The Ganja ballistic missile attacks (Azerbaijani: Gəncə bombalanmaları) comprise four separate ballistic missile attacks on the city of Ganja, Azerbaijan, in October 2020, carried out by the Armenian military forces during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The first attack took place on 4 October, killing one civilian and wounding over 30. The second attack occurred on 8 October; no casualties were reported. The third attack happened on 11 October. According to Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry, at least seven people died and 33 were injured, including children. The fourth attack occurred on 17 October. According to initial reports, fifteen civilians were killed and fifty-five injured in the attack. Infrastructure was also destroyed, including apartment blocks and other buildings, and vehicles.

On 27 September 2020, clashes broke out in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is mostly de facto controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but de jure a part of Azerbaijan, which soon escalated into a war. Ganja, the second largest city of Azerbaijan, is home to a population of 335 thousand people; it was situated 97 kilometres (60 miles) north of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact and 241 kilometres (150 miles) east of the Armenian–Azerbaijani state border.

On 4 October, after the first attack, Arayik Harutyunyan, the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh's president, issued a warning to the Azerbaijani army and civilians for the latter to leave Ganja, claiming that military facilities were permanently located in the city. On 5 October, spokesman of self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh's president, Vahram Poghosyan echoing the earlier warning of Arayik of Harutyunian, made a statement saying that "A few more days and I am afraid that even archaeologists will not be able to find the place of Ganja. Get sober before it is too late." According to Human Rights Watch, attack threats on unnamed targets over an unspecified time period in a language that only a few Azerbaijanis can understand were ineffective warnings.

Trilateral talks on the conflict between the foreign ministers of Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan commenced on 9 October 2020 in Moscow. Sergey Lavrov, Zohrab Mnatsakanyan, and Jeyhun Bayramov participated in the talks. Lavrov issued a joint statement following ten hours of talks that ended at 03:00 local time, confirming that a humanitarian ceasefire would come into force at midday. Minutes after the truce was due to commence, the two parties blamed each other for violating the ceasefire. Azerbaijan underlined that the ceasefire was temporary and emphasized that it would not renege on its goal to retake control of the region.

Ganja was first hit by a missile on 4 October. Artsakh denied targeting residential areas, but rather military targets, especially Ganja International Airport, and Arayik Harutyunyan, the president of the de facto Republic of Artsakh, claimed that military facilities permanently located there had been targeting civilians in Stepanakert using Polonez and Smerch missiles; Azerbaijan denied reports of there being military targets in the city. Subsequently, both a correspondent reporting from the scene for a Russian media outlet and the airport director denied that the airport, which had not been operational since March due to the COVID-19 pandemic, had been hit while an Irish journalist, Orla Guerin visited the scene and found no evidence of any military target there.

According to Human Rights Watch, two residential buildings, one of them a multi-family one, were destroyed and about 30 houses were damaged on Ali Nizami Street. As a result of the attack, one civilian was killed, while 30 were injured.

Ganja was hit again on 8 October. No civilian casualties were reported, but a number of residential buildings and a school were damaged.