Hidankyo \n

v t e 1973 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	\n Ernst Otto Fischer (Germany) \n Geoffrey Wilkinson (United Kingdom) \n
Literature (1973)	\n Patrick White (Australia) \n
Peace (1973)	\n Henry Kissinger (United States) \n L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd (Vietnam) \n
Physics	\n Leo Esaki (Japan) \n Ivar Giaever (United States) \n Brian David Josephson (United Kingdom) \n
Physiology or Medicine	\n Karl von Frisch (Germany) \n Konrad Lorenz (Austria) \n Nikolaas Tinbergen (United Kingdom) \n
Economic Sciences	\n Wassily Leontief (United States) \n
\n Nobel Prize recipients \n 1968 \n 1969 \n 1970 \n 1971 \n 1972 \n 1973 \n 1974 \n 1975 \n 1976 \n 1977 \n 1978 \n

v t e Time Persons of the Year
1927\u20131950	\n Charles Lindbergh (1927) \n Walter Chrysler (1928) \n Owen D. Young (1929) \n Mohandas Gandhi (1930) \n Pierre Laval (1931) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) \n Hugh S. Johnson (1933) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) \n Haile Selassie (1935) \n Wallis Simpson (1936) \n Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) \n Adolf Hitler (1938) \n Joseph Stalin (1939) \n Winston Churchill (1940) \n Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) \n Joseph Stalin (1942) \n George Marshall (1943) \n Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) \n Harry S. Truman (1945) \n James F. Byrnes (1946) \n George Marshall (1947) \n Harry S. Truman (1948) \n Winston Churchill (1949) \n The American Fighting-Man (1950) \n
1951\u20131975	\n Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) \n Elizabeth II (1952) \n Konrad Adenauer (1953) \n John Foster Dulles (1954) \n Harlow Curtice (1955) \n Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) \n Nikita Khrushchev (1957) \n Charles de Gaulle (1958) \n Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) \n U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segr\u00e8 / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) \n John F. Kennedy (1961) \n Pope John XXIII (1962) \n Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) \n Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) \n William Westmoreland (1965) \n The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) \n Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) \n The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) \n The Middle Americans (1969) \n Willy Brandt (1970) \n Richard Nixon (1971) \n Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) \n John Sirica (1973) \n King Faisal (1974) \n American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) \n
1976\u20132000	\n Jimmy Carter (1976) \n Anwar Sadat (1977) \n Deng Xiaoping (1978) \n Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) \n Ronald Reagan (1980) \n Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa (1981) \n The Computer (1982) \n Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) \n Peter Ueberroth (1984) \n Deng Xiaoping (1985) \n Corazon Aquino (1986) \n Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) \n The Endangered Earth (1988) \n Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) \n George H. W. Bush (1990) \n Ted Turner (1991) \n Bill Clinton (1992) \n The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) \n Pope John Paul II (1994) \n Newt Gingrich (1995) \n David Ho (1996) \n Andrew Grove (1997) \n Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) \n Jeff Bezos (1999) \n George W. Bush (2000) \n
2001\u2013present	\n Rudolph Giuliani (2001) \n The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) \n The American Soldier (2003) \n George W. Bush (2004) \n The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) \n You (2006) \n Vladimir Putin (2007) \n Barack Obama (2008) \n Ben Bernanke (2009) \n Mark Zuckerberg (2010) \n The Protester (2011) \n Barack Obama (2012) \n Pope Francis (2013) \n Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) \n Angela Merkel (2015) \n Donald Trump (2016) \n The Silence Breakers (2017) \n The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) \n Greta Thunberg (2019) \n Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) \n Elon Musk (2021) \n Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) \n Taylor Swift (2023) \n Donald Trump (2024) \n

v t e International relations theory
Constructivism	\n Feminist constructivism \n
Liberalism	\n Idealism \n Democratic peace theory \n Capitalist peace \n Republican liberalism \n Liberal institutionalism \n
Marxism	\n Dependency theory \n Theories of imperialism \n Uneven and combined development \n World-systems theory \n
Realism	\n Classical realism \n Neoclassical realism \n Neorealism \n Offensive realism \n Defensive realism \n Territorial peace theory \n Democratic peace theory \n Realpolitik \n
Other theories	\n Neo-Gramscianism \n Critical security studies \n Critical theory \n English School \n Intergovernmentalism (liberal intergovernmentalism) \n International political economy \n Feminism \n Green theory \n Hegemonic stability theory \n Copenhagen School \n Functionalism (neofunctionalism) \n Postmodernism \n Postcolonialism \n Intercommunalism \n Chinese school of international relations \n
Classifications	\n Postpositivism \n Rationalism \n Reflectivism \n \"Great Debates\" \n Inter-paradigm debate \n
Other approaches	\n International ethics \n Historical sociology \n Regime theory \n State cartel theory \n Geopolitics \n
Scholars	\n Michael Barnett \n Zbigniew Brzezinski \n Hedley Bull \n E. H. Carr \n Daniel Deudney \n Michael W. Doyle \n Cynthia Enloe \n James Fearon \n Martha Finnemore \n Robert Gilpin \n Samuel P. Huntington \n John Ikenberry \n Robert Jervis \n Peter J. Katzenstein \n Robert Keohane \n Henry Kissinger \n Stephen D. Krasner \n John Mearsheimer \n Hans Morgenthau \n Joseph Nye \n Kathryn Sikkink \n Susan Strange \n J. Ann Tickner \n Immanuel Wallerstein \n Stephen Walt \n Kenneth Waltz \n Alexander Wendt \n Yan Xuetong \n Qin Yaqing \n
Categories	\n International relations \n
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Early life and education

U.S. Army

Academic career

Foreign policy

D\u00e9tente and opening to the People's Republic of China

Vietnam War

Interview with Oriana Fallaci

Bangladesh Liberation War

Europe

Israeli policy and Soviet Jewry

Arab\u2013Israeli conflict

Persian Gulf

Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Latin American policy

Intervention in Chile

Argentina

Brazil's nuclear weapons program

Rhodesia

Portuguese Empire

East Timor

Cuba

Western Sahara

Zaire

Later roles

Views on U.S. foreign policy

Yugoslav Wars

Iraq

India

China

Iran

2014 Ukrainian crisis

Computers and nuclear weapons

COVID-19 pandemic

Russian invasion of Ukraine

2023 Israel\u2013Hamas war

Public perception

Legacy and reception

Positive views

Negative views

Other perspectives

Family and personal life

Soccer

Death

International reactions

Domestic reactions

Awards, honors, and associations

Notable works

Theses

Memoirs

Public policy

Other works

Articles

See also

Notes

References

Citations

General and cited sources

Further reading

Biographies

Other

External links

Henry Kissinger - American politician and diplomat (1923–2023)

Henry Kissinger - American politician and diplomat (1923–2023)