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{"parse":{"title":"Ukraine","pageid":31750,"text":{"*":"

For other uses, see Ukraine (disambiguation).

\n\n\n

Ukraine \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 (Ukrainian)
\n \n $\"Flag$ \n Flag \n \n \n $\"Coat$ \n Coat of arms \n \n
Anthem: \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0456\u043c\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy \"State Anthem of Ukraine\"
\nShow globe Show map of Europe Territory controlled by Ukraine (dark green) Russian-occupied territories (light green)
Capital and largest city	Kyiv 49\u00b0N 32\u00b0E / 49\u00b0N 32\u00b0E / 49; 32
Official language and national language	Ukrainian^[1]
Ethnic groups (2001)^[2]	78% Ukrainians 17% Russians 4.9% other
Religion (2018)^[3]	87.3% Christianity 11.0% no religion 0.8% other 0.9% unanswered
Demonym(s)	Ukrainian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic

\u2022 President	Volodymyr Zelenskyy
\u2022 Prime Minister	Denys Shmyhal
\u2022 Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada	Ruslan Stefanchuk
\n
Legislature	Verkhovna Rada
Formation

\u2022 Kievan Rus'	882
\u2022 Galicia\u2013Volhynia	1199
\u2022 Cossack Hetmanate	18 August 1649
\u2022 People's republic	20 November 1917
\u2022 Soviet republic	10 March 1919
\u2022 UN membership	24 October 1945
\u2022 Independence declared	24 August 1991
\u2022 Current constitution	28 June 1996
\n
Area
\u2022 Total	603,628^[4] km² (233,062 sq mi) (45th)
\u2022 Water (%)	3.8^[5]
Population
\u2022 2024 estimate	$\"Neutral$ 33,443,000^[6] (36th)
\u2022 Density	60.9/km² (157.7/sq mi) (126th)
GDP (PPP)	2025 estimate
\u2022 Total	$\"Increase\"$ $684.180 billion^[6] (49th)
\u2022 Per capita	$\"Increase\"$ $20,756^[6] (102nd)
GDP (nominal)	2025 estimate
\u2022 Total	$\"Increase\"$ $189.827 billion^[6] (58th)
\u2022 Per capita	$\"Increase\"$ $5,759^[6] (111th)
Gini (2020)	$\"Positive$ 25.6^[7] low inequality
HDI (2022)	$\"Decrease\"$ 0.734^[8] high (100th)
Currency	Hryvnia (\u20b4) (UAH)
Time zone	UTC+2^[9] (EET)
\u2022 Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Date format	dd.mm.yyyy
Drives on	Right
Calling code	+380
ISO 3166 code	UA
Internet TLD	.ua .\u0443\u043a\u0440

Ukraine^[a] is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast.^[b]^[10] Ukraine also borders Belarus to the north; Poland and Slovakia to the west; Hungary, Romania and Moldova^[c] to the southwest; and the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast.^[d] Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Dnipro, and Odesa. Ukraine's official language is Ukrainian.\n

Humans have inhabited Ukraine since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, it was the site of early Slavic expansion and later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. Kievan Rus' became the largest and most powerful realm in Europe in the 10th and 11th centuries, but gradually disintegrated into rival regional powers before being destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Tsardom of Russia.^[11]\n

The Cossack Hetmanate emerged in central Ukraine in the 17th century but was partitioned between Russia and Poland before being absorbed by the Russian Empire in the late 19th century. Ukrainian nationalism developed and, following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic was formed. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the Holodomor, a human-made famine. During World War II, Ukraine was occupied by Germany and endured major battles and atrocities, resulting in 7 million civilians killed, including most Ukrainian Jews.\n

Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the Soviet Union dissolved and declared itself neutral.^[12] A new constitution was adopted in 1996 as the country transitioned to a free market liberal democracy amid endemic corruption and a legacy of state control.^[13] The Orange Revolution of 2004\u20132005 ushered electoral and constitutional reforms. Resurgent political crises prompted a series of mass demonstrations in 2014 known as the Euromaidan, leading to a revolution, at the end of which Russia unilaterally occupied and annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula, and pro-Russian unrest culminated in a war in Donbas with Russian-backed separatists and Russia. Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.^[14]^[15]^[16]\n

Ukraine is a unitary state and its system of government is a semi-presidential republic. Ukraine has a transition economy and is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita, with corruption being a significant issue.^[17]^[18] Due to its extensive fertile land, the country is an important exporter of grain.^[19] Ukraine is considered a middle power in global affairs. Its military is the sixth largest in the world with the eighth largest defence budget, and operates one of the world's largest and most diverse drone fleets. Ukraine is a founding member of the United Nations and a member of the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organisation, and the OSCE. It is in the process of joining the European Union and has applied to join NATO.^[20]\n

Largest cities or towns in Ukraine 2022 ^[199] \n
	Rank\n	Name\n	Region\n	Pop.\n	Rank\n	Name\n	Region\n	Pop.	\n
$\"Kyiv\"$ Kyiv $\"Kharkiv\"$ Kharkiv\n	1	Kyiv	Kyiv (city)	2,952,301	11	Mariupol	Donetsk	425,681\n	$\"Odesa\"$ Odesa $\"Dnipro\"$ Dnipro\n
2	Kharkiv	Kharkiv	1,421,125	12	Luhansk	Luhansk	397,677\n
3	Odesa	Odesa	1,010,537	13	Vinnytsia	Vinnytsia	369,739\n
4	Dnipro	Dnipropetrovsk	968,502	14	Simferopol	Crimea	340,540\n
5	Donetsk	Donetsk	901,645	15	Makiivka	Donetsk	338,968\n
6	Lviv	Lviv	717,273	16	Chernihiv	Chernihiv	282,747\n
7	Zaporizhzhia	Zaporizhzhia	710,052	17	Poltava	Poltava	279,593\n
8	Kryvyi Rih	Dnipropetrovsk	603,904	18	Kherson	Kherson	279,131\n
9	Sevastopol	Sevastopol (city)	479,394	19	Khmelnytskyi	Khmelnytskyi	274,452\n
10	Mykolaiv	Mykolaiv	470,011	20	Cherkasy	Cherkasy	269,836\n

Oblasts\n
\n $\"\"$ \n $\"Volyn$ Volyn \n $\"Rivne$ Rivne \n $\"Zhytomyr$ Zhytomyr \n $\"Kyiv$ Kyiv \n $\"Khmelnytskyi$ Khmeln- ytsky \n $\"Lviv$ Lviv \n $\"Ternopil$ Ternopil \n $\"Ivano-Frankivsk$ Ivano- Frankivsk \n $\"Zakarpattia$ Zakarpattia \n $\"Chernivtsi$ Chernivtsi \n $\"Vinnytsia$ Vinnytsia \n $\"Cherkasy$ Cherkasy \n $\"Kirovohrad$ Kirovohrad \n $\"Mykolaiv$ Mykolaiv \n $\"Poltava$ Poltava \n $\"Chernihiv$ Chernihiv \n $\"Sumy$ Sumy \n $\"Kharkiv$ Kharkiv \n $\"Dnipropetrovsk$ Dnipropetrovsk \n $\"Odesa$ Odesa \n $\"Kherson$ Kherson \n $\"Zaporizhzhia$ Zaporizhzhia \n $\"Donetsk$ Donetsk \n $\"Autonomous$ Crimea \n $\"Luhansk$ Luhansk \n Kyiv City \n Sevastopol \n \u2022 \n \u2022 \n \n
\n Cherkasy \n Chernihiv \n Chernivtsi \n Dnipropetrovsk \n Donetsk \n Ivano-Frankivsk \n Kharkiv \n Kherson \n Khmelnytskyi \n Kyiv \n Kirovohrad \n Luhansk \n Lviv \n Mykolaiv \n Odesa \n Poltava \n Rivne \n Sumy \n Ternopil \n Vinnytsia \n Volyn \n Zakarpattia \n Zaporizhzhia \n Zhytomyr \n \n
Autonomous republic\n	Cities with special status\n
\n Autonomous Republic of Crimea \n	\n City of Kyiv \n City of Sevastopol \n

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Name

History

Early history

Golden Age of Kyiv

Foreign domination

Cossack Hetmanate

19th and early 20th century

Inter-war period

World War II

Post\u2013war Soviet Ukraine

Independence

Geography

Climate

Biodiversity

Urban areas

Politics

Constitution

Government

Courts and law enforcement

Foreign relations

Military

Administrative divisions

Economy

Agriculture

Tourism

Transport

Energy

Information technology

Demographics

Language

Diaspora

Religion

Health

Education

Regional differences

Culture

Libraries

Literature

Architecture

Weaving and embroidery

Music

Media

Sport

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See also

Notes

References

Print sources

Reference books

Recent (since 1991)

History

World War II

External links

Ukraine

Talks

Chronicle