Treaties of Örebro

Treaty of Örebro
Treaty of Peace, Union, and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the Emperor of all the Russias; Treaty of Peace, Union, and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the King of Sweden
	Memorial plate from 2012 about the Treaty of Örebro 1812
Type	Bilateral treaty
Signed	18 July 1812
Location	Örebro, Sweden
Original; signatories	Sweden; United Kingdom; Russian Empire;
Ratifiers	Sweden; United Kingdom; Russian Empire;

Two Treaties of Örebro^[1]^[a] were signed on the same day, 18 July 1812, in Örebro, Sweden. Negotiated by the British minister-plenipotentiary in Sweden, Edward Thornton, they formally ended the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) and the Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812), neither of which had seen serious military action.^[2]^[3]

Description

The Treaties of Örebro consisted of two separate agreements, both signed on July 18, 1812, with the following key provisions:

Treaty between Britain and Russia: This treaty formally ended the Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812). It restored peace, renewed diplomatic and commercial relations, and established a framework for mutual cooperation. Both parties agreed to cease hostilities and reaffirmed their commitment to friendship and alliance, particularly in light of their shared opposition to Napoleon's expansion in Europe.^[4]^[5]
Treaty between Britain and Sweden: This treaty concluded the Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812), which had seen no significant military action. It reestablished peaceful relations, ensured the resumption of trade, and confirmed diplomatic ties. The treaty also paved the way for Sweden's alignment with Britain and Russia in the broader coalition against Napoleon, supporting Sweden's strategic shift under the leadership of Crown Prince Bernadotte.

^ the full names being the Treaty of Peace, Union, and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the Emperor of all the Russias and the Treaty of Peace, Union, and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the King of Sweden

^ The treaties were drawn up in French, the lingua franca of diplomacy at that time. Neither the original French nor the official English translation used a diacritic mark when spelling Örebro and so the official name is "Treaty of Orebro" (Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1841, p. 13; Hansard 1812, pp. cols. 174, 175).
^ Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1841, pp. 13–17.
^ Hansard 1812, pp. col. 174–177.
^ "Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1841". pp. 13–17.
^ Hansard, Thomas Curson (1803). "The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803". pp. Vol 24 - pg 174.

Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1841), British and Foreign State Papers (1812–1814), vol. 1, H.M. Stationery Office, pp. 13–17
Hansard, Thomas Curson (1812), The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time, vol. 24, Hansard, cols. 174–177

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