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Jacques Cousteau AC
Cousteau in 1972
Born	Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-06-11)11 June 1910 Saint-Andr\u00e9-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France
Died	25 June 1997(1997-06-25) (aged 87) Paris, France
Occupation	Oceanographer
Spouses	\n Simone Melchior \n (m. 1937; died 1990) \n Francine Triplet \n (m. 1991)
Children	Jean-Michel Philippe-Pierre Diane Pierre-Yves
Relatives	Pierre-Antoine Cousteau (brother)
Awards	Palme d'Or at Cannes Legion of Honour \u2013 Commander (1972)

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (/ku\u02d0\u02c8sto\u028a/, also UK: /\u02c8ku\u02d0sto\u028a/, French: [\u0292ak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997)^[1] was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful open-circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called the Aqua-Lung, which assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries.\n

Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called The Silent World. Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004 (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received the award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957.\n

From 1966 to 1976, he hosted The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, a documentary television series, presented on American commercial television stations. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.\n

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Biography

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\"The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat.\"\n
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Jacques Cousteau

Early life

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Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-Andr\u00e9-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel and \u00c9lisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the Coll\u00e8ge Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the \u00c9cole navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.^[2]\n

In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles.^[1] Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935\u20131938) and in the USSR (1939).^[3]\n

On 12 July 1937, he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,^[4] with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940\u20131979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).\n

Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving

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The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Meg\u00e8ve, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places\u2014for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: Par dix-huit m\u00e8tres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer L\u00e9on V\u00e8che, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College.\n

In 1943, they made the film \u00c9paves (Shipwrecks), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and \u00c9mile Gagnan.^[5] When making \u00c9paves, Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels.^[6]^[7]\n

Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa \"Baobab\" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa \"Reine\"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a \"pen anti-semite\" who edited the collaborationist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere) and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.\n

During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur.^[6] Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by \u00c9mile Gagnan.^[6] In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.\n

Late 1940s: GERS and \u00c9lie Monnier

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In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film \u00c9paves (\"Shipwrecks\") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous la Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), and finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Expert Plong\u00e9e Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre for Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new depth record to 120 m with the GERS near Toulon.^[8]\n

In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop \u00c9lie Monnier,^[9]^[10] with Philippe Tailliez, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).\n

Cousteau and the \u00c9lie Monnier then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.\n

The adventures of this period are told in the two books The Silent World (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and Plong\u00e9es sans c\u00e2ble (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).\n

1950\u20131970s

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In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.\n

In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called Calypso from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the Calypso as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Conglou\u00e9 (1952).\n

With the publication of his first book in 1953, The Silent World, Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the \u00c9lie Monier, was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.\n

In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.^[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.^[2] Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a \"diving saucer\" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.\n

In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.^[2] He directed Pr\u00e9continent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.\n

He was involved in the creation of Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.^[12]\n

Cousteau also took part in inventing the \"SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer\" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.^[2]\n

In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump.^[13] Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.\n

In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater \"villages\"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names \"Precontinent\", and \"Continental Shelf Station\" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.\n

A meeting with American television companies (ABC, M\u00e9trom\u00e9dia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a \"personalized adventure\" style. This documentary television series ran for 10 years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.\n

In 1970, he wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as \"the most dangerous of all sharks\".\n

In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, Calypso's second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.^[14]^[15]\n

In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President.\n

In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song \"Calypso\" on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song \"I'm Sorry\". \"Calypso\" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.\n

In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS Britannic, which had sunk on the 21st November 1916 after striking a mine in the Kea Channel, the 3rd and final of the three Olympic-class liners & the younger sister to the RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic. He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese in coastal waters of Crete.\n

In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize.\n

On 28 June 1979, while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus river near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.\n

1980\u20131990s

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From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show Those Amazing Animals, along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.\n

In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.^[16]\n

From 1982 to 1984, Cousteau released a series of films on the Amazon with TBS.^[17]\n

In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. He also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Special.^[18]\n

From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released Rediscovery of the World, also with TBS.\n

On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by \u00c9rik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.\n

In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary \"Palawan, the last refuge\".\n

On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. Six months later, in June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried to Francine Triplet, with whom he had a relationship since the early 1980s and two children, Diane (born in 1980) and Pierre-Yves (born in 1982). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened.\n

In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: \"What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable\".^[19]\n

In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.\n

In 1993, a brief biography, as well as an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational software program Undersea Adventure, developed by former game developer Knowledge Adventure.\n

In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the \"Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort\" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.^[20] This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.\n

On 11 January 1996, Calypso was rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The Calypso was refloated and towed home to France.^[21]\n

Religious views

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Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his funeral Mass at Notre-Dame in Paris. In his homily he stated, \"Without betraying any confidences, Father Carr\u00e9 told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity.\"^[22]\n

In a chapter entitled \"The Holy Scriptures and the Environment\" in the posthumous work The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that \"The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists\".^[23]\n

Opinion on recreational fishing

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Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.^[24]\n

Death and legacy

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Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-Andr\u00e9-de-Cubzac, his birthplace.^[25] An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth \"rue du Commandant Cousteau\", where a commemorative plaque was placed.\n

Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.^[1]\n

Cousteau liked to call himself an \"oceanographic technician\". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.\n

His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called \"divulgationism\", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.\n

His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself,^[26]^[27] has been identified as introducing the \"Killer Algae\" Caulerpa taxifolia, which are negatively affecting the Mediterranean's ecosystem.\n

The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'\u00c9quipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.\n

In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph \"Cousteau Divers\" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.^[28]\n

Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Cura\u00e7ao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat planned for the sea bottom in 2025.^[29]\n

In October 1997, an underwater plaque honoring Jacques Cousteau was placed in the underwater dive park off Casino Point in Avalon, California. In November 2020, due to deterioration, the plaque was replaced.^[30]^[31]\n

Awards and honors

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President Kennedy awards the National Geographic Society's Gold Medal to Jacques Cousteau, 1961

During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:\n

Cross of War 1939\u20131945 (1945)
National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961^[32]
Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972)
BAFTA Fellowship (1975)
Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985)
U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985)
Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987)
Elected to the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise (1988)
Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters
Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990)^[33]

Filmography

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No^[A]\n	Year (Fr/En)^[B]\n	French\n	English^[C]\n	Cousteau Film\n
1. Early Short Films\n
1S	1942	Par dix-huit m\u00e8tres de fond		Yes\n
2S	1943	\u00c9paves	Shipwrecks	Yes\n
3S	1944	Paysages du silence	Silent Lands...	Yes\n
4S	1948	Phoques au Sahara		\u2014\n
5S	1949	Autour d'un r\u00e9cif		\u2014\n
6S	1949	Une plong\u00e9e du Rubis	A Dive on Board the Rubis	Yes\n
7S	1949	Carnet de plong\u00e9e (avec Marcel Ichac)		\u2014\n
8S	1955	La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle)		\u2014\n
9S	1955	Station 307		\u2014\n
10S	1955	R\u00e9cifs de coraux		\u2014\n
11S	1957	La Gal\u00e8re engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud)		\u2014\n
12S	1959	Histoire d'un poisson rouge	The Golden Fish	Yes\n
13S	1960	Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Al\u00e9p\u00e9e)		\u2014\n
14S	1960	Prince Albert I		\u2014\n
2. Movies I\n
1F	1956	Le Monde du silence	The Silent World	Yes\n
2F	1964	Le Monde sans soleil	World Without Sun	Yes\n
3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I (also known as \"The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau\")\n
1	1966	L'aventure Pr\u00e9continent	Conshelf Adventure	Yes\n
2	1967/1968	Les Requins	Sharks	Yes\n
3	1967/1968	La jungle de corail	The Savage World of the Coral Jungle	Yes\n
4	1967/1968	Le Destin des tortues de mer	Search in the Deep	Yes\n
5	1968	Baleines et cachalots	Whales	Yes\n
6	1968/1969	Le voyage surprise de Pepito et Cristobal	The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and Cristobal	Yes\n
7	1968/1969	Tr\u00e9sor englouti	Sunken Treasure	Yes\n
8	1968/1969	La l\u00e9gende du lac Titicaca	The Legend of Lake Titicaca	Yes\n
9	1969	Les baleines du d\u00e9sert	The Desert Whales	Yes\n
10	1969/1970	La nuit des calmars	The Night of the Squid	Yes\n
11	1969/1970	La retour des \u00c9l\u00e9phants de mer	The Return of the Sea Elephants	Yes\n
12	1970	Ces incroyables machines plongeantes	Those Incredible Diving Machines	Yes\n
13	1970	La mer vivante	The Water Planet	Yes\n
14	1970	La trag\u00e9die des Saumons rouges	The Tragedy of the Red Salmon	Yes\n
15	1970/1971	Le lagon des navires perdus	Lagoon of Lost Ships	Yes\n
16	1971	Les Dragons des Gal\u00e1pagos	The Dragons of the Galapagos	Yes\n
17	1971	Cavernes englouties	Secrets of the Sunken Caves	Yes\n
18	1971	Le sort des Loutres de mer	The Unsinkable Sea Otter	Yes\n
19	1971/1972	Les derni\u00e8res Sir\u00e8nes	The Forgotten Mermaids	Yes\n
20	1972/1971	Pieuvre, petite pieuvre	Octopus, Octopus	Yes\n
21	1972	Le chant des dauphins	A Sound of Dolphins	Yes\n
22	1973	500 millions d'ann\u00e9es sous la mer	500 Million Years Beneath the Sea	Yes\n
23	1973/1972	Le sourire du Morse	A Smile of the Walrus	Yes\n
24	1973	Hippo, Hippo	Hippo!	Yes\n
25	1973	La baleine qui chante	The Singing Whale	Yes\n
26	1974/1973	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feu	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and Ice	Yes\n
27	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du Pingouin	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of Penguins	Yes\n
28	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un oc\u00e9an de glace	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen World	Yes\n
29	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard \u00e0 Esperanza	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope Bay	Yes\n
30	1975/1974	Patagonie: La vie au bout du monde	Life at the End of the World	Yes\n
31	1975	L'hiver des Castors	Beavers of the North Country	Yes\n
32	1975	Les Fous du Corail	The Coral Divers of Corsica	Yes\n
33	1975	Les requins dormeurs du Yucat\u00e1n	The Sleeping Sharks of Yucat\u00e1n	Yes\n
34	1976/1975	Coup d'aile sous la mer: Isabella	The Sea Birds of Isabella	Yes\n
35	1976	Au c\u0153ur des r\u00e9cifs des Cara\u00efbes	Mysteries of the Hidden Reefs	Yes\n
36	1976	Le Poisson qui a gob\u00e9 Jonas / El Gran Pez que se trag\u00f3 a Jon\u00e1s	The Fish That Swallowed Jonah	Yes\n
37	1976	La Marche des langoustes	The Incredible March of the Spiny Lobsters	Yes\n
4. Movies II\n
3F	1975 / 1976	Voyage au bout du monde	Voyage to the Edge of the World	Yes\n
5. Oasis in Space\n
1S	1977		What Price Progress?	No\n
2S	1977		Troubled Waters	No\n
3S	1977		Grain of Conscience	No\n
4S	1977		Population Time Bomb	No\n
5S	1977		The Power Game	No\n
6S	1977		Visions of Tomorrow	No\n
6. The Cousteau Odyssey II (also known as \"The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey\", continue \"The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team\")\n
38	1977	L'\u00e9nigme du Britannic	Calypso's Search for the Britannic	Yes\n
39	1978	Le butin de Pergame sauv\u00e9 des eaux	Diving for Roman Plunder	Yes\n
40	1978	\u00c0 la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie I	Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part I	Yes\n
41	1978	\u00c0 la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie II	Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part II	Yes\n
42	1978	Le testament de l'\u00eele de P\u00e2ques	Blind Prophets of Easter Island	Yes\n
43	1978	Ultimatum sous la mer	Time Bomb at Fifty Fathoms	Yes\n
44	1979	Le sang de la mer	Mediterranean: Cradle or Coffin?	Yes\n
45	1979	Le Nil. Partie I	The Nile. Part I	Yes\n
46	1979	Le Nil. Partie II	The Nile. Part II	Yes\n
47	1980	Fortunes de mer	Lost Relics of the Sea	Yes\n
48	1980/1981	Clipperton: \u00eele de la solitude	Clipperton: The Island Time Forgot	Yes\n
49	1981/1982	Sang chaud dans la mer	Warm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep	Yes\n
7. North American Adventures\n
1F	1981	Les Pi\u00e8ges de la mer	Cries from the Deep	No\n
2F	1982	Du grand large aux grands lac	Saint Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea	Yes\n
8. Cousteau's Amazon Series\n
1S	1982	Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la Calypso	Calypso Countdown: Rigging for the Amazon	Yes\n
2	1983	Au pays des milles rivi\u00e8res	Journey to a Thousand Rivers	Yes\n
3	1983	La rivi\u00e8re enchant\u00e9e	The Enchanted River	Yes\n
4	1983	Ombres fuyantes\u2014Indiens de l'Amazonie	Shadows in the Wilderness\u2014Indians of the Amazon	Yes\n
5	1983/1984	La rivi\u00e8re de l'or	River of Gold	Yes\n
6	1984	Message d'un monde perdu	Legacy of a Lost World	Yes\n
7	1984	Un avenir pour l'Amazonie	Blueprints for Amazonia	Yes\n
8	1984	Temp\u00eate de neige sur la jungle	Snowstorm in the Jungle	Yes\n
9. Other releases I\n
1	1985	Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Alli\u00e9 r\u00e9calcitrant	Cousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant Ally	Yes\n
2	1985	Le Mississippi. Partie II. Alli\u00e9 et adversaire	Cousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly Foe	Yes\n
3	1985	Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1)	Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1)	No\n
4	1985	Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2)	Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2)	No\n
5	1985	Alcyone, fille du vent	Riders of the Wind	Yes\n
6S	1988		Island of Peace	Yes\n
10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I (also known as \"Rediscover the World\")\n
1	1986	Ha\u00efti: L'eau de chagrin	Haiti: Waters of Sorrow	Yes\n
2	1986	Cuba: les eaux du destin	Cuba: Waters of Destiny	Yes\n
3	1986	Cap Horn: les eaux du vent	Cape Horn: Waters of the Wind	Yes\n
4	1986	L'h\u00e9ritage de Cortez	Sea of Cortez: Legacy of Cortez	Yes\n
5	1987	Les \u00celes Marquises: montagnes de la mer	The Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the Sea	Yes\n
6	1987	\u00celes du D\u00e9troit: les eaux de la discorde	Channel Islands: Waters of Contention	Yes\n
7	1987	\u00celes du D\u00e9troit: \u00e0 l'approche d'une mar\u00e9e humaine	Channel Islands: Days of Future Past	Yes\n
8	1988	Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande: la Rose et le dragon	New Zealand: The Rose and the Dragon	Yes\n
9	1988	Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande: au pays du long nuage blanc	New Zealand: The Heron of the Single Flight	Yes\n
10	1988	Nouvelle-Z\u00e9lande: le P\u00e9ch\u00e9 et la R\u00e9demption	New Zealand: The Smoldering Sea	Yes\n
11	1988	Au pays des totems vivants	Pacific Northwest: Land of the Living Totems	Yes\n
12	1988	Tahiti: l'eau de feu	Tahiti: Fire Waters	Yes\n
13	1988	Les Requins de l'\u00eele au tr\u00e9sor	Cocos Island: Sharks of Treasure Island	Yes\n
14	1988/1989	Mer de B\u00e9ring: Le cr\u00e9puscule du chasseur en Alaska	Bering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan Hunter	Yes\n
15	1988/1989	Australie: l'ultime barri\u00e8re	Australia: The Last Barrier	Yes\n
16	1989	Born\u00e9o: Le spectre de la tortue	Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle	Yes\n
17	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e I: La machine \u00e0 remonter le temps	Papua New Guinea I: Into the Time Machine	Yes\n
18	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e II: La rivi\u00e8re des hommes crocodiles	Papua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile Men	Yes\n
19	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guin\u00e9e III: La coeur de feu	Papua New Guinea III: Center of Fire	Yes\n
20	1989	Tha\u00eflande: les for\u00e7ats de la mer	Thailand: Convicts of the Sea	Yes\n
21	1989/1990	Born\u00e9o: la For\u00eat sans terre	Borneo: Forests Without Land	Yes\n
11. Other releases II\n
7	1990	Scandale \u00e0 Valdez	Outrage at Valdez	No\n
8	1990	Lilliput en Antarctique	Lilliput in Antarctica	Yes\n
12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II (also known as \"Rediscover the World\")\n
22	1990	Andaman, les \u00eeles invisibles	Andaman Islands: Invisible Islands	Yes\n
23	1990/1991	Australie: \u00e0 l'ouest du bout du monde	Australia: Out West, Down Under	Yes\n
24	1991	Australie: le peuple de la mer dess\u00e9ch\u00e9e	Australia: People of the Dry Sea	Yes\n
25	1991	Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feu	Australia: People of Fire and Water	Yes\n
26	1991	Australie: les tr\u00e9sors de la mer	Australia: Fortunes in the Sea	Yes\n
27	1991	Tasmanie, une \u00eele s'\u00e9veille	Tasmania: Australia's Awakening Island	Yes\n
28	1991	Indon\u00e9sie: les vergers de l'enfer	Indonesia I: The Devil's Orchard	Yes\n
29	1991	Sumatra: le c\u0153ur de la mer	Indonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the Sea	Yes\n
30	1991/1992	Nauru, \u00eelot ou plan\u00e8te	Nauru: The Island Planet	Yes\n
31	1991/1992	La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mers	The Great White Shark\u2014Lonely Lord of the Sea	No\n
32	1991	Palawan, le dernier refuge	Palawan: The Last Refuge	Yes\n
33	1992	Danube I: le lever de rideau	Danube I: The Curtain Rises	Yes\n
34	1992	Danube II: le r\u00eave de Charlemagne	Danube II: Charlemagne's Dream	Yes\n
35	1992	Danube III: les Cris du Fleuve	Danube III: The River Cries Out	Yes\n
36	1992	Danube IV: les D\u00e9bordements du Fleuve	Danube IV: Rivalries Overflow	Yes\n
37	1993	La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 secr\u00e8te des C\u00e9tac\u00e9s	Bahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and Whales	No\n
38	1993	M\u00e9kong: le don de l'eau	Mekong: The Gift of Water	No\n
39	1993	Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusils	Vietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and Guns	No\n
13. Other releases III\n
9	1995	La L\u00e9gende de Calypso	Calypso's Legend	Yes\n
10	1995	Profond, loin, longtemps	Deeper, Farther, Longer	Yes\n
11	1996	Les promisses de la mer	The Mirage of the Sea	Yes\n
14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III (also known as \"Rediscover the World\")\n
40	1995	Madagascar I: l'\u00eele des esprits	Madagascar I: Island of Heart and Soul	Yes\n
41	1995	Madagascar II: l'\u00eele des esprits	Madagascar II: Island of Heart and Soul	Yes\n
42	1996	Afrique du Sud: les diamants du d\u00e9sert	South Africa: Diamonds of the Desert	Yes\n
43	1996	Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vie	South Africa: Sanctuaries for Life	Yes\n
44	1996/1997	\u00c0 travers la Chine par le fleuve Jaune	China: Across China with the Yellow River	Yes\n
45	1997/1999	Le lac Ba\u00efkal	Lake Baikal: Beneath the Mirror	Yes\n

Legend

[edit]

^ actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography\n
^ actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography\n
^ actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography\n

S \u2013 short film
F \u2013 full-length film
<only number> \u2013 length of the film is about 45 minutes

Bibliography

[edit]

The Silent World (1953, with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas)
Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (1959, with James Dugan)
The Living Sea (1963, with James Dugan)
World Without Sun (1965)
The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1970\u20131975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diol\u00e9)\n
- The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea (1970)
- Diving for Sunken Treasure (1971)
- Life and Death in a Coral Sea (1971)
- The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea (1972)
- Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence (1973)
- Three Adventures: Gal\u00e1pagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes (1973)
- Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus (1974)
- Dolphins (1975)
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973\u201378, 21 volumes)\n
- Oasis in Space (vol 1)
- The Act of Life (vol 2)
- Quest for Food (vol 3)
- Window in the Sea (vol 4)
- The Art of Motion (vol 5)
- Attack and Defense (vol 6)
- Invisible Messages (vol 7)
- Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
- Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
- Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
- Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
- Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
- A Sea of Legends (vol 13)
- Adventure of Life (vol 14)
- Outer and Inner Space (vol 15)
- The Whitecaps (vol 16)
- Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
- Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
- The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
- Guide to the Sea and Index (vol 20)
- Calypso (1978, vol 21)
A Bill of Rights for Future Generations (1979)
Life at the Bottom of the World (1980)
The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment (1981, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet)
Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983, with Alexis Sivirine)
Marine Life of the Caribbean (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)
Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (1984, with Mose Richards)
Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985)
The Whale (1987, with Philippe Diol\u00e9)
Jacques Cousteau: Whales (1988, with Yves Paccalet)
The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)

Media portrayals

[edit]

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:\n

The American comedy film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.^[34]^[35]^[36]
The French film The Odyssey, directed by J\u00e9r\u00f4me Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melchior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau.^[37]^[38]^[35]^[36]
Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.
Jacques Cousteau is depicted in the music video for the Plastic Bertrand song titled \u201cJacques Cousteau.\u201d In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as wearing nautical attire and living in a fish bowl.
Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the animated television series, \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", in the episode Spongebob's Big Birthday Blowout. He was portrayed as the French Narrator who frequently speaks and/or makes appearances in the show.

References

[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c \"Cousteau Society\". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d \"Jacques Cousteau | French ocean explorer and engineer\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2016.\n
^ \"Jacques Cousteau | Biography, Quotes, Books, WordCloud, Life History Timeline |Minds of Science\". www.mindsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.\n
^ Lunn, Rosemary E. (8 March 2021). \"WDHOF announces new Simone Melchior Cousteau Grant\". X-Ray International Dive Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.\n
^ \"le Scaphandre Autonome\". Espalion-12.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c The Silent World. J. Y. Cousteau with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953\n
^ Capitaine de fr\u00e9gate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plong\u00e9es sans c\u00e2ble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, D\u00e9p\u00f4t l\u00e9gal 1er trimestre 1954 \u2013 \u00c9dition N\u00b0 605 \u2013 Impression N\u00b0 243 (in French)\n
^ Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York City: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-794-1. LCCN 2001018840.\n
^ Sevellec, E.J. (1 December 2006). \"Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs d\u00e9mineurs\" (in French). Philippe.tailliez.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010. According to Sevellec, the \u00c9lie Monnier was an old German tugboat originally called Albatros and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer \u00c9lie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at Mers-el-K\u00e9bir on the wreck of the battleship Bretagne\n
^ Riffaud, C. (1988). \"La r\u00e8gne du scaphandre \u00e0 casque\", in La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer. Users.skynet.be. ISBN 2-226-03502-8. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). \"Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954\". Liwa. 5 (9): 3\u201328. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2016.\n
^ \"Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959\u20131973)\". Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2013.\n
^ Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2008). Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813542201. Retrieved 14 December 2018.\n
^ \"Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.\n
^ \"Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972\u201373\". www.palmerstation.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.\n
^ Ohayon, Albert (2009). \"When Cousteau Came to Canada\". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2009.\n
^ Knoll, Steve Knollby Steve (25 March 1984). \"New Cable Fare Gets Double Exposure\". The New York Times.\n
^ \"Cousteau: Mississippi\".\n
^ \"Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) | AccessMyLibrary \u2013 Promoting library advocacy\". AccessMyLibrary. 1 November 1991. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ \"Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name\". The New York Times. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 26 November 2019.\n
^ \"Calypso\". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.\n
^ \"Hom\u00e9lie prononc\u00e9e lors des obs\u00e8ques de M. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, en la cath\u00e9drale Notre-Dame de Paris | Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise\". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.\n
^ Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781596917552\n
^ Cousteau, Jacques (1985). The Ocean World. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 383. ISBN 9780810980686. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.\n
^ \"La \"conversion\" du commandant Cousteau \u00e0 l'Islam\". Atheisme.free.fr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ Davidson, Nick (1 April 2003). \"Deep Sea Invasion\". PBS. Nova. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.\n
^ Meinesz, Alexandre (1999). Killer Algae (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226519228. Retrieved 23 February 2021.\n
^ \"Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel\". Watches.infoniac.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ Palumbo, Jacqui (22 July 2020). \"Fabien Cousteau and Yves B\u00e9har unveil designs for Proteus, an underwater 'space station' and habitat \u2013 CNN Style\". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.\n
^ Ted, Apodoca (27 November 2020). \"Cousteau Tribute gets needed upgrade\". The Catalina Islander. Retrieved 5 August 2024.\n
^ Mulder, Bo; Berry, Matt (4 February 2013). \"Jaque Cousteau Memorial Plaque\". Flickr.\n
^ Jean-Michel Cousteau (11 June 2010). \"Jacques Cousteau \"would be heartbroken\" at our seas today\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.\n
^ \"It's an Honour \u2013 Honours \u2013 Search Australian Honours\". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2012.\n
^ \"32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'\". Mental Floss. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n
^ ^a ^b \"Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou\". The Playlist. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n
^ ^a ^b \"L'Odyss\u00e9e : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau\". Le Figaro. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n
^ \"World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian\". Variety. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n
^ \"Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, \"L'Odyss\u00e9e\", nous apprend de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 obscur\". The Huffington Post (French Edition). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.\n

External links

[edit]

$\"\"$

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.

$\"\"$

Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacques Cousteau.

\"The Cousteau Society\". Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
Jacques Cousteau at IMDb
Jacques Cousteau at Find a Grave
Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'^[usurped]
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Jacques-Yves Cousteau Memorial
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/His Legacy
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Photos

v t e Jacques Cousteau
Films directed	\n The Silent World (1956) \n World Without Sun (1964) \n Voyage to the Edge of the World (1976) \n
Other works	\n The Silent World (1953 book) \n The Golden Fish (1959 film produced) \n The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973\u20131978 encyclopedia) \n The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau (1976 television series) \n
Expedition ships	\n RV Calypso \n Alcyone \n
Concepts and designs	\n Aqua-Lung \n Calypso camera \n Continental Shelf Station Two \n Deep Star 4000 \n SP-350 Denise \n Turbosail \n
Works about	\n \"Calypso\" (1975 song) \n Cries from the Deep (1982 documentary) \n The Odyssey (2016 biopic) \n Becoming Cousteau (2021 documentary) \n
Tributes	\n En attendant Cousteau (1990 album) \n The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004 film) \n Mission 31 (2014 expedition) \n

v t e Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise seat 17
\n Fran\u00e7ois de Cauvigny de Colomby (1634) \n Fran\u00e7ois Tristan l'Hermite (1649) \n Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re (1655) \n Fran\u00e7ois de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (1663) \n Fran\u00e7ois-Timol\u00e9on de Choisy (1687) \n Antoine Portail (1724) \n Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chauss\u00e9e (1736) \n Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1754) \n Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel (1763) \n Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes (1803) \n Abel-Fran\u00e7ois Villemain (1821) \n \u00c9mile Littr\u00e9 (1871) \n Louis Pasteur (1881) \n Gaston Paris (1896) \n Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Masson (1903) \n Georges Lecomte (1924) \n Jean Delay (1959) \n Jacques Cousteau (1988) \n \u00c9rik Orsenna (1998) \n

Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise seat 17

Fran\u00e7ois de Cauvigny de Colomby (1634)
Fran\u00e7ois Tristan l'Hermite (1649)
Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardi\u00e8re (1655)
Fran\u00e7ois de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (1663)
Fran\u00e7ois-Timol\u00e9on de Choisy (1687)
Antoine Portail (1724)
Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chauss\u00e9e (1736)
Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1754)
Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Marmontel (1763)
Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes (1803)
Abel-Fran\u00e7ois Villemain (1821)
\u00c9mile Littr\u00e9 (1871)
Louis Pasteur (1881)
Gaston Paris (1896)
Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Masson (1903)
Georges Lecomte (1924)
Jean Delay (1959)
Jacques Cousteau (1988)
\u00c9rik Orsenna (1998)

v t e BAFTA Fellowship Award
1971\u20132000	\n Alfred Hitchcock (1971) \n Freddie Young (1972) \n Grace Wyndham Goldie (1973) \n David Lean (1974) \n Jacques Cousteau (1975) \n Charlie Chaplin (1976) \n Laurence Olivier (1976) \n Denis Forman (1977) \n Fred Zinnemann (1978) \n Lew Grade (1979) \n Huw Wheldon (1979) \n David Attenborough (1980) \n John Huston (1980) \n Abel Gance (1981) \n Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1981) \n Andrzej Wajda (1982) \n Richard Attenborough (1983) \n Hugh Greene (1984) \n Sam Spiegel (1984) \n Jeremy Isaacs (1985) \n Steven Spielberg (1986) \n Federico Fellini (1987) \n Ingmar Bergman (1988) \n Alec Guinness (1989) \n Paul Fox (1990) \n Louis Malle (1991) \n John Gielgud (1992) \n David Plowright (1992) \n Sydney Samuelson (1993) \n Colin Young (1993) \n Michael Grade (1994) \n Billy Wilder (1995) \n Jeanne Moreau (1996) \n Ronald Neame (1996) \n John Schlesinger (1996) \n Maggie Smith (1996) \n Woody Allen (1997) \n Steven Bochco (1997) \n Julie Christie (1997) \n Oswald Morris (1997) \n Harold Pinter (1997) \n David Rose (1997) \n Sean Connery (1998) \n Bill Cotton (1998) \n Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise (1999) \n Elizabeth Taylor (1999) \n Michael Caine (2000) \n Stanley Kubrick (2000) \n Peter Bazalgette (2000) \n
2001\u2013present	\n Albert Finney (2001) \n John Thaw (2001) \n Judi Dench (2001) \n Warren Beatty (2002) \n Merchant Ivory Productions (2002) \n Andrew Davies (2002) \n John Mills (2002) \n Saul Zaentz (2003) \n David Jason (2003) \n John Boorman (2004) \n Roger Graef (2004) \n John Barry (2005) \n David Frost (2005) \n David Puttnam (2006) \n Ken Loach (2006) \n Anne V. Coates (2007) \n Richard Curtis (2007) \n Will Wright (2007) \n Anthony Hopkins (2008) \n Bruce Forsyth (2008) \n Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders (2009) \n Terry Gilliam (2009) \n Nolan Bushnell (2009) \n Vanessa Redgrave (2010) \n Shigeru Miyamoto (2010) \n Melvyn Bragg (2010) \n Christopher Lee (2011) \n Peter Molyneux (2011) \n Trevor McDonald (2011) \n Martin Scorsese (2012) \n ~~Rolf Harris~~ (2012) \n Alan Parker (2013) \n Gabe Newell (2013) \n Michael Palin (2013) \n Helen Mirren (2014) \n Rockstar Games (2014) \n Julie Walters (2014) \n Mike Leigh (2015) \n David Braben (2015) \n Jon Snow (2015) \n Sidney Poitier (2016) \n John Carmack (2016) \n Ray Galton & Alan Simpson (2016) \n Mel Brooks (2017) \n Joanna Lumley (2017) \n Ridley Scott (2018) \n Tim Schafer (2018) \n Kate Adie (2018) \n Thelma Schoonmaker (2019) \n Joan Bakewell (2019) \n Kathleen Kennedy (2020) \n Hideo Kojima (2020) \n Ang Lee (2021) \n Siobhan Reddy (2021) \n Billy Connolly (2022) \n Sandy Powell (2023) \n Shuhei Yoshida (2023) \n Meera Syal (2023) \n Samantha Morton (2024) \n Floella Benjamin (2024) \n Warwick Davis (2025) \n

BAFTA Fellowship Award

1971\u20132000

Alfred Hitchcock (1971)
Freddie Young (1972)
Grace Wyndham Goldie (1973)
David Lean (1974)
Jacques Cousteau (1975)
Charlie Chaplin (1976)
Laurence Olivier (1976)
Denis Forman (1977)
Fred Zinnemann (1978)
Lew Grade (1979)
Huw Wheldon (1979)
David Attenborough (1980)
John Huston (1980)
Abel Gance (1981)
Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1981)
Andrzej Wajda (1982)
Richard Attenborough (1983)
Hugh Greene (1984)
Sam Spiegel (1984)
Jeremy Isaacs (1985)
Steven Spielberg (1986)
Federico Fellini (1987)
Ingmar Bergman (1988)
Alec Guinness (1989)
Paul Fox (1990)
Louis Malle (1991)
John Gielgud (1992)
David Plowright (1992)
Sydney Samuelson (1993)
Colin Young (1993)
Michael Grade (1994)
Billy Wilder (1995)
Jeanne Moreau (1996)
Ronald Neame (1996)
John Schlesinger (1996)
Maggie Smith (1996)
Woody Allen (1997)
Steven Bochco (1997)
Julie Christie (1997)
Oswald Morris (1997)
Harold Pinter (1997)
David Rose (1997)
Sean Connery (1998)
Bill Cotton (1998)
Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise (1999)
Elizabeth Taylor (1999)
Michael Caine (2000)
Stanley Kubrick (2000)
Peter Bazalgette (2000)

2001\u2013present

Albert Finney (2001)
John Thaw (2001)
Judi Dench (2001)
Warren Beatty (2002)
Merchant Ivory Productions (2002)
Andrew Davies (2002)
John Mills (2002)
Saul Zaentz (2003)
David Jason (2003)
John Boorman (2004)
Roger Graef (2004)
John Barry (2005)
David Frost (2005)
David Puttnam (2006)
Ken Loach (2006)
Anne V. Coates (2007)
Richard Curtis (2007)
Will Wright (2007)
Anthony Hopkins (2008)
Bruce Forsyth (2008)
Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders (2009)
Terry Gilliam (2009)
Nolan Bushnell (2009)
Vanessa Redgrave (2010)
Shigeru Miyamoto (2010)
Melvyn Bragg (2010)
Christopher Lee (2011)
Peter Molyneux (2011)
Trevor McDonald (2011)
Martin Scorsese (2012)
~~Rolf Harris~~ (2012)
Alan Parker (2013)
Gabe Newell (2013)
Michael Palin (2013)
Helen Mirren (2014)
Rockstar Games (2014)
Julie Walters (2014)
Mike Leigh (2015)
David Braben (2015)
Jon Snow (2015)
Sidney Poitier (2016)
John Carmack (2016)
Ray Galton & Alan Simpson (2016)
Mel Brooks (2017)
Joanna Lumley (2017)
Ridley Scott (2018)
Tim Schafer (2018)
Kate Adie (2018)
Thelma Schoonmaker (2019)
Joan Bakewell (2019)
Kathleen Kennedy (2020)
Hideo Kojima (2020)
Ang Lee (2021)
Siobhan Reddy (2021)
Billy Connolly (2022)
Sandy Powell (2023)
Shuhei Yoshida (2023)
Meera Syal (2023)
Samantha Morton (2024)
Floella Benjamin (2024)
Warwick Davis (2025)

v t e International Emmy Founders Award
1980s	\n Jim Henson (1980) \n Roone Arledge / Shaun Sutton (1981) \n Michael Landon (1982) \n Herbert Brodkin (1983) \n David L. Wolper (1984) \n David Attenborough (1985) \n Donald L. Taffner (1986) \n Jacques Cousteau (1987) \n Goar Mestre (1988) \n Paul Fox (1989) \n
1990s	\n Joan Ganz Cooney (1990) \n Adrian Cowell (1991) \n Bill Cosby (1992) \n Richard Dunn (1993) \n Film on Four (1994) \n Don Hewitt (1995) \n Reg Grundy (1996) \n Jac Venza (1997) \n Robert Halmi Sr. (1998) \n Hisashi Hieda (1999) \n
2000s	\n John Hendricks (2000) \n Pierre Lescure (2001) \n Howard Stringer (2002) \n HBO (2003) \n MTV International (2004) \n Oprah Winfrey (2005) \n Steven Spielberg (2006) \n Al Gore (2007) \n Dick Wolf (2008) \n David Frost (2009) \n
2010s	\n Simon Cowell (2010) \n Nigel Lythgoe (2011) \n Alan Alda / Norman Lear / Ryan Murphy (2012) \n J. J. Abrams (2013) \n Matthew Weiner (2014) \n Julian Fellowes (2015) \n Shonda Rhimes (2016) \n No Award (2017) \n Greg Berlanti (2018) \n David Benioff / D. B. Weiss (2019) \n
2020s	\n ~~Andrew Cuomo~~ (2020) \n Ava DuVernay (2022) \n Jesse Armstrong (2023) \n David E. Kelley (2024) \n

v t e Television Hall of Fame Class of 1987
\n Johnny Carson \n Jacques Cousteau \n Leonard Goldenson \n Jim Henson \n Bob Hope \n Ernie Kovacs \n Eric Sevareid \n

Underwater diving

Diving activities
Diving modes\n
- Atmospheric pressure diving
- Freediving
- Saturation diving
- Scuba diving
- Snorkeling
- Surface oriented diving
- Surface-supplied diving
- Unmanned diving

Diving equipment

Basic equipment

Breathing gas

Buoyancy and
trim equipment

Avelo diving system
Buoyancy compensator\n
Diving weighting system\n
- Ankle weights
- Integrated weights
- Trim weights
- Weight belt

Decompression
equipment

Diving suit

Atmospheric diving suit\n
- JIM suit
- Newtsuit
Dry suit\n
- Sladen suit
- Standard diving suit
Rash vest
Wetsuit\n
- Dive skins
- Hot-water suit

Helmets
and masks

Anti-fog
Diving helmet\n
- Free-flow helmet
- Lightweight demand helmet
- Orinasal mask
- Reclaim helmet
- Shallow water helmet
- Standard diving helmet
Diving mask\n
- Band mask
- Full-face mask
- Half mask

Instrumentation

Mobility
equipment

Safety
equipment

Alternative air source\n
- Octopus regulator
- Pony bottle
Bolt snap
Buddy line
Dive light
Diver's cutting tool\n
- Diver's knife
Diver's telephone
Through-water communications\n
- Underwater acoustic communication
Diving bell
Diving safety harness
Emergency gas supply\n
- Bailout block
- Bailout bottle
Lifeline\n
- Screw gate carabiner
Emergency locator beacon
Rescue tether
Safety helmet
Shark-proof cage
Snoopy loop
Navigation equipment\n
- Distance line
- Diving compass
- Dive reel
- Line marker
- Surface marker buoy
- Silt screw

Underwater
breathing
apparatus

Atmospheric diving suit
Diving cylinder\n
- Burst disc
- Scuba cylinder valve
Diving helmet\n
- Reclaim helmet
Diving regulator\n
Full-face diving mask

Open-circuit scuba	\n Scuba set\n Bailout bottle \n Decompression cylinder \n Independent doubles \n Manifolded twin set\n Scuba manifold \n Pony bottle \n Scuba configuration \n Sidemount \n Sling cylinder \n
Diving rebreathers	\n Carbon dioxide scrubber \n Carleton CDBA \n Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment \n Cryogenic rebreather \n CUMA \n DSEA \n Dolphin \n Halcyon PVR-BASC \n Halcyon RB80 \n IDA71 \n Interspiro DCSC \n LAR-5 \n LAR-6 \n LAR-V \n LARU \n Mark IV Amphibian \n Porpoise \n Ray \n Siebe Gorman CDBA \n Salvus \n Siva \n
Surface-supplied diving equipment	\n Air line \n Diver's umbilical \n Diving air compressor \n Gas panel \n Hookah \n Scuba replacement \n Snuba \n Standard diving dress \n

\nDiving
equipment
manufacturers

Diving support equipment

Access equipment

Breathing gas
handling

Air filtration\n
- Activated carbon
- Hopcalite
- Molecular sieve
- Silica gel
Booster pump
Carbon dioxide scrubber
Cascade filling system
Diver's pump
Diving air compressor\n
Gas blending\n
- Gas blending for scuba diving
Gas panel
Gas reclaim system
Gas storage bank\n
- Gas storage quad
- Gas storage tube
Helium analyzer
Nitrox production\n
- Membrane gas separation
- Pressure swing adsorption
Oxygen analyser\n
- Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
Oxygen compatibility

Decompression
equipment

Air-lock
Built-in breathing system
Decompression tables
Diving bell\n
- Bell cursor
- Closed bell
- Clump weight
- Launch and recovery system
- Wet bell
Diving chamber
Diving stage
Recreational Dive Planner
Saturation system

Platforms

Dive boat\n
Diving support vessel\n
- HMS Challenger (K07)

Underwater habitat	\n Aquarius Reef Base \n Continental Shelf Station Two \n Helgoland Habitat \n Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station \n SEALAB \n Tektite habitat \n

Remotely operated
underwater vehicles

Safety equipment

General

Freediving

Activities	\n Aquathlon \n Apnoea finswimming \n Freediving \n Haenyeo \n Pearl hunting\n Ama \n Snorkeling \n Spearfishing \n Underwater football \n Underwater hockey \n Underwater rugby \n Underwater target shooting \n
Competitions	\n Nordic Deep \n Vertical Blue \n Disciplines\n Constant weight (CWT) \n Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) \n Constant weight without fins (CNF) \n Dynamic apnea (DYN) \n Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) \n Free immersion (FIM) \n No-limits apnea (NLT) \n Static apnea (STA) \n Skandalopetra diving \n Variable weight apnea (VWT) \n Variable weight apnea without fins \n
Equipment	\n Diving mask \n Diving suit \n Hawaiian sling \n Polespear \n Snorkel (swimming) \n Speargun \n Swimfins\n Monofin \n Water polo cap \n
Freedivers	\n Deborah Andollo \n Simone Arrigoni \n Peppo Biscarini \n Michael Board \n Sara Campbell \n Derya Can G\u00f6\u00e7en \n Goran \u010colak \n Carlos Coste \n Robert Croft \n Mandy-Rae Cruickshank \n Yasemin Dalk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \n Leonardo D'Imporzano \n Flavia Eberhard \n \u015eahika Erc\u00fcmen \n Emma Farrell \n Francisco Ferreras \n Pierre Frolla \n Flavia Eberhard \n Mehgan Heaney-Grier \n Elisabeth Kristoffersen \n Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych \n Lo\u00efc Leferme \n Enzo Maiorca \n Jacques Mayol \n Audrey Mestre \n Karol Meyer \n Kate Middleton \n St\u00e9phane Mifsud \n Alexey Molchanov \n Natalia Molchanova \n Dave Mullins \n Patrick Musimu \n Guillaume N\u00e9ry \n Herbert Nitsch \n Umberto Pelizzari \n Liv Philip \n Annelie Pompe \n Stig Severinsen \n Tom Sietas \n Martin \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek \n Walter Steyn \n Tanya Streeter \n William Trubridge \n Devrim Cenk Ulusoy \n Fatma Uruk \n Danai Varveri \n Alessia Zecchini \n Nataliia Zharkova \n
Hazards	\n Barotrauma \n Drowning \n Freediving blackout\n Deep-water blackout \n Shallow-water blackout \n Hypercapnia \n Hypothermia \n
Historical	\n Ama \n Octopus wrestling \n Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's underwater swimming \n
Organisations	\n AIDA International \n Scuba Schools International \n Australian Underwater Federation \n British Freediving Association \n Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques \n F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d'\u00c9tudes et de Sports Sous-Marins \n Performance Freediving International \n

Professional diving

Occupations

Ama
Commercial diver\n
- Commercial offshore diver
- Hazmat diver
Divemaster
Diving instructor
Diving safety officer
Diving superintendent
Diving supervisor
Haenyeo
Media diver
Police diver
Public safety diver
Scientific diver
Underwater archaeologist

Military
diving

Army engineer diver
Canadian Armed Forces Divers
Clearance diver
Frogman
Minentaucher
Royal Navy ships diver
United States military divers\n
- U.S. Navy diver
- U.S.Navy master diver

Military
diving
units

Underwater
work

Commercial offshore diving
Dive leader
Diver training\n
- Recreational diver training
Hazmat diving
Hyperbaric welding
Marine construction\n
- Offshore construction
- Underwater construction
Media diving
Pearl hunting
Police diving
Potable water diving
Public safety diving
Scientific diving
Ships husbandry
Sponge diving
Submarine pipeline
Underwater archaeology\n
- Archaeology of shipwrecks
Underwater cutting and welding
Underwater demolition
Underwater inspection\n
- Nondestructive testing
Underwater logging
Underwater photography
Underwater search and recovery\n
- Underwater searches
Underwater videography
Underwater survey

Salvage diving	\n SS Egypt \n Kronan \n La Belle \n SS Laurentic \n RMS Lusitania \n Mars \n Mary Rose \n USS Monitor \n HMS Royal George \n Vasa \n

Diving
contractors

Tools and
equipment

Abrasive waterjet
Airlift
Baited remote underwater video
In-water surface cleaning\n
- Brush cart
- Cavitation cleaning
- Pressure washing
- Pigging
Hot stab
Lifting bag
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Thermal lance
Tremie
Water jetting

Underwater
weapons

Limpet mine
Speargun\n
- Hawaiian sling
- Polespear

Underwater firearm	\n Gyrojet \n Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun \n Powerhead \n Underwater pistols\n Heckler & Koch P11 \n SPP-1 underwater pistol \n Underwater revolvers\n AAI underwater revolver \n Underwater rifles\n ADS amphibious rifle \n APS underwater rifle \n ASM-DT amphibious rifle \n QBS-06 \n

Recreational diving

Specialties	\n Altitude diving \n Cave diving \n Deep diving \n Ice diving \n Muck diving \n Open-water diving \n Rebreather diving \n Sidemount diving \n Solo diving \n Technical diving \n Underwater photography \n Wreck diving \n
Diver organisations	\n British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) \n Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) \n Cave Diving Group (CDG) \n Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) \n Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques (CMAS) \n Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Actividades Subacu\u00e1ticas (FEDAS) \n F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d'\u00c9tudes et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) \n International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) \n Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) \n Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) \n
Diving tourism industry	\n Dive center \n Diving in East Timor \n Diving in the Maldives \n Environmental impact of recreational diving \n Scuba diving tourism \n Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands \n Shark tourism \n Sinking ships for wreck diving sites \n Underwater diving on Guam \n
Diving events and festivals	\n Diversnight \n Underwater Bike Race \n

Diving safety

Diving
hazards

List of diving hazards and precautions
Environmental\n
- Current
- Delta-P
- Entanglement hazard
- Overhead
- Silt out
- Wave action
Equipment\n
Physiological\n
- Cold shock response
- Decompression
- Nitrogen narcosis
- Oxygen toxicity
- Seasickness
- Uncontrolled decompression
Diver behaviour and competence\n
- Lack of competence
- Overconfidence effect
- Panic
- Task loading
- Trait anxiety
- Willful violation

Consequences	\n Barotrauma \n Decompression sickness \n Drowning \n Hypothermia \n Hypoxia \n Hypercapnia \n Hyperthermia \n Non-freezing cold injury \n

Diving
procedures

Ascending and descending\n
- Emergency ascent
Boat diving\n
- Canoe and kayak diving
Buddy diving\n
- buddy check
Decompression\n
Dive briefing
Dive log
Dive planning\n
- Rule of thirds
- Scuba gas planning
Diver communications
Diver rescue
Diver training
Doing It Right
Drift diving
Gas blending for scuba diving
Night diving
Rebreather diving
Scuba gas management
Solo diving
Wall diving

Risk
management

Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment\n
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Risk control\n
- Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout\u2013tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness

Diving team	\n Bellman \n Chamber operator \n Diver medical technician \n Diver's attendant \n Diving supervisor \n Diving systems technician \n Gas man \n Life support technician \n Stand-by diver \n
Equipment safety	\n Breathing gas quality \n Testing and inspection of diving cylinders\n Hydrostatic test \n Sustained load cracking \n Diving regulator\n Breathing performance of regulators \n
Occupational safety and health	\n Association of Diving Contractors International \n International Marine Contractors Association \n Code of practice \n Contingency plan \n Diving regulations \n Emergency response plan \n Diving safety officer \n Diving superintendent \n Diving supervisor \n Operations manual \n Standard operating procedure \n

Diving medicine

Diving
disorders

Pressure
related

Alternobaric vertigo
Barostriction
Barotrauma\n
- Air embolism
- Aerosinusitis
- Barodontalgia
- Dental barotrauma
- Middle ear barotrauma
- Pulmonary barotrauma
Compression arthralgia
Decompression illness
Dysbarism

Oxygen	\n Freediving blackout \n Hyperoxia \n Hypoxia \n Oxygen toxicity \n
Inert gases	\n Avascular necrosis \n Decompression sickness\n Dysbaric osteonecrosis \n Inner ear decompression sickness \n Isobaric counterdiffusion \n Taravana \n High-pressure nervous syndrome \n Hydrogen narcosis \n Nitrogen narcosis \n
Carbon dioxide	\n Hypercapnia \n Hypocapnia \n
Breathing gas contaminants	\n Carbon monoxide poisoning \n

Immersion
related

Treatment

Personnel

Screening

Research

Researchers in
diving physiology
and medicine

Diving medical
research
organisations

Aerospace Medical Association
Divers Alert Network (DAN)
Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC)
European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
Rubicon Foundation
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA)
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)

Law
\n Civil liability in recreational diving \n Diving regulations \n Duty of care \n List of legislation regulating underwater diving \n Investigation of diving accidents \n Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage \n

History of underwater diving

Archeological
sites

Underwater art
and artists

Engineers
and inventors

Historical
equipment

Diver propulsion vehicles	\n Advanced SEAL Delivery System \n Cosmos CE2F series \n Dry Combat Submersible \n Human torpedo \n Motorised Submersible Canoe \n Necker Nymph \n R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle \n SEAL Delivery Vehicle \n Shallow Water Combat Submersible \n Siluro San Bartolomeo \n Welfreighter \n Wet Nellie \n

Military and
covert operations

Scientific projects

Awards and events

Incidents

Dive boat incidents	\n Sinking of MV Conception \n
Diver rescues	\n Alpazat cave rescue \n Tham Luang cave rescue \n
Early diving	\n John Day (carpenter) \n Charles Spalding \n Ebenezer Watson \n
Freediving fatalities	\n Stephen Keenan \n Lo\u00efc Leferme \n Audrey Mestre \n Nicholas Mevoli \n Natalia Molchanova \n
Offshore diving incidents	\n Byford Dolphin diving bell accident \n Drill Master diving accident \n Star Canopus diving accident \n Stena Seaspread diving accident \n Venture One diving accident \n Waage Drill II diving accident \n Wildrake diving accident \n
Professional diving fatalities	\n Roger Baldwin \n John Bennett \n Victor F. Guiel Jr. \n Francis P. Hammerberg \n Craig M. Hoffman \n Peter Henry Michael Holmes \n Johnson Sea Link accident\n Edwin Clayton Link \n Gerard Anthony Prangley \n Per Skipnes \n Robert John Smyth \n Albert D. Stover \n Richard A. Walker \n Lothar Michael Ward \n Joachim Wendler \n Bradley Westell \n Arne Zetterstr\u00f6m \n
Scuba diving fatalities	\n 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident \n Ricardo Armbruster \n Allan Bridge \n David Bright \n Berry L. Cannon \n Cotton Coulson \n Cl\u00e1udio Coutinho \n E. Yale Dawson \n Deon Dreyer \n Milan Dufek \n Sheck Exley \n Maurice Fargues \n Fernando Garfella Palmer \n Guy Garman \n Steve Irwin\n death \n Jim Jones \n Henry Way Kendall \n Artur Koz\u0142owski \n Yuri Lipski \n Kirsty MacColl \n Linnea Mills \n Agnes Milowka \n Fran\u00e7ois de Roubaix \n Chris and Chrissy Rouse \n Dave Shaw \n Wesley C. Skiles \n Dewey Smith \n Rob Stewart \n Esbj\u00f6rn Svensson \n Josef Velek \n

Publications

Manuals	\n NOAA Diving Manual \n U.S. Navy Diving Manual \n Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival \n Underwater Handbook \n Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving \n Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving \n The new science of skin and scuba diving \n Professional Diver's Handbook \n Basic Scuba \n
Standards and Codes of Practice	\n Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) \n DIN 7876 \n IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving \n ISO 24801 Recreational diving services \u2014 Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers \n
General non-fiction	\n The Darkness Beckons \n Goldfinder \n The Last Dive \n Shadow Divers \n The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure \n
Research	\n List of Divers Alert Network publications \n
Dive guides	\n \n

Training and registration

Diver
training

Competence and assessment\n
Diver training standard
Diving instructor
Diving school
Occupational diver training\n
Recreational diver training\n
- Introductory diving
- ISO training standards
Teaching method\n

Skills	\n Combat sidestroke \n Diver navigation \n Diver trim \n Ear clearing\n Frenzel maneuver \n Valsalva maneuver \n Finning techniques \n Scuba skills\n Buddy breathing \n Low impact diving\n Diamond Reef System \n Surface-supplied diving skills \n Underwater searches \n

Recreational
scuba
certification
levels

Core diving skills	\n Advanced Open Water Diver \n Autonomous diver \n CMAS\" scuba diver \n CMAS\"\" scuba diver \n Introductory diving \n Low Impact Diver \n Master Scuba Diver \n Open Water Diver \n Supervised diver \n
Leadership skills	\n Dive leader\n Divemaster \n Diving instructor\n Master Instructor \n
Specialist skills	\n Rescue Diver \n Solo diver \n

Diver training
certification
and registration
organisations

European Underwater Federation (EUF)
International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF)
International Diving Schools Association (IDSA)
International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA)
List of diver certification organizations
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Nautical Archaeology Society
Recreational diver course referral
World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC)

Commercial diver
certification
authorities

Commercial diving
schools

Free-diving
certification
agencies

AIDA International (AIDA)
Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Performance Freediving International (PI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)

Recreational
scuba
certification
agencies

American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
Association nationale des moniteurs de plong\u00e9e (ANMP)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Actividades Subacu\u00e1ticas (FEDAS)
F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d'\u00c9tudes et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
Federazione Italiana Attivit\u00e0 Subacquee (FIAS)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
International Life Saving Federation (ILS)
Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
Scuba Diving International (SDI)
Scuba Educators International (SEI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
T\u00fcrkiye Sualt\u0131 Sporlar\u0131 Federasyonu (TSSF)
United Diving Instructors (UDI)
YMCA SCUBA Program

Scientific diver
certification
authorities

Technical diver
certification
agencies

American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
Federazione Italiana Attivit\u00e0 Subacquee (FIAS)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
Technical Extended Range (TXR)

Cave diving	\n Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) \n Cave Diving Group (CDG) \n Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) \n National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) \n National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) \n Technical Diving International (TDI) \n

Military diver
training centres

Military diver
training courses

United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course

Underwater sports

Surface snorkeling	\n Finswimming \n
Snorkeling/breath-hold	\n Spearfishing \n Underwater football \n Underwater hockey\n Australia \n Turkey \n Underwater rugby\n Colombia \n United States \n Underwater target shooting \n
Breath-hold	\n Aquathlon \n Apnoea finswimming \n Freediving \n
Open Circuit Scuba	\n Immersion finswimming \n Sport diving \n Underwater cycling \n Underwater orienteering \n Underwater photography \n
Rebreather	\n Underwater photography \n
Sports governing organisations and federations	\n International\n AIDA International \n Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques) \n National\n AIDA Hellas \n Australian Underwater Federation \n British Freediving Association \n British Octopush Association \n British Underwater Sports Association \n Comhairle Fo-Thuinn \n Federaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Actividades Subacu\u00e1ticas \n F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise d'\u00c9tudes et de Sports Sous-Marins \n South African Underwater Sports Federation \n T\u00fcrkiye Sualt\u0131 Sporlar\u0131 Federasyonu \n Underwater Society of America) \n
Competitions	\n 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship \n Underwater Hockey World Championships \n Underwater Orienteering World Championships \n Underwater Rugby World Championships \n

Underwater divers

Pioneers of diving	\n Eduard Admetlla i L\u00e1zaro \n Aquanaut \n Mary Bonnin \n Amelia Behrens-Furniss \n James F. Cahill \n Jacques Cousteau \n Billy Deans \n Dottie Frazier \n Trevor Hampton \n Hans Hass \n Hannes Keller \n Dick Rutkowski \n Teseo Tesei \n Arne Zetterstr\u00f6m \n
Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists	\n Michael Arbuthnot \n Robert Ballard \n George Bass \n Mensun Bound \n Louis Boutan \n Jeffrey Bozanic \n Hugh Bradner \n Cathy Church \n Eugenie Clark \n James P. Delgado \n Sylvia Earle \n John Christopher Fine \n George R. Fischer \n Anders Franz\u00e9n \n Honor Frost \n Fernando Garfella Palmer \n David Gibbins \n Graham Jessop \n Swietenia Puspa Lestari \n Pilar Luna \n Robert F. Marx \n Anna Marguerite McCann \n Innes McCartney \n Charles T. Meide \n Mark M. Newell \n Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova \n John Peter Oleson \n Mendel L. Peterson \n Richard Pyle \n Andreas Rechnitzer \n William R. Royal \n Margaret Rule \n Gunter Sch\u00f6bel \n Stephanie Schwabe \n Myriam Seco \n E. Lee Spence \n Robert St\u00e9nuit \n Peter Throckmorton \n Cristina Zenato \n
Scuba record holders	\n Pascal Bernab\u00e9 \n Jim Bowden \n Mark Ellyatt \n Sheck Exley \n Nuno Gomes \n Claudia Serpieri \n Krzysztof Starnawski \n
Underwater filmmakers and presenters	\n Samir Alhafith \n David Attenborough \n Ram\u00f3n Bravo \n Jean-Michel Cousteau \n Richie Kohler \n Paul Rose \n Andy Torbet \n Ivan Tors \n Andrew Wight \n James Cameron \n
Underwater photographers	\n Doug Allan \n Tamara Benitez \n Georges Beuchat \n Adrian Biddle \n Jonathan Bird \n Eric Cheng \n Neville Coleman \n Jacques Cousteau \n John D. Craig \n Ben Cropp \n Bernard Delemotte \n David Doubilet \n Candice Farmer \n John Christopher Fine \n Rodney Fox \n Ric Frazier \n Stephen Frink \n Peter Gimbel \n Monty Halls \n Hans Hass \n Henry Way Kendall \n Rudie Kuiter \n Joseph B. MacInnis \n Luis Marden \n Agnes Milowka \n Noel Monkman \n Pete Oxford \n Steve Parish \n Zale Parry \n Pierre Petit \n Leni Riefenstahl \n Peter Scoones \n Brian Skerry \n Wesley C. Skiles \n E. Lee Spence \n Philippe Tailliez \n Ron Taylor \n Valerie Taylor \n Albert Tillman \n John Veltri \n Stan Waterman \n Michele Westmorland \n John Ernest Williamson \n J. Lamar Worzel \n
Underwater explorers	\n Caves\n Graham Balcombe \n Sheck Exley \n Martyn Farr \n Jochen Hasenmayer \n Jill Heinerth \n Jarrod Jablonski \n William Hogarth Main \n Tom Mount \n Jack Sheppard \n Bill Stone \n Reefs\n Arthur C. Clarke \n Wrecks\n Leigh Bishop \n John Chatterton \n Clive Cussler \n Bill Nagle \n Valerie van Heest \n Aristotelis Zervoudis \n
Aquanauts	\n Andrew Abercromby \n Joseph M. Acaba \n Clayton Anderson \n Richard R. Arnold \n Serena Au\u00f1\u00f3n-Chancellor \n Michael Barratt (astronaut) \n Robert A. Barth \n Robert L. Behnken \n Randolph Bresnik \n Timothy J. Broderick \n Justin Brown \n Berry L. Cannon \n Scott Carpenter \n Gregory Chamitoff \n Steve Chappell \n Catherine Coleman \n Robin Cook \n Craig B. Cooper \n Fabien Cousteau \n Philippe Cousteau \n Timothy Creamer \n Jonathan Dory \n Pedro Duque \n Sylvia Earle \n Jeanette Epps \n Sheck Exley \n Albert Falco \n Andrew J. Feustel \n Michael Fincke \n Satoshi Furukawa \n Ronald J. Garan Jr. \n Michael L. Gernhardt \n Christopher E. Gerty \n David Gruber \n Chris Hadfield \n Jeremy Hansen \n Jos\u00e9 M. Hern\u00e1ndez \n John Herrington \n Paul Hill \n Akihiko Hoshide \n Mark Hulsbeck \n Emma Hwang \n Norishige Kanai \n Les Kaufman \n Scott Kelly \n Karen Kohanowich \n Timothy Kopra \n Dominic Landucci \n Jon Lindbergh \n Kjell N. Lindgren \n Michael L\u00f3pez-Alegr\u00eda \n Joseph B. MacInnis \n Sandra Magnus \n Thomas Marshburn \n Matthias Maurer \n K. Megan McArthur \n Craig McKinley \n Jessica Meir \n Simone Melchior \n Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger \n Andreas Mogensen \n Karen Nyberg \n John D. Olivas \n Takuya Onishi \n Luca Parmitano \n Nicholas Patrick \n Tim Peake \n Thomas Pesquet \n Marc Reagan \n Garrett Reisman \n Kathleen Rubins \n Dick Rutkowski \n Tara Ruttley \n David Saint-Jacques \n Josef Schmid \n Robert Sheats \n Dewey Smith \n Steve Squyres \n Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper \n Robert St\u00e9nuit \n Herv\u00e9 Stevenin \n Nicole Stott \n James Talacek \n Daniel M. Tani \n Robert Thirsk \n Bill Todd \n Mark T. Vande Hei \n Koichi Wakata \n Rex J. Walheim \n Shannon Walker \n John Morgan Wells \n Joachim Wendler \n Douglas H. Wheelock \n Peggy Whitson \n Dafydd Williams \n Jeffrey Williams \n Sunita Williams \n Reid Wiseman \n Kimiya Yui \n
Writers and journalists	\n Michael C. Barnette \n Victor Berge \n Philippe Diol\u00e9 \n Gary Gentile \n Bret Gilliam \n Bob Halstead \n Hillary Hauser \n Trevor Jackson \n Steve Lewis \n John Mattera \n
Rescuers	\n Craig Challen \n Richard Harris \n Rick Stanton \n John Volanthen \n
Frogmen	\n Lionel Crabb \n Ian Edward Fraser \n Sydney Knowles \n James Joseph Magennis \n
Commercial salvors	\n Keith Jessop \n

Science of underwater diving

List of researchers in underwater diving

Diving
physics

Diving
physiology

Decompression theory	\n Decompression models:\n B\u00fchlmann decompression algorithm \n Haldane's decompression model \n Reduced gradient bubble model \n Thalmann algorithm \n Thermodynamic model of decompression \n Varying Permeability Model \n Equivalent air depth \n Oxygen window \n Physiology of decompression \n

Diving
environments

Underwater exploration\n
- Deep-sea exploration

Classification

List of diving environments by type
Altitude diving
Benign water diving
Confined water diving
Deep diving
Inland diving
Inshore diving
Muck diving
Night diving
Open-water diving\n
- Black-water diving
- Blue-water diving
Penetration diving\n
- Cave diving\n
  - Torricellian chamber
- Ice diving
- Wreck diving
Recreational dive sites
Underwater environment
Underwater diving environment

Impact

Other

Deep-submergence
vehicle

Aluminaut
DSV Alvin
American submarine NR-1
Bathyscaphe\n
- Archim\u00e8de
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
Deepsea Challenger
Ictineu 3
JAGO
Jiaolong
Konsul-class submersible
Limiting Factor
Russian submarine Losharik
Mir
Nautile
Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
DSV Sea Cliff
DSV Shinkai
DSV Shinkai 2000
DSV Shinkai 6500
DSV Turtle
DSV-5 Nemo

Submarine rescue

Deep-submergence rescue vehicle	\n LR5 \n LR7 \n MSM-1 \n Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle\n DSRV-1 Mystic \n DSRV-2 Avalon \n NATO Submarine Rescue System \n Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle\n Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 \n Russian submarine AS-34 \n ASRV Remora \n SRV-300 \n Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System \n Type 7103 DSRV \n URF (Swedish Navy) \n

Submarine escape

Escape set	\n Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus \n Momsen lung \n Steinke hood \n Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment \n

Special
interest
groups

Neutral buoyancy
facilities for
Astronaut training

Other

$\"\"$ Category
$\"\"$ Commons
$\"\"$ Glossary
Indexes: Dive sites
Divers
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$\"\"$ Outline
$\"\"$ Portal

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium
Academics	CiNii
Artists	MusicBrainz Photographers' Identities Emmy Awards FID
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC

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Biography

Early life

Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving

Late 1940s: GERS and \u00c9lie Monnier

1950\u20131970s

1980\u20131990s

Religious views

Opinion on recreational fishing

Death and legacy

Awards and honors

Filmography

Legend

Bibliography

Media portrayals

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Jacques Cousteau

Talks

Main Milestones