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Parallel turn
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Skiing techniques

The parallel turn in alpine skiing is a method for turning which rolls the ski onto one edge, allowing it to bend into an arc. Thus bent, the ski follows the turn without sliding. It contrasts with earlier techniques such as the stem Christie, which slides the ski outward from the body ("stemming") to generate sideways force. Parallel turns generate much less friction and are more efficient both in maintaining speed and minimizing skier effort.

The parallel turn was invented in the 1930s by Austrian ski racer Anton Seelos from Seefeld in Tirol.[1]

Parallel turns require solid contact from the skier's lower leg to the ski to rotate it on-edge. This was difficult to achieve with early ski equipment, limiting the technique to the high performance realm of racing. The introduction of composite skis, metal edges, releasable clamping bindings, and stiff plastic boots combined to allow parallel turns even on beginner equipment. By the late 1960s it rapidly replaced stemming for all but very short-radius turns. The evolution of shaped skis in the 1990s advanced the carving turn to preeminence.

Today parallel turns are taught to teach novice skiers the effect of weighting and unweighting their skis. They are still the basic technique for steep hills, off piste and mogul skiing.

Basic action

[edit]

The parallel turn relies on two dynamics: releasing the edge hold by reducing the angle between ski and snow surface which makes the front of the ski skid downhill (skidding inwards) and then applying a force to change the edge and make the ski turn across the line of greatest slope (skidding outwards).

The skier initiates the turn by moving their knees or the whole body laterally in the direction of the desired turn. The motion of knees is translated through the calf to the high cuffs on the ski boots, to the bindings, and then to the skis. This reduces the edge hold and causes the skis to rotate on their edges, with the skier's weight and the force they put upon them to change the edge of the skis which turns them across the line of greatest slope. To stop the turn the knee or the body is rotated back to the neutral position until the edge holds and the skidding stops. While both skis take part, in practice the ski on the outside of the turn is dominant.

Moving the legs to the side shifts the center of gravity, compensated for by moving the hips in the opposite direction. The effect is to keep the skier's upper body upright while the lower torso and legs shift side-to-side. The skier pressures the front of their skis to keep the fore-and-aft center of gravity of the skier's mass over their toes.

The parallel turn can be improved through dynamic "weighting". Turns are often linked in a series of continual arcs, one direction then the other. Lifting the body through the middle of the switch partially releases the skis arcs, easing the transition to the opposite direction.

Changing the technique

[edit]

In the 1990s skis were progressively widened at the tips and tails relative to the waist. Applying an edge of these "shaped" or "parabolic" skis brings a curved surface to the snow, resulting in a carve turn.

References

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Parallel turn

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A parallel turn is a core skiing technique where the skier keeps both skis aligned parallel to each other and at a consistent hip-width stance throughout the entire turn, producing linked, rounded, and typically skidded paths that enable controlled speed and direction on varied terrain.[1][2] This maneuver represents an advancement from basic wedge or snowplow turns, transitioning skiers to intermediate proficiency by allowing navigation of steeper slopes with greater efficiency and reduced physical effort compared to diverging ski positions.[3] The parallel turn forms the foundational skill for more advanced techniques, such as carving, as it emphasizes coordinated body movements including flexion and extension for edge changes, lateral tipping to engage ski edges, and independent leg rotation under a stable upper body to guide the skis.[1][2] Key phases of the parallel turn include initiation, where the skier releases edges by flattening the skis and shifting weight forward to both feet; edge change, involving a smooth swap of ski edges while traveling straight down the fall line; and completion, where the legs steer the skis through the turn arc to control speed via turn shape and radius.[3][2] Benefits include enhanced balance through a centered pivot point roughly underfoot, improved adaptability to ungroomed or side-hill conditions, and the ability to link turns fluidly for rhythmic descent, often achievable after just a few days of practice on gentle green or blue runs.[1][3] Professional instruction bodies like the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA) define it as producing brushed or skidded tracks, with skis tipping and turning at synchronized rates to maintain parallelism.[1]

Overview and History

Definition and Purpose

The parallel turn is a fundamental maneuver in alpine skiing in which both skis remain parallel to each other throughout the turn, rolled onto their corresponding edges to carve or skid a clean arc, relying on the inherent flex and sidecut of the skis along with controlled steering to generate the directional change.[4] This technique contrasts with earlier methods like the stem christie by eliminating any initial stemming or wedging of the skis, instead achieving the turn through coordinated edging, pressuring, and rotation while maintaining parallelism.[2] At its core, the mechanics of the parallel turn involve two primary actions: edging, where the skier tilts the skis onto their edges to grip the snow, and pressuring, where weight is applied to flex the skis into a curved shape that follows the sidecut design.[5] These movements occur simultaneously on both skis, with weight transferred progressively to the outside ski to maintain balance and control the turn's radius, enabling the skier to link turns fluidly across the fall line.[4] The purpose of the parallel turn is to facilitate efficient speed management and directional control on moderate to steep terrain, allowing skiers to link turns with minimal effort and reduced snow resistance compared to braking-oriented techniques like the snowplow.[5] It promotes energy conservation for sustained skiing, particularly benefiting intermediate and advanced practitioners by enabling rhythmic, flowing descents without excessive upper body involvement.[2] Among its key advantages, the parallel turn minimizes unnecessary rotation of the upper body, emphasizing lower body actions for superior balance and stability, while permitting dynamic adjustments to turn shape and speed on varied slopes.[5] This results in smoother transitions, greater adaptability to changing conditions, and enhanced overall efficiency, as the parallel stance avoids the drag and instability of diverged ski positions at higher velocities.[2]

Historical Development

The parallel turn was developed in the 1930s by Austrian ski racer Anton "Toni" Seelos from Seefeld in Tirol, who perfected a skidless version as an improvement over the stem Christie, enabling faster and more precise racing on steep terrain.[6] Seelos demonstrated the technique's superiority by winning the 1933 FIS World Championships slalom by nine seconds, using weight shifts and full steel edge engagement without preliminary stemming.[7] This innovation built on existing alpine techniques but required locked-heel bindings and early metal edges for control, which were not yet widespread.[7] Early adoption occurred within the Arlberg technique popularized by Hannes Schneider, whose ski school incorporated the parallel Christiania (or tempo turn) by 1938 through instructors like Benno Rybizka, who emphasized reduced lead changes for smoother execution.[6] However, initial limitations from wooden hickory skis and leather strap bindings hindered edge grip on hard snow, restricting the turn to expert racers and preventing broader use.[7] Seelos taught the method to international champions, including Christl Cranz and Franz Pfnür, further spreading it among elites, while American skier Richard Durrance learned it directly from Seelos and introduced it to the United States in the 1930s.[8] Mid-20th-century advancements in the 1960s, including fiberglass composite skis like the K2 Holiday (introduced in 1962) for lighter responsiveness, widespread metal edges for better ice control, and plastic releasable bindings paired with all-plastic boots from Lange (debuted in 1965), enabled parallel turns beyond experts by improving flex, stability, and safety.[9] These innovations addressed prior equipment shortcomings, allowing more consistent edge engagement and reducing injury risks during turns.[9] By the late 1960s, the parallel turn was integrated into ski school curricula, such as those influenced by the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA), as a natural progression from snowplow turns, replacing stem Christies for intermediate learners amid growing recreational skiing.[10] In the 1990s, the introduction of parabolic (shaped) skis by companies like Elan with the 1993 SCX model began transitioning parallel turns toward pure carving, as the deeper sidecut reduced reliance on skidding for radius control.[11]

Core Technique

Initiation Phase

The initiation phase of the parallel turn begins with the skier establishing a balanced athletic stance, characterized by skis held parallel and hip-width apart, with weight centered over the balls of the feet and the upper body facing down the fall line to maintain forward momentum and stability. This positioning ensures an efficient base of support aligned with the center of mass, allowing for precise control during the transition between turns.[12][13] To start the turn, the skier initiates edge release by laterally displacing the knees and hips toward the new turn direction on the uphill side, which reduces the edge angle on the current outside ski and permits the skis to flatten against the snow surface. This controlled release, achieved through simultaneous tipping of both feet, enables the skis to rotate across the fall line without excessive skidding, promoting a smooth redirection of travel.[14][12][15] Concurrently, a subtle weight transfer occurs, shifting more of the body weight to the new outside ski—the one that will become downhill in the upcoming turn—while keeping the shoulders level and facing forward to avoid upper-body rotation. This transfer is facilitated by flexion of the inside leg and extension of the outside leg, directing pressure primarily to the outside ski for stability. Rotary movement is introduced subtly through rotation of the femurs in the hip sockets, guiding the skis into alignment parallel to each other without stemming or twisting the upper body, ensuring the turn remains efficient and linked.[14][15][13] A key cue for this phase is focusing on unweighting through a slight rebound motion or a well-timed pole plant, which reduces pressure on the skis momentarily to ease the edge change and facilitate fluid steering into the turn. This unweighting, often via leg extension or flexion, integrates seamlessly with dynamic weighting in the subsequent execution for overall turn flow.[13][12]

Execution and Completion

In the steering phase of a parallel turn, once the skis are traversing across the fall line, the skier increases the edge angle by angulating the knees and ankles, with the inside leg positioned shorter and the outside leg extended to facilitate tipping both skis equally into the snow.[1] This action guides the skis through a rounded arc, with legs rotating within the hip sockets under a stable upper body to steer the skis downhill simultaneously, producing a skidded track while maintaining parallelism.[1] To manage centripetal force and preserve balance during execution, skiers employ a gradual weight shift toward the outside ski, combined with hip angulation to direct pressure effectively and counter the forces pulling the body outward. The upper body remains quiet and stacked over the skis, with fore-aft adjustments keeping the center of mass aligned over the base of support, while rolling the shins forward against the boot tongues enhances steering precision and edge engagement.[16][17] As the turn progresses toward the bottom of its arc and further downhill, completion involves progressively reducing the edge angle and pressure on the skis to flatten them against the snow, preparing for the upcoming transition and slowing the steering action to avoid over-rotation.[1] This finishing maneuver is timed with a pole plant using the new outside hand, which reinforces rhythm and aids in absorbing terrain variations for fluid control.[3] Linking turns relies on a short extension and retraction cycle of the legs, where the skier flexes the old downhill leg while extending the new uphill leg to release edges and initiate the opposite direction, resulting in a continuous series of linked S-shaped paths across the slope.[17] This dynamic facilitates absorption of uneven terrain and maintains momentum without abrupt stops or slides. Fundamentally, the parallel turn's execution depends on coordinated movements to produce brushed or skidded tracks, with skis tipping and turning at synchronized rates to maintain parallelism.[1]

Variations and Modern Adaptations

Traditional Parallel Turns

Traditional parallel turns represent the foundational technique in alpine skiing prior to the widespread adoption of shaped skis in the late 1990s, relying on straighter ski profiles that demanded a blend of edging, rotary movements, and body separation for control. These turns involved keeping both skis parallel throughout the maneuver, distinguishing them from earlier stem or snowplow methods, and were essential for intermediate to advanced skiers navigating varied terrain. Developed in the 1930s, they emphasized rhythmic, linked turns to manage speed and direction on groomed or irregular slopes.[7] Short radius parallel turns feature quick, zigzag patterns designed for speed control on steep or mogul terrain, with rapid edge changes and increased rotary input from the legs to steer the skis. This variation allows skiers to absorb bumps while maintaining parallel skis, using upper body counter-rotation to facilitate quick transitions and prevent excessive skidding. Ideal for tight corridors or variable snow, short radius turns build agility and responsiveness, particularly in slalom-style racing before the 1990s.[18][19][20] In contrast, long radius parallel turns produce sweeping arcs suitable for groomed runs or high-speed carving, with radii often spanning 20-30 meters or more, prioritizing edging and pressure along the ski length over significant rotation to minimize skidding and sustain momentum.[21] These turns leverage gradual weight shifts and ski flexion to guide the path, offering efficiency on open terrain where maintaining speed is key. Unlike shorter variations, they require sustained balance and less frequent adjustments, making them effective for giant slalom events in the pre-1990s era, as exemplified by techniques pioneered by Austrian racer Toni Seelos.[22][23][7] A key distinction from modern carving lies in the allowance for slight skidding in traditional parallel turns, necessitated by straighter skis with minimal sidecut, which demanded greater upper-lower body separation to independently control leg steering and torso stability. This separation—often involving counter-rotation of the shoulders—ensured precise turn initiation and completion without the skis tracking purely on edge. In racing applications, such as pre-1990s slalom and giant slalom, these techniques enabled athletes like Seelos to execute fluid, controlled lines through gates using parallel arcs rather than stemming.[24][20][7] Rhythm in traditional parallel turns is maintained through an even tempo of alternating pole plants, which provide timing cues for edge engagement and help sustain flow across linked turns, making the technique accessible for intermediate skiers to develop endurance on moderate pitches. Pole plants, timed just before the fall line, enhance balance and prevent upper body rotation, fostering a consistent cadence that links short and long radius variations seamlessly.[25][26]

Influence of Equipment on Technique

The introduction of shaped skis in the early 1990s, featuring parabolic sidecuts with wider tips and tails, fundamentally altered parallel turn technique by enabling tighter radii with reduced edging angles, thereby minimizing the reliance on rotary movements and facilitating a shift toward "carved parallels" where skis follow their natural arc without skidding.[27][28] These designs, pioneered by Elan's SCX model in 1990, allowed recreational skiers to achieve more efficient edge engagement, promoting smoother transitions and higher speeds in groomed terrain.[29] Advancements in ski boots and bindings have further refined this evolution, with stiffer plastic boots providing enhanced torsional rigidity for precise edge control and aggressive pressuring during turns, while releasable bindings ensure safety without compromising lateral stability.[30] Modern boot constructions, such as those with reinforced cuffs, transmit skier movements directly to the ski edges, reducing slippage in carved parallels and supporting dynamic weight shifts.[30] Contemporary rocker and camber profiles in skis have integrated parallel technique with freeride applications, as tip and tail rocker eases initiation in powder or crud by lifting the ski ends for quicker pivoting, while underfoot camber maintains grip for carving on firm snow.[31][32] This hybrid design blends the precision of traditional parallels with enhanced floatation, allowing skiers to maintain parallel stance across varied conditions without excessive upper-body rotation. Shorter ski lengths, typically 150-170 cm for adult skiers, have become standard, enabling faster edge engagement and turn completion, with modern sidecuts often yielding radii of 12-18 meters accessible even to beginners on shaped equipment.[33][34] Prior to the 1990s, straighter skis over 180 cm demanded greater effort for similar control. By the mid-1990s, instructional standards from organizations like PSIA-AASI had transitioned to emphasize carving over skidding in parallel turns, reflecting equipment-driven accessibility and aligning with certification progressions from basic skidded parallels to advanced edged arcs.[14][35] This shift prioritized efficient, terrain-adaptive technique, making carved parallels a core competency for intermediate progression. As of 2025, further innovations like sensor-integrated skis and boots provide real-time feedback on parallel turn mechanics, enhancing training without changing fundamental movements.[36]

Applications and Instruction

Terrain and Skill Applications

The parallel turn serves as an essential progression for beginner and intermediate skiers, enabling a transition from wedge turns to linked, controlled maneuvers on green and blue runs. This technique builds confidence in edging the skis while maintaining speed, allowing novices to navigate moderate slopes without the braking effect of stemming. According to the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA) skill progression, skiers at levels 3-5 typically achieve parallel positioning mid-turn or throughout, facilitating basic linking on easy terrain.[37][3] For advanced skiers, parallel turns provide controlled descent on black and double-black slopes, where precise edging supports higher speeds and tighter arcs. In moguls, the technique excels for absorbing bumps through quick direction changes and retraction at turn completion, maintaining rhythm across uneven terrain. Off-piste applications extend to variable snow conditions, such as crud or tracked powder, where parallel skis enhance stability and predictability in un groomed areas. PSIA level 6 incorporates these turns on difficult blues, easy bumps, and ungroomed snow, while level 7 and above extend to challenging blacks, emphasizing tactical adaptations.[37][38] Key benefits of the parallel turn include improved carving efficiency compared to stemming, requiring less overall effort and muscle exertion to sustain turns. This efficiency can reduce fatigue on extended runs, while enhancing balance through a centered, athletic stance that distributes pressure evenly across both skis. Instructional analyses note that parallel techniques minimize drag and energy loss, allowing skiers to cover more distance with greater endurance.[3][39] Across skill levels, novices apply parallel turns for fundamental linking on gentle slopes, fostering speed control and turn completion. Experts leverage them in high-speed slalom gates or powder surfing, where keeping skis parallel maximizes float and responsiveness. Carved variations of parallel turns further suit advanced users on firm snow, amplifying grip and precision.[37][3] Parallel turns perform best on groomed or firm snow, where smooth surfaces allow clean edging and minimal skidding. They adapt well to icy conditions via metal edges for enhanced bite and control, though deep powder poses challenges without wider skis or stance adjustments, as parallel tracking can lead to divergence in soft snow.[3][37]

Learning Progressions and Common Errors

Learning the parallel turn follows a structured progression aligned with the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA) American Teaching System, beginning with foundational skills on gentle terrain.[5] Students typically start with straight runs to build confidence in gliding and basic balance, then progress to garlands—traversing arcs without completing full turns—to develop edging and steering sensations while maintaining a stable upper body.[5] From there, they advance to J-turns, where skiers initiate a wedge but match the skis parallel during the fall line for controlled skidding, before linking full parallel turns on smooth green runs.[1] Drills such as one-ski turns, where the inside ski is lifted to emphasize independent leg action and edging feel on the outside ski, further refine weight transfer and tip engagement.[17] Instructors emphasize key cues like "tip the skis" to encourage early ankle flexion and edge change for initiation, promoting a smooth transition from traverse to fall line.[1] Incorporating video analysis helps students review posture and alignment, ensuring the center of mass remains over the skis for balanced turns.[40] Progressions often begin with wider, medium-radius turns on low-speed terrain, gradually shortening arcs as confidence and speed increase to build dynamic control.[5] Common errors in parallel turns include over-rotating the upper body, which leads to traversing rather than rounding the turn; this is corrected by focusing on hip and leg movements while keeping the shoulders level.[5] Insufficient edging often results in skidding without control, fixed through deliberate ankle flexion to engage the ski tips.[17] Another frequent issue is the inside ski lagging behind, causing unintended stemming; matching drills, such as uphill skidded arcs, help synchronize both skis.[1] Safety is paramount, with lessons always conducted on appropriate beginner terrain to minimize falls.[5] Poor weight transfer can lead to knee twists, a common injury risk in skiing; this is mitigated by ensuring proper boot fit, where boots are snug but not restrictive to support ankle movement and alignment.[5][41] These progressions align with PSIA standards for skill development, emphasizing guest-centered teaching and progressive challenges.[42] For intermediate skiers, mastery of linked parallel turns typically requires several days of instruction and practice, depending on prior experience.[3]

References

  1. Basic Parallel – PSIA-AASI-C
  2. How to Ski Parallel - Online Ski Lessons - Mechanics of Sport
  3. How to Make Parallel Ski Turns: Six Simple Steps to Get You Started
  4. None
  5. [PDF] Alpine Level I Study Guide - PSIA-NW
  6. Technique: Whatever Happened to Lead Change? | Skiing History
  7. 1920s - International Skiing History Association
  8. Skiing and Alpine Culture in Austria and the United States
  9. An Abbreviated History of Modern Ski Technology - REI
  10. Technique | Skiing History
  11. [PDF] Wachusett Mountain Learning Center ITC PSIA American Teaching ...
  12. [PDF] The 5 Skills Framework - CSIA
  13. [PDF] Alpine Skiing Technical Skills Performance Guide - PSIA-AASI
  14. [PDF] 2011-12 PSIA-C Portfolio Supplement “The White Book”
  15. PSIA Center Line Concepts - Ski With Tony
  16. The 30 Best Ski Tips Straight from Top Ski Instructors | SKI
  17. [PDF] Physics of Skiing: The Ideal–Carving Equation and Its Applications
  18. [PDF] Alpine Level III Task Grid
  19. Alpine Assessment Activities - PSIA-AASI Eastern
  20. The Skiers Who Changed Skiing - Realskiers
  21. The Forces In A Dynamic Parallel Turn | NZSIA
  22. Ski Legend & Pioneer from Seefeld - Toni Seelos
  23. [PDF] differences between parallel skiing and carving based on
  24. How to pole plant: find rhythm and flow in your skiing - Advnture
  25. Skiing for Intermediates: Short Turns and Dynamic Turns
  26. 25 years of carving - Elan Skis
  27. How Shaped Skis Changed The Downhill Experience And Industry
  28. The Best Ski Boots of 2026, Tested and Reviewed by Experts
  29. Ski Rocker Explained | REI Expert Advice
  30. Ski Camber vs. Rocker: A Skier's Guide
  31. How to Choose Skis & Ski Size Chart - Evo
  32. How to Think about Ski Length - Blister Review
  33. [PDF] Alpine Certification Guide | PSIA-NW
  34. SKIMYBEST.COM: Skier Skill Levels 1-9
  35. A Telemark Skier Returns to Alpine Skiing (Almost)
  36. Lesson Eight: Master Parallel Turns - Ski Southeast
  37. How to lower your risk of knee injury in ski boots - Ortho Ski
  38. https://www.thesnowpros.org/
  39. How Long Does It Take To Learn How To Ski | Snow.com
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