The 1883–84 Scottish Cup – officially the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup – was the 11th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. Queen's Park won the competition for the seventh time after Vale of Leven could not field a team on the date fixed for the final due to player illness.

Reigning champions Dumbarton were knocked out in the first round by neighbours Renton, becoming the first club not to make at least two successful defences of their title since its inception (Queen's Park and Vale of Leven each won three in a row, then Queen's Park won three more) and beginning a contrasting sequence whereby the winners changed each season for the next 13 years, until Rangers retained the trophy in 1898.

All 132 teams entered the competition in the first round.

Cowlairs received a bye to the second round.

Vale of Avon received a bye to the second round.

Newcastleton received a bye to the second round. Edinburgh University received a bye to the third round.

Coupar Angus received a bye to the second round.

Drumlanrig Rangers received a bye to the second round.