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From top to bottom, left to right: The Tulsa race massacre destroys the prosperous Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, killing hundreds and razing thousands of homes and businesses; the Russian famine of 1921–1922 kills an estimated five million in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, prompting limited international aid; the Red Army invasion of Georgia brings the Democratic Republic of Georgia under Soviet control; the Anglo-Irish Treaty ends the Irish War of Independence, creating the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion; the Rif War begins as Berber tribes led by Abd el-Krim resist Spanish colonial rule in northern Morocco; and the Kronstadt rebellion sees Soviet sailors and workers rise against Bolshevik rule before being crushed by the Red Army.
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1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1921st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 921st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1921, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- January 2
- The Association football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, from Belo Horizonte, is founded as the multi-sports club Palestra Italia by Italian expatriates in Brazil.[1]
- The Spanish liner Santa Isabel breaks in two and sinks off Villa Garcia, Mexico, with the loss of 244 of the 300 people on board.[2]
- January 16 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa.[3]
- January 17 – The first recorded public performance of the illusion of "sawing a woman in half" is given by English stage magician P. T. Selbit at the Finsbury Park Empire variety theatre in London.[4]
- January 20 – British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel; all 57 on board are lost.[5]
- January 21 – The full-length silent comedy drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States.[6]
- January 25 – Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour.[citation needed]
February
[edit]- February 12 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia.[7]
- February 19 – The French Third Republic and Second Polish Republic form a defensive alliance.[8]
- February 20 – The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded.[9]
- February 21
- 1921 Persian coup d'état: Rezā Khan and Zia'eddin Tabatabaee stage a coup d'état in Qajar dynasty Iran.[10]
- Conference of London of 1921–1922 convenes in an attempt to resolve problems arising from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[11]
- February 23 – The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow takes over the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the Younger.[12]
- February 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and occupies the country, installing a new government and proclaiming the Georgian Soviet Republic.[13]
- February 27 – A Socialist congress at Vienna ends with the International Working Union of Socialist Parties founded.[14]
- February 28 – The Kronstadt rebellion is initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navy's Baltic Fleet.[15]
March
[edit]- March – The Group Settlement Scheme in Western Australia begins.[16]
- March 1
- The city of Kiryū, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, is founded.[citation needed]
- The Australia national cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, becomes the first to complete a whitewash of the touring England team in The Ashes, something that will not be repeated for 86 years.[17]
- March 5 – Irish War of Independence: Clonbanin ambush: A force of about 100 Irish Republican Army members attacks a British Army convoy of 40 soldiers, killing several, including Brigadier General Cumming.[18]
- March 6 – The Allied Powers force Germany to pay war reparations.[19]
- March 8
- Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato e Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.[20]
- Allied forces occupy Düsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg.
- March 9 – Cilicia Peace Treaty is signed between the French Third Republic and the Turkish National Movement in an attempt to end the Franco-Turkish War.[21]
- March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.[22]
- March 13 – Occupation of Mongolia: The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China; Roman von Ungern-Sternberg declares himself ruler.[citation needed]
- March 14 – Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of the Ottoman Empire, in Charlottenburg, Berlin.[23]
- March 16
- Treaty of Moscow establishes friendly relations between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.[24]
- Six Irish Republican Army men of the Forgotten Ten are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.[25]
- March 17
- The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion, and a number of sailors flee to Finland.[26]
- Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in the British Empire in London, UK.[27]
- The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution.
- March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.[28]
- March 20 – Upper Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.[29]
- March 21
- The New Economic Policy starts in Soviet Russia.[30]
- Irish War of Independence: Headford Ambush – The Irish Republican Army kills at least 9 British Army troops.[31]
- March 24 – The 1921 Women's Olympiad (the first international women's sports event) begins in Monte Carlo.[citation needed]
- March 31
- Abkhazia becomes the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.[32]
- The British government formally returns the coal mines from wartime control to their private owners, who demand wage cuts; in response, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain calls on its partner trade unions in the Triple Alliance to join it in strike action,[33] leading in turn to the government declaring a state of emergency for the first time under the Emergency Powers Act 1920. On April 1, a lockout of striking coal miners begins.[34]
April
[edit]- April 11 – The Emirate of Transjordan is created under British Mandate, with Abdullah I as emir.[35]
- April 15 – "Black Friday" in Britain: transport union members of the 'Triple Alliance' refuse to support national strike action by coal miners.[36][page needed]
- April 20 – Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom is first produced in English on Broadway.[37] The play would later be adapted as the musical Carousel.
May
[edit]- May 1–7 – Jaffa riots: Riots at Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.[citation needed]
- May 2–July 5 – Third Silesian Uprising: Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.[38]
- May 3 – The province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom.[39]
- May 5
- London Schedule of Payments sets out the World War I reparations payable by the German Weimar Republic and other countries considered successors to the Central Powers – 132 billion gold marks ($33 billion), in annual installments of 2.5 billion.[40]
- Chanel No. 5 perfume launched by Coco Chanel.[41]
- Only 13 paying spectators attend the football match between Leicester City and Stockport County F.C. in England, the lowest attendance in The Football League's history.[42]
- May 6 – The German-Soviet Provisional Agreement is signed: Germany recognises the Soviet government in the RSFSR.[citation needed]
- May 14–15 – The major May 1921 geomagnetic storm occurs.[43]
- May 14–17 – Violent anti-European riots occur in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt.[citation needed]
- May 16 – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia is founded.[44]
- May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act is passed by the United States Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration. Because this drastically limits immigration from Eastern Europe, Jews emigrating from there begin to prefer Palestine as a destination rather than the U.S.[citation needed]
- May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.[citation needed]
- May 23–July 16 – The Leipzig War Crimes Trials are held in Germany.[45]
- May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years.[citation needed]
- May 25 – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over 80 are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.[46]
- May 26 – A general strike begins in Norway, begun by 120,000 workers led by Ole O. Lian.[47]
- May 31–June 1 – Tulsa Race Massacre (Greenwood Massacre): Mobs of white residents attack black residents and businesses in Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The official death toll is 36, but later investigations suggest an actual figure between 100 and 300. 1,250 homes are destroyed and roughly 6,000 African Americans imprisoned in one of the worst incidents of mass racial violence in the United States.[citation needed]
June
[edit]- June 3 – The death penalty is abolished in Sweden.[48]
- June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized.[49]
- June 15
- Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner SS Paris (1916) makes her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York.[50]
- 29-year-old African American Bessie Coleman obtains her pilot's licence in France and becomes the first black woman to have a pilot's licence.[51]
- June 21 – The International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) is established as an agency of the League of Nations; it continues in this form until April 19, 1946.[citation needed]
- June 22–July 12 – The Third Congress of the Communist International takes place.[citation needed]
- June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.[citation needed]
- June 28
- The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.[citation needed]
- The coal strike in the United Kingdom ends with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain obliged to accept pay cuts.[34]
July
[edit]- July 1
- The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is founded.[52]
- The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given, in Paris, France; the recipient is a newborn child.[53]
- July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.[54]
- July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.[55]
- July 9 - Bloody Sunday (1921) occurs in Belfast, Northern Ireland with 20 killings, at least 100 wounded and 200 homes destroyed.[56]
- July 11
- The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army.[57]
- The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.[citation needed]
- July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial whose verdict will spark protests around the world.[58]
- July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.[citation needed]
- July 21
- Rif War: Battle of Annual – Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Abd el-Krim in Morocco.[citation needed]
- Edward Harper, the "father of broadcasting" in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department.[59]
- July 23 – 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opens in Shanghai.[citation needed]
- July 26 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan who is escorted by imposter Stanley Clifford Weyman.[60]
- July 27 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.[61]
- July 29 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party in Germany.[62]
August
[edit]- August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast: Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA in Pittsburgh.[63]
- August 11
- Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing; on August 25 he is diagnosed with polio and aged 39 becomes permanently disabled.[64]
- The temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius in Breslau; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe as well.[citation needed]
- August 23 – King Faisal I of Iraq is crowned in Baghdad.[65]
- August 24 – R38-class airship ZR-2 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, England, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.[66]
- August 25 – The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest labor uprising in United States history and the country's largest peacetime armed uprising, begins in Logan County, West Virginia as part of the Coal Wars, continuing until September 2.[67]
- August 26
- Rising prices cause major riots in Munich.[citation needed]
- Following the assassination of former Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger by right-wing terrorists, the German government declares martial law.[citation needed]
September
[edit]- September 1 – Poplar Rates Rebellion: Nine members of the borough council of Poplar, London, are arrested.[citation needed]
- September 8 – Margaret Gorman, 16, wins the Golden Mermaid trophy at a beauty pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey; officials later dub her the first Miss America.[68][69]
- September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas,[70] foundation of the world's first fast food chain.
- September 21 – The Oppau explosion occurs at BASF's nitrate factory in Oppau, Germany; over 500 are killed.[71]
- September 28 – Sauerländer Heimatbund is founded in Meschede, Germany.[72]
October
[edit]- 3 October – Simko, the leader of the Shikak tribe, kills the Iranian commander Colonel Mohammad Taqi Pessian by beheading him in the Battle of Jafarabad, which is the first incident of his rebellion.[citation needed]
- October 5
- The World Series baseball game in North America is first broadcast on the radio, by Newark, New Jersey, station WJZ, Pittsburgh station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United States.[citation needed]
- Constitution of Liechtenstein granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, making the country a constitutional monarchy.[73]
- October 7 – During his first rebellion, Simko Shikak launches an attack on the Savujbulak district of Mahabad. With a force of approximately 3,900, he attacks the gendarmes, killing 400 of them and looting the local population.[citation needed]
- October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio.[citation needed]
- October 10 – Teaching at the University of Szeged begins, in the Kingdom of Hungary.[citation needed]
- October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.[74]
- October 13
- The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics in Transcaucasia, establishing common boundaries.[75]
- Swedish Social Democratic party leader Hjalmar Branting becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong general election gains for his party.[citation needed]
- October 19 – 'Bloody Night' (Noite Sangrenta): A massacre in Lisbon claims the lives of Portuguese Prime-Minister António Granjo and other politicians.[citation needed]
- October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War.[76]
- October 21 – George Melford's wildly successful silent film The Sheik, which will propel its leading actor Rudolph Valentino to international stardom, premieres in Los Angeles.[citation needed]
- October 24 – In the continuing Rif War, the Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in Morocco.[citation needed]
- October 29 – In the United States:
- Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Project in Oregon, is completed.[77]
- Centre College's American football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0, to break Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called "football's upset of the century".[78]
November
[edit]- November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung ("brownshirts") physically assault his opposition.[79]
- November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.[80]
- November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by Warren G. Harding, President of the United States.[81]
- November 14 – The Spanish Communist Party is founded.[82]
- November 23 – In the United States, the Sheppard–Towner Act is signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child care.[83]
- November – Hyperinflation is rampant in Germany, where 263 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar, more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.[84]
December
[edit]- December 1 – Rising prices cause riots in Vienna.
- December 6
- The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.
- Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.[85]
- December 13 – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, United States, United Kingdom, and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.
- December 23 – Visva-Bharati College is founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Santiniketan, Bengal Presidency, British India.
- December 29 – William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Canada's tenth prime minister; he will serve for three non-consecutive terms until 1948.
Date unknown
[edit]- Spring – Russian famine of 1921–22 begins; roughly 5,000,000 die.[86]
- Luxury goods brand Gucci is founded in Florence, Italy.[87]
Births
[edit]| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
[edit]
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- January 1
- César Baldaccini, French sculptor (d. 1998)[88][page needed]
- Cliff Bourland, American athlete (d. 2018)[89]
- Hossein Wahid Khorasani, Iranian ayatollah
- Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, Palestinian-American Islamic scholar (d. 1986)[90]
- January 3
- Bill Gold, American graphic designer (d. 2018)
- Bob Dawson, Australian rules footballer (d. 2023)
- Jean-Louis Koszul, French mathematician (d. 2018)[91]
- John Russell, American actor (d. 1991)
- Cecil Souders, American football player (d. 2021)
- January 4 – Pedro Richter Prada, 115th Prime Minister of Peru (d. 2017)
- January 5
- Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (d. 1990)[92]
- Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 2019)[93]
- January 9 – Ágnes Keleti, Hungarian artistic gymnast (d. 2025)[94]
- January 10 – T. M. Kaliannan, Indian politician (d. 2021)
- January 11 – Juanita M. Kreps, American government official and businesswoman (d. 2010)[95]
- January 12 – Muriel Phillips, American nurse and author (d. 2022)
- January 14
- Murray Bookchin, American libertarian socialist (d. 2006)[96]
- Roger Carré, French footballer (d. 1996)[97]
- January 16
- Henry Sayler, American politician (d. 2021)
- George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth, British politician and journalist (d. 2008)
- Shmuel Toledano, Israeli politician (d. 2022)
- January 17
- Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician, first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force, the world's youngest Air Vice Marshal at 36 and Air Marshal at 37 years old (d. 2018)[98]
- Epaminondas Stassinopoulos, Greek astrophysicist (d. 2022)
- Dan Tolkowsky, Israeli Air Force commander (d. 2025)
- January 18 – Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American Nobel physicist (d. 2015)[99]
- January 19
- Rachel Dror, German teacher and Holocaust survivor (d. 2024)
- Patricia Highsmith, American author (d. 1995)[100]
- January 20 – John Bai Ningxian, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. unknown)
- January 21
- Jaswant Singh Marwah, Indian soldier, journalist and author
- Howard Unruh, American spree killer (d. 2009)[101]
- January 22 – Eleanor Owen, American playwright, actress, professor and mental health advocate (d. 2022)
- January 23
- Hermann Baumann, Swiss Olympic freestyle wrestler (d. 1999)
- Marija Gimbutas, Lithuanian archaeologist (d. 1994)[102]
- Justus Rosenberg, Polish academic (d. 2021)
- January 24 – Beatrice Mintz, American biologist (d. 2022)[103]
- January 25 – Josef Holeček, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2005)
- January 26
- Elisabeth Kirkby, English-born Australian actress, politician and radio broadcaster
- Akio Morita, Japanese businessman, co-founder of Sony (d. 1999)
- Veikko Uusimäki, Finnish actor and theater councilor (d. 2008)[104]
- January 27
- Raymond E. Peet, American admiral (d. 2021)
- Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986)[105]
- January 29 – Mustafa Ben Halim, Former Prime Minister of Libya (d. 2021)[106]
- January 31
- Carol Channing, American actress (d. 2019)
- Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, 2nd President of Bangladesh (d. 1987)
- Mario Lanza, American operatic tenor and actor (d. 1959)[107]
February
[edit]
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- February 1
- Dino De Martin, Italian bobsledder (d. 1960)
- Francisco Raúl Villalobos Padilla, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022)
- Peter Sallis, English actor (d. 2017)
- February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist (d. 2006)[108]
- February 5
- Zbigniew Czajkowski, Polish fencer (d. 2019)
- Lise Thiry, Belgian scientist and politician (d. 2024)
- February 6 – Mikheil Tumanishvili, Georgian theatre director, teacher (d. 1996)
- February 7
- Dean S. Laird, American naval aviator and flying ace (d. 2022)
- Trude Malcorps, Dutch swimmer
- February 8
- Hans Albert, German philosopher (d. 2023)
- Nexhmije Hoxha, widow of Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha (d. 2020)
- Betsy Jochum, American baseball player (d. 2025)
- Balram Singh Rai, Guyanese politician (d. 2022)
- Lana Turner, American actress (d. 1995)[109]
- February 11 – Lloyd Bentsen, American politician (d. 2006)[110]
- February 13 – Renée Doria, French operatic soprano (d. 2021)
- February 14
- Frank A. DeMarco, Italian-born Canadian educator and administrator (d. 2023)
- Hazel McCallion, Canadian politician and businesswoman (d. 2023)[111]
- February 16
- John Galbraith Graham, crossword compiler (pseudonyms 'Arucaria' and 'Cinephile') and priest (d. 2013)
- Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Premier of China (d. 2008)[112]
- Walter Thiele, German inventor
- Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (d. 1981)[113]
- February 17
- Muriel Coben, Canadian professional baseball, curling player (d. 1979)
- Herbert Köfer, German actor (d. 2021)
- February 18
- Ken Casanega, American football player (d. 2021)
- Brian Faulkner, 6th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1977)[114]
- February 20
- "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, American professional wrestler (d. 1992)
- Alex Thomson, Scottish rugby player (d. 2010)
- February 21
- Leroy J. Manor, American Air Force general (d. 2021)
- John Rawls, American liberal moral and political philosopher (d. 2002)
- February 22
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (1966–1976), Emperor of Central Africa (1976–1979) (d. 1996)[115]
- Wayne C. Booth, American literary critic (d. 2005)
- Marshall Teague, American race car driver (d. 1959)
- Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (d. 1994)
- February 24
- Ingvar Lidholm, Swedish composer (d. 2017)
- Dick Van Orden, American admiral (d. 2018)
- Abe Vigoda, American actor (d. 2016)
- February 25 – Pierre Laporte, Canadian statesman (d. 1970)
- February 26 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (d. 2007)[116]
- February 27 – Eka Tjipta Widjaja, Chinese-Indonesian billionaire and businessman (d. 2019)
- February 28
- Pierre Clostermann, French World War II pilot (d. 2006)
- Theodor Otto Diener, Swiss-born American plant pathologist (d. 2023)
March
[edit]
- March 1
- Jack Clayton, British film director (d. 1995)[117]
- Terence Cardinal Cooke, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1983)
- Richard Wilbur, American poet (d. 2017)[118]
- March 2
- Wilhelm Büsing, German equestrian (d. 2023)
- Robert Simpson, English composer (d. 1997)
- March 3 – Diana Barrymore, American actress (d. 1960)[119]
- March 4 – Halim El-Dabh, Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist and educator (d. 2017)
- March 5 – Elmer Valo, Czechoslovakia-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1998)
- March 7 – Syed Nasir Ismail, Malaysian politician (d. 1982)
- March 8 – Alan Hale Jr., American actor (Gilligan's Island) (d. 1990)
- March 9 – Evelyn M. Witkin, American geneticist (d. 2023)
- March 10
- George Elder, American baseball player (d. 2022)
- Cec Linder, Polish-born Canadian actor (d. 1992)
- Charlotte Zucker, American actress (d. 2007)
- March 11
- Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005)[120]
- Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. 1992)
- March 12
- Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (d. 2003)[121]
- Gordon MacRae, American singer, actor (d. 1986)[122]
- March 13 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist (d. 2023)
- March 14
- George Berci, Hungarian-American surgeon (d. 2024)
- Lis Hartel, Danish equestrian (d. 2009)[123]
- March 17
- March 18 – Betty Hall, American politician (d. 2018)
- March 20
- Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, Senegalese educator (d. 2024)
- Alfréd Rényi, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1970)
- March 21
- Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (d. 1986)
- Xu Zuyao, Chinese expert in materials science (d. 2017)
- Vasily Stalin, Soviet general (d. 1962)[126]
- Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq (d. 1966)
- March 22 – Jean Bruce, French writer (d. 1963)
- March 24
- Wilson Harris, Guyanese writer (d. 2018)
- Vasily Smyslov, Soviet chess player (d. 2010)
- Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (d. 1987)[127]
- March 25
- Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985)[128]
- Alexandra of Yugoslavia (d. 1993)[129]
- March 27 – Hélène Berr, French writer (d. 1945)
- March 28 – Dirk Bogarde, English actor and writer (d. 1999)[130]
- March 30 – Francesc Gras Salas, Catalan ophthalmologist (died 2022)
- March 31
- Kurt Bertsch, Swiss footballer
- Eduardo Cerqueira, Portuguese footballer
- Pierre Ranzoni, French footballer (d. 1999)
- Roy Houghton, English footballer
April
[edit]
- April 1
- Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, American musician and songwriter (d. 2014)[131]
- Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Egyptian army general (d. 2022)
- April 3 – Darío Moreno, Turkish singer (d. 1968)[132]
- April 6 – Wilbur Thompson, American Olympic champion shot putter (d. 2013)
- April 7
- Robina Asti, WWII veteran, flight instructor, trans' rights activist, women's rights activist (d. 2021)[133]
- Bill Butler, American cinematographer (d. 2023)
- April 8
- Giuseppe Albani, Italian footballer (d. 1989)
- Franco Corelli, Italian opera singer (d. 2003)[134]
- Phyllis Latour, English-French Legion of Honour recipient (d. 2023)
- April 9
- Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (d. 2008)
- Roger Bocquet, Swiss footballer (d. 1994)
- Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and engineer (d. 2005)[135]
- Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015)
- April 10
- Chuck Connors, American basketball and baseball player turned actor (d. 1992)[136]
- Elizabeth Innes, Scottish paediatric haematologist (d. 2015)
- April 11 – Maura McNiel, American feminist (d. 2020)
- April 12 – Enric Marco, Spanish imposter, fake Holocaust survivor (d. 2022)
- April 13
- Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer, composer (d. 2018)
- Leo Mogus, American basketball player (d. 1971)
- Louis Witten, American theoretical physicist
- April 14 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016)
- April 15 – Georgy Beregovoy, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1995)
- April 16
- Peter Ustinov, English actor, director and writer (d. 2004)[137]
- Guy Warren, Australian painter (d. 2024)
- April 17
- Sergio Sollima, Italian director (d. 2015)
- Melvin Storer, American shipfitter and navy diver (d. 2003)[138]
- April 18 – Xu Yuanchong, Chinese translator (d. 2021)
- April 19
- Robert Maxwell, American songwriter and harpist (d. 2012)
- Roberto Tucci, Italian cardinal, theologian (d. 2015)
- April 20 – Kenneth O. Chilstrom, American Air Force officer (d. 2022)
- April 22 – Vivian Dandridge, African-American actress (d. 1991)
- April 23 – Janet Blair, American actress (d. 2007)
- April 25 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (d. 2006)[139]
- April 26
- Nelson Dalzell, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1989)
- Jimmy Giuffre, American jazz musician (d. 2008)
- April 27
- Abdelmalek Benhabyles, Algerian politician (d. 2018)
- Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff, German television host, entertainer (d. 1998)
- April 29
- Cornelis de Jager, Dutch astronomer (d. 2021)
- Pavel Vranský, Czech brigadier general and RAF radio operator (d. 2018)
- April 30
- Dottie Green, American professional baseball player (d. 1992)
- Tove Maës, Danish actress (d. 2010)
May
[edit]
- May 2
- B. B. Lal, Indian archaeologist (d. 2022)
- Satyajit Ray, Indian filmmaker (d. 1992)
- May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)[140]
- May 4 – Harry Daghlian, American physicist (d. 1945)
- May 5
- Jim Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020)
- Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- Eric Tweedale, English-born Australian rugby union player (d. 2023)
- May 6 – Erich Fried, Austrian author (d. 1988)
- May 8 – Robert Hugh Ferrell, American historian (d. 2018)
- May 9 – Sophie Scholl, German student, anti-Nazi resistance fighter (executed) (d. 1943)
- May 11
- Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, German politician (d. 2016)
- Alec Mathieson, Australian rules footballer (d. 2022)
- May 12
- Joseph Beuys, German artist (d. 1986)
- Farley Mowat, Canadian writer, naturalist (d. 2014)
- Lily Renée, Austrian-born American cartoonist (d. 2022)
- May 15 – Baron Vaea, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2009)
- May 16
- Earl Ashby, Cuban baseball player
- Harry Carey Jr., American actor (d. 2012)
- May 17 – Dennis Brain, English musician (d. 1957)[141]
- May 18 – Michael A. Epstein, English pathologist and academic (d. 2024)
- May 19
- Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999)
- Yuri Kochiyama, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2014)
- May 20 – Wolfgang Borchert, German writer (d. 1947)[142]
- May 21
- Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, human rights activist, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1989)[143]
- Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Indian philosopher, author of the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (d. 1990)
- May 23
- Beate Albrecht, German violinist and music educator (d. 2017)
- James Blish, American science fiction author (d. 1975)[144]
- Laurin L. Henry, American researcher (d. 2025)
- Ray Lawler, Australian actor and director (d. 2024)
- Humphrey Lyttelton, British jazz musician, radio personality (d. 2008)
- Georgy Natanson, Russian director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 2017)
- May 24 – Yevgeniya Rudneva, Soviet World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- May 25
- Hal David, American songwriter and lyricist (d. 2012)[145]
- Kitty Kallen, American singer (d. 2016)
- Sadhu Ram Sharma, Indian politician
- Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
- May 26
- Inge Borkh, German soprano (some sources say she was born 1917) (d. 2018)
- Stan Mortensen, English footballer (d. 1991)[146]
- May 28 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German author (d. 1999)[147]
- May 29
- Norman Hetherington, Australian puppeteer and artist (d. 2010)
- Elizabeth Kelly, English actress (d. 2025)
- May 30
- Branko Mamula, Yugoslav politician (d. 2021)
- Jamie Uys, South African actor, film director (d. 1996)[148]
June
[edit]
.jpg)
- June 1 – Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (d. 1985)[149]
- June 3 – Forbes Carlile, Australian athlete (d. 2016)
- June 4 – Bobby Wanzer, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
- June 5
- James Francis Edwards, Canadian fighter pilot (d. 2022)
- P. K. Warrier, Indian Ayurveda practitioner (d. 2021)
- June 7
- Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer, softball player (d. 2010)
- Bernard Lown, American medical innovator, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2021)
- Jakob Skarstein, Norwegian journalist and radio personality (d. 2021)
- Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2012)
- June 8
- Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1993)
- Suharto, President of Indonesia (d. 2008)[150]
- June 9
- Margaret Danhauser, American professional baseball player (d. 1987)
- Gul Hassan Khan, Pakistani survivor of the 1935 Quetta earthquake, three-star rank General and last C-in-C of the Pakistan Army (d. 1999)
- June 10
- Oskar Gröning, German SS officer, war criminal (d. 2018)
- Jim Cullivan, American football coach (d. 2024)
- Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Greek-born member of the British royal family as consort of Queen Elizabeth II (d. 2021)[151]
- Sergio Arellano Stark, Chilean military officer (d. 2016)
- Yakov Springer, Polish weightlifting judge (d. 1972)
- June 12
- Luis García Berlanga, Spanish film director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
- Johan Witteveen, Dutch politician, economist and 5th Managing Director of the IMF (d. 2019)[152]
- June 13
- Edmund Gordon, American psychologist
- Nancy Warren, American professional baseball player (d. 2001)
- June 16 – Walter Barylli, Austrian violinist (d. 2022)
- June 17 – Aydın Boysan, Turkish architect (d. 2018)
- June 19
- Richard M. Goody, English-born American atmospheric physicist and professor (d. 2023)
- Doris Sands Johnson, Bahamian teacher, suffragette and politician (d. 1983)
- Louis Jourdan, French actor (d. 2015)[153]
- June 21
- Gebhard Büchel, Liechtenstein decathlete
- Hernando Hoyos, Colombian sports shooter (d. 2000)
- Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols, American field hockey player and aviator (d. 2022)
- Thomas Morrow Reavley, American judge (d. 2020)
- Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011)
- June 22
- Ralph K. Hofer, American fighter pilot (d. 1942)
- Růžena Krásná, Czech politician and human rights advocate (d. 2012)
- Barbara Perry, American actress and singer (d. 2019)
- June 23
- Paul Findley, American politician (d. 2019)
- Marius Mora, French cross-country skier (d. 2006)
- Colin Pinch, Australian cricketer (d. 2006)
- June 24 – Gerhard Sommer, German soldier (d. 2019)
- June 25 – Dennis Wilson, British war poet (d. 2022)
- June 26
- Robert Everett, American computer scientist (d. 2018)
- Violette Szabo, French World War II heroine (d. 1945)[154]
- June 27
- Muriel Pavlow, English actress (d. 2019)
- Princess Vimolchatra of Thailand (d. 2009)
- June 28 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India (d. 2004)
- June 29
- Bob Kennedy, American football player (d. 2010)
- Jean Kent, English actress (d. 2013)
- Reinhard Mohn, German businessman (d. 2009)
- June 30
- Oswaldo López Arellano, 42nd and 44th President of Honduras (d. 2010)
- Jules Amez-Droz, Swiss fencer (d. 2012)
- Pierre Labric, French organist and composer
July
[edit].jpg)
- July 1 – Seretse Khama, 1st President of Botswana (d. 1980)[155]
- July 2 – Joseph Zhu Baoyu, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020)
- July 3
- Flor María Chalbaud, former First Lady of Venezuela (d. 2013)
- Levi Yitzchak Horowitz, American-born Hasidic rebbe (d. 2009)
- July 4
- Gérard Debreu, French economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- Dudar Hahanov, Soviet composer, violinist and conductor (d. 1995)
- Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter
- Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist, conductor (d. 2003)
- July 5
- Clare Abbott, South African artist and illustrator (d. 2008)
- Zeynep Korkmaz, Turkish scholar and dialectologist (d. 2025)
- Nanos Valaoritis, Greek writer (d. 2019)
- Patricia Wright, American actress
- July 6
- Nancy Reagan, American actress, First Lady of the United States (d. 2016)[156]
- Allan MacEachen, Canadian politician (d. 2017)
- July 7 – Dragomir Felba, Serbian actor (d. 2006)
- July 8
- John Money, New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author (d. 2006)[157]
- Edgar Morin, French philosopher and sociologist
- Frank Prihoda, Australian alpine skier (d. 2022)
- July 10
- Ed Iskenderian, American hot rodder and businessman (d. 2026)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver, daughter of American politician Joseph P. Kennedy (d. 2009)[158]
- John K. Singlaub, U.S. Army Major General (d. 2022)
- July 11
- Claude Bonin-Pissarro, French painter and graphic designer (d. 2021)
- Petter Hugsted, Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (d. 2000)[159]
- Ilse Werner, German actress (d. 2005)[160][better source needed]
- July 13
- Lucette Finas, French author and essayist
- Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer (d. 1999)[161]
- Reinhard Sommer, German trade union leader
- July 14
- Leon Garfield, English writer (d. 1996)[162]
- Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013)
- Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)[163]
- Sixto Durán Ballén, President of Ecuador (d. 2016)
- July 15
- Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
- Carl Richardson, American football coach (d. 2023)
- N. Sankaraiah, Indian communist politician (d. 2023)
- July 17
- Acquanetta, American actress (d. 2004)
- Pío Corcuera, Argentine football striker (d. 2011)
- Hannah Szenes, Hungarian World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- July 18
- Aaron T. Beck, American psychiatrist[164] (d. 2021)
- Heinz Bennent, German actor (d. 2011)
- John Glenn, American astronaut, U.S. senator (d. 2016)
- Richard Leacock, British-born documentary filmmaker, pioneer of Cinéma Vérité (d. 2011)
- Hans Conrad Leipelt, Austrian member of the White Rose resistance movement in Nazi Germany (d. 1945)
- Gerry Mays, Scottish football player, manager (d. 2006)
- July 19
- Bertil Antonsson, Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d. 2006)
- Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011)
- July 24 – Murad Ahmad, Malaysian politician
- July 26
- Valmiki Choudhary, Indian politician (d. 1996)
- Wang Xiji, Chinese aerospace engineer
- July 28
- Melba Hernández, Cuban politician, diplomat (d. 2014)
- Ella Tengbom-Velander, Swedish politician (d. 2022)
- July 29
- Richard Egan, American actor (d. 1987)[165]
- Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, German-British pharmacologist (d. 2018)
- July 30 – Grant Johannesen, American concert pianist (d. 2005)
- July 31
- Whitney Young, American civil rights leader (d. 1971)
- Mel Hirsch, American basketball player (d. 1968)
- Julieta Pinto, Costa Rican educator and writer (d. 2022)
August
[edit]
- August 1
- George Büchi, American chemist (d. 1998)
- Jack Kramer, American tennis player and commentator (d. 2009)[166]
- August 2
- August 3 – Richard Adler, American Broadway composer (d. 2012)
- August 4
- Charles H. Coolidge, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2021)
- Maurice Richard, Canadian hockey player (d. 2000)
- August 5 – Anita Foss, American baseball player (d. 2015)
- August 8 – Esther Williams, American swimmer, actress (d. 2013)[169]
- August 9
- Ernest Angley, American evangelist, author and station owner (d. 2021)
- Patricia Marmont, American-English actress (d. 2020)
- August 10
- Ion Negoițescu, Romanian literary historian, critic, poet, novelist and memoirist (d. 1993)
- Jack B. Weinstein, American federal judge (d. 2021)
- August 11 – Alex Haley, American author (d. 1992)[170]
- August 13 – Mary Lee, Scottish singer (d. 2022)
- August 15
- Tom M. Rice, American soldier and paratrooper that fought in WWII (d. 2022)
- K. Kailasanatha Kurukkal, Sri Lankan researcher, writer and professor (d. 2000)
- August 17
- Betty Cody, Canadian-born country music singer (d. 2014)
- Geoffrey Elton, born Gottfried Ehrenberg, German-born British political and constitutional historian (d. 1994)
- August 19 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (Star Trek) (d. 1991)[171]
- August 21
- John Osteen, American televangelist (d. 1999)
- Victor Szebehely, Hungarian-American astronomer (d. 1997)
- August 22 – Lee Loy Seng, Malaysian businessman (d. 1993)
- August 23 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)[172]
- August 24 – Gerald Tanner, Australian rules footballer (d. 2022)
- August 26
- Shimshon Amitsur, Israeli mathematician, Israel Prize recipient (d. 1994)[173]
- Benjamin Bradlee, American journalist, executive editor of The Washington Post (d. 2014)[174]
- August 27
- Leo Penn, American actor and director (d. 1998)[175]
- Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1996)
- Abang Muhammad Salahuddin, 3rd and 6th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak (d. 2022)
- Babbis Friis-Baastad, Norwegian children's writer (d. 1970)
- August 28
- Nancy Kulp, American actress (d. 1991)
- Lidia Gueiler Tejada, 56th President of Bolivia (d. 2011)[176]
- August 29
- Iris Apfel, American interior designer (d. 2024)
- Arlo Hullinger, American politician (d. 2021)
- Wendell Scott, American race car driver (d. 1990)
- Paddy Roy Bates, British pirate radio broadcaster, founder of the Principality of Sealand (d. 2012)
- August 30 – David Finn, American public relations executive and photographer (d. 2021)
- August 31 – Raymond Williams, Welsh academic, novelist and critic (d. 1988)[177]
September
[edit]
- September 2 – Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, 34th President of El Salvador (d. 1973)
- September 3
- Bill Dean, English actor (d. 2000)
- Oonah Shannahan, New Zealand netball player (d. 2022)
- September 4 – Paul A. Libby, American professor (d. 2021)
- September 5
- Queen Consort Farida of Egypt (d. 1988)
- Eddy Goldfarb, American toy inventor
- September 6 – Andrée Geulen-Herscovici, member of the Comité de Défense des Juifs (d. 2022)
- September 7
- Riccardo Cerutti, Italian rower (d. 1999)
- Antonio Gelabert, Spanish road bicycle racer (d. 1956)
- Arthur Ferrante, American pianist (Ferrante & Teicher) (d. 2009)
- Linus Nirmal Gomes, Indian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2021)
- Kenneth M. Watson, American theoretical physicist and physical oceanographer (d. 2023)
- September 8
- Harry Secombe, Welsh entertainer (d. 2001)[178]
- Dinko Šakić, Croatian concentration camp commander (d. 2008)
- September 10 – Hideo Haga, Japanese photographer (d. 2022)
- September 11 – George Joseph, American insurer
- September 12
- Stanisław Lem, Polish science fiction writer (d. 2006)
- Bachir Yellès, Algerian painter (d. 2022)
- September 13
- Gunnar Eriksson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1982)
- Cyrille Adoula, Congolese trade unionist and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Zaire (d. 1978)[179]
- Sergey Nepobedimy, Soviet rocket weaponry designer (d. 2014)
- September 14
- A. Jean de Grandpré, Canadian lawyer and businessman (d. 2022)
- Zizinho, Brazilian football player (d. 2002)[180]
- September 15 – Joseph Iléo, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1994)[181]
- September 16 – Earle Parsons, American football player (d. 2014)
- September 17 – Virgilio Barco Vargas, 27th President of Colombia (d. 1997)[182]
- September 18
- Nermin Abadan Unat, Turkish lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2025)
- Kamal Hassan Aly, Egyptian politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1993)[183]
- Johannes W. Rohen, German anatomist (d. 2022)
- September 19 – Paulo Freire, Brazilian educator and philosopher (d. 1997)[184]
- September 20 – Leon Comber, English author and military officer (d. 2023)
- September 21 – Gaylen C. Hansen, American artist
- September 22 – Betty Reid Soskin, American park ranger (d. 2025)
- September 24
- André Lacroix, French pentathlete (d. 2016)
- Jim McKay, American sportscaster (d. 2008)
- Charlene Pryer, American professional baseball player (d. 1999)
- September 25
- Robert Muldoon, 31st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1992)[185]
- Alf Patrick, English footballer (d. 2021)
- Robert C. Prim, American mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2021)
- September 27
- Miklós Jancsó, Hungarian film director (d. 2014)
- John Malcolm Patterson, American politician (d. 2021)
- September 28 – Lim Tze Peng, Singaporean artist (d. 2025)
- September 29 – Grigory Svirsky, Russian-Canadian writer (d. 2016)
- September 30
- Sagramor de Scuvero Brandão (d. 1995) Brazilian actress and radio personality
- Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (d. 2007)[186]
- Jorge Loring Miró, Spanish Jesuit priest, public speaker and author (d. 2013)
October
[edit]
- October 1 – James Whitmore, American actor (d. 2009)[187]
- October 2 – Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)[188]
- October 3 – Ray Lindwall, Australian cricketer (d. 1996)
- October 4 –Francisco Morales-Bermúdez, President of Peru (d. 2022)[189]
- October 6
- Joseph Lowery, American minister and civil rights activist (d. 2020)
- Joop Sanders, Dutch-born American painter and educator (d. 2023)
- October 7
- Beth Bentley, American poet (d. 2021)
- Richard L. Duchossois, American businessman (d. 2022)
- October 8 – Abraham Sarmiento, Filipino Supreme Court jurist (d. 2010)
- October 9 – Dot Wilkinson, American softball player (d. 2023)
- October 10 – James Clavell, British novelist (d. 1994)[190]
- October 11
- Manuel Costa, Spanish road racing cyclist
- Shaw McCutcheon, American cartoonist (d. 2016)
- October 13 – Yves Montand, French singer and actor (d. 1991)[191]
- October 14
- José Arraño Acevedo, Chilean historian (d. 2009)
- Jeffrey G. Smith, American general (d. 2021)
- October 16 – Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and author (d. 2003)[192]
- October 17
- Edel Hætta Eriksen, Norwegian schoolteacher and politician (d. 2023)
- Maria Gorokhovskaya, Soviet gymnast (d. 2001)
- October 19 – Gunnar Nordahl, Swedish footballer (d. 1995)
- October 21
- Malcolm Arnold, British music composer (d. 2006)[193]
- Mohammad Mohammadullah, 3rd President of Bangladesh (d. 1999)[194]
- Zorawar Chand Bakhshi, Indian Army General (d. 2018)
- Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer (d. 2015)
- Wu Zhong, Chinese general (d. 1990)
- October 22 – Georges Brassens, French singer-songwriter (d. 1981)[195]
- October 23
- Denise Duval, French operatic soprano (d. 2016)[196]
- Archie Lamb, English ambassador and writer (d. 2021)
- André Turcat, French aviator, first pilot of Concorde (d. 2016)[197]
- İlhan Usmanbaş, Turkish composer (d. 2025)
- October 24 – Sena Jurinac, Bosnian operatic soprano (d. 2011)
- October 25 – King Michael I of Romania (d. 2017)[198]
- October 26 – Ted Bassett, American executive (d. 2025)
- October 27 – Eugene Chelyshev, Russian indologist and academician (d. 2020)
- October 29 – Santiago Fierro Fierro, Mexican politician and medical doctor (d. 2009)
- Unknown – Cao Keqiang, Chinese diplomat (d. 1999)
November
[edit]
- November 1 – Pavel Țugui, Romanian communist activist and literary historian (d. 2021)
- November 2 – Wanda Półtawska, Polish physician and author (d. 2023)
- November 3
- Charles Bronson, American actor (d. 2003)[199]
- Shin Kyuk-ho, South Korean businessman and founder of Lotte Corporation (d. 2020)
- November 5
- Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (d. 2013)
- John F. Gonge, American lieutenant general
- Margot Friedländer, Holocaust survivor (d. 2025)
- November 6
- James Jones, American writer (d. 1977)
- Tomiyama Taeko, Japanese visual artist (d. 2021)
- Enrico Cocozza, Scottish filmmaker (d. 2009)
- November 7 – János Horváth, Hungarian politician (d. 2019)
- November 8
- Walter Mirisch, American film producer (d. 2023)
- Gene Saks, American actor, film director (d. 2015)
- Peter Spoden, German night fighter ace (d. 2021)
- November 13 – Joonas Kokkonen, Finnish composer (d. 1996)
- November 14 – Brian Keith, American actor (d. 1997)
- November 15
- Jimmy Fitzmorris, American politician (d. 2021)
- Alexander Jefferson, American Air Force officer (d. 2022)
- November 17 – Ofelia Guilmáin, Mexican actress (d. 2005)
- November 18 – George Nagobads, American physician (d. 2023)
- November 19
- Michel Bonnevie, French Olympic basketball player (d. 2018)
- Roy Campanella, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers), member of the MLB Hall of Fame (d. 1993)
- November 20 – Allen Dines, American politician (d. 2020)
- November 21 – Billie Mae Richards, Canadian actress, singer (d. 2010)
- November 22 – Rodney Dangerfield, American actor and comedian (d. 2004)[200]
- November 23
- Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (d. 1960)
- Lois North, American politician (d. 2025)
- November 24 – John Lindsay, American lawyer and politician, Mayor of New York City (d. 2000)
- November 25
- Stanley Ho, Hong Kong-Macanese businessman and philanthropist (d. 2020)
- Johnny Johnson, English RAF officer (d. 2022)
- November 26
- Tom Felleghy, Hungarian-born Italian actor (d. 2005)
- Françoise Gilot, French painter, critic and author (d. 2023)
- November 27
- Alexander Dubček, Slovak politician, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1992)[201]
- James Kinnier Wilson, English assyriologist (d. 2022)
December
[edit]
- December 2 – Carlo Furno, Italian cardinal (d. 2015)[202]
- December 3
- Phyllis Curtin, American soprano (d. 2016)[203]
- Sonja Morawetz Sinclair, Canadian journalist, author and cryptographer (d. 2024)
- Madiha Yousri, Egyptian actress (d. 2018)
- December 4
- Deanna Durbin, Canadian singer (d. 2013)[204][circular reference]
- Sanford K. Moats, American Air Force general (d. 2023)
- December 5 – Arnljot Strømme Svendsen, Norwegian economist and politician (d. 2022)
- December 6 – Otto Graham, American football player (d. 2003)
- December 7 – Eric Blackwood, Canadian-English aviator (d. 2007)
- December 10
- Toh Chin Chye, Singaporean politician (d. 2012)
- Howard Fredeen, Canadian animal breeding researcher (d. 2021)
- Herbert Wahler, German Nazi war criminal (d. 2023)
- December 12 – Ira Neimark, American businessman and author (d. 2019)
- December 13 – Elda Cividino, Italian gymnast (d. 2014)
- December 14
- Simon Towneley, English author (d. 2022)
- Charley Trippi, American football player (d. 2022)
- December 15
- Alan Freed, American disc jockey, known for introducing rock and roll to mainstream radio (d. 1965)[205]
- Nikolai Lebedev, Soviet-Russian actor (d. 2022)
- December 17 – Anne Golon, French writer (d. 2017)
- December 18 – Yuri Nikulin, Soviet/Russian actor, clown (d. 1997)
- December 19 – Blaže Koneski, Macedonian poet, linguist (d. 1993)
- December 20 – Gayraud Wilmore, American historian, theologian and educator (d. 2020)[206]
- December 21 – Luigi Creatore, American songwriter, record producer (d. 2015)[207]
- December 22 – Maurice Girardot, French Olympic basketball player (d. 2016)
- December 24
- "Bullet" Bill Dudley, National Football League MVP 1946, Pro Football Hall of Fame 1966 (d. 2010)
- Allan Edwards, Australian cricketer (d. 2019)
- Francisco Pires, Portuguese footballer
- December 26
- Steve Allen, American actor, composer, comedian, and author (d. 2000)[208]
- John Severin, American humorous, war and western cartoonist (Mad Comics, Cracked) (d. 2012)
- December 28
- E. S. Campbell, American marine and author (d. 2020)
- Philippe de Gaulle, French admiral and senator (d. 2024)
- December 29 – Ronald Ernest Aitchison, Scottish footballer (d. 1996)
- December 30 – Rashid Karami, 8-time prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1987)[209]
- December 31 – Maurice Yaméogo, President of Upper Volta (d. 1993)[210]
Deaths
[edit]January–February
[edit].jpg)
.jpg)
- January 1 – Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, 5th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1856)
- January 12 – Gervase Elwes, English tenor (b. 1866)
- January 18 – Adolf von Hildebrand, German sculptor (b. 1847)
- January 23 – Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, German anatomist (b. 1836)
- January 25 – William Thompson Sedgwick, American teacher, epidemiologist and bacteriologist (b. 1855)
- January 27 – Justiniano Borgoño, 37th Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1836)
- January 29 – H. G. Haugan, Norwegian-born American railroad, banking executive (b. 1840)
- February 2
- Andrea Carlo Ferrari, Italian Catholic cardinal and blessed (b. 1850)
- Antonio Jacobsen, American maritime artist (b. 1850)
- February 8
- George Formby Sr, English entertainer (tuberculosis; b. 1876)[211]
- Peter Kropotkin, Russian anarchist (b. 1842)[212]
- February 22 – Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1863)
- February 26 – Carl Menger, Austrian economist (b. 1840)
- February 27 – Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (b. 1871)
March–April
[edit]- March 1 – Nicholas I of Montenegro, exiled king (b. 1841)[213]
- March 2 – Champ Clark, American politician (b. 1850)
- March 3 – Auguste Mercier, French general, politician (b. 1833)
- March 8 – Eduardo Dato, Spanish politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1856) (assassinated)[214]
- March 15 – Talaat Pasha, Ottoman Turkish ruler, initiator of the Armenian Genocide (b. 1874) (assassinated)
- March 16 – Abraham Grünbaum (activist), German Jewish activist. (b. 1885)
- March 22 – Edward Theodore Compton, English-German painter and mountain climber (b. 1849)
- March 29 – John Burroughs, American naturalist, essayist (b. 1837)
- April 1 – Sir Edmund Poë, British admiral (b. 1849)
- April 2 – Charles Blackader, British general (b. 1869)
- April 8 – James H. Jones, American coachman and confidential courier for Jefferson Davis and later a North Carolina local public official[215]
- April 11 – Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, last German Empress, wife of Wilhelm II, German Emperor (b. 1858)[216]
- April 17 – Manwel Dimech, Maltese philosopher, social reformer (b. 1860)
- April 20 – Tony Jackson, American jazz musician (b. 1882)[217]
- April 24 – Warington Baden-Powell, British admiralty lawyer (b. 1847)
- April 29 – Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863)[218]
May–June
[edit]- May 4 – Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrian writer, pacifist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)
- May 9 – William Henry Chamberlin, American philosopher (b. 1870)
- May 12
- Sir Melville Macnaghten, British police officer (b. 1853)
- Emilia Pardo Bazán, Spanish writer (b. 1851)[219]
- Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten, Austro-Hungarian general and politician (b. 1861)
- May 19
- Edward Douglass White, 9th Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1845)
- Michael Llewelyn Davies, one of the "Lost Boys" for the Peter Pan book (b. 1900)
- May 25
- Émile Combes, French statesman, 69th Prime Minister of France (b. 1835)
- Sir Arthur Wilson, British admiral of the fleet (b. 1842)
- May 29 –Euthymios (Agritellis), Greek Orthodox bishop and saint. (b. 1876)
- May 31–June 1 – A.C. Jackson, African-American surgeon[220]
- June 1 – Soeria Atmadja, Sundanese politician and noble, Regent of Sumedang (1851 – 1921) (b. 1851)[221]
- June 5
- Laura Bromwell, American stunt pilot (b. 1897)
- Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
- June 11 – Patriarch Leonid of Georgia (b. 1860)
- June 18
- Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, Uruguayan writer (b. 1851)[222]
- Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri, Indian Islamic scholar and author (b. 1867)[223]
- June 28 – Gyorche Petrov, Macedonian, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1865) (assassinated)
- June 29
- Lady Randolph Churchill, mother of Winston Churchill (b. 1854)[224]
- Otto Seeck, German classical historian (b. 1850)
July–August
[edit]
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- July 1 – Maurice Bailloud, French general (b. 1847)
- July 3 – Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1844)
- July 12 – Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger-French physicist, academic and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
- July 20 – Orestes St. John, American geologist and paleontologist (b. 1841)
- July 22 – Manuel Fernández Silvestre, Spanish general (killed in action or suicide) (b. 1871)
- July 26 – Howard Vernon, Australian actor (b. 1848)
- August 2 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor (b. 1873)
- August 7 – Alexander Blok, Russian poet (b. 1880)
- August 8
- Juhani Aho, Finnish author and journalist (b. 1861)[225]
- Maria Anna Rosa Caiani, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863)
- August 16 – Peter I of Serbia, King of Yugoslavia (b. 1844)
- August 26
- Matthias Erzberger, German politician (assassinated; b. 1875)[226]
- Sándor Wekerle, 3-time prime minister of Hungary (b. 1848)
- August 31 – Karl von Bülow, German field marshal (b. 1846)[227]
September–October
[edit]- September 7 – Maria Angela Picco, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1867)
- September 9 – Virginia Rappe, American model, actress (b. 1891)
- September 10 – John Tengo Jabavu, editor of South Africa's first newspaper in Xhosa (b. 1859)
- September 11
- Prince Louis of Battenberg, British naval officer, German prince (b. 1854)
- Subramania Bharati, Tamil poet (b. 1882)
- September 22 – Ivan Vazov, Bulgarian poet (b. 1850)
- September 27 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (b. 1854)
- October 1 – Julius von Hann, Austrian meteorologist (b. 1839)
- October 2 – King William II of Württemberg (b. 1848)
- October 12 – Philander C. Knox, American politician (b. 1853)[228]
- October 15 – Haydar Khan Amo-oghli, Iranian revolutionary (b. 1860)
- October 17 – Yaa Asantewaa, Asante warrior queen (b. c. 1840)
- October 18 – Ludwig III of Bavaria, last king of Bavaria (b. 1845)[229]
- October 21 – William Wallace Wotherspoon, American general (b. 1850)
- October 23 – John Boyd Dunlop, British-born Irish inventor, veterinary surgeon (b. 1840)
- October 25 – Bat Masterson, American gunfighter (b. 1853)
- October 28 – William Speirs Bruce, British marine biologist and antarctic explorer (b. 1867)
November–December
[edit]- November 4 – Hara Takashi, Japanese politician, 10th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1856) (assassinated)
- November 7 – Peter Conover Hains, major general in the United States Army, and veteran of the American Civil War, Spanish–American War, and First World War (b. 1840)
- November 12 – Fernand Khnopff, Belgian painter (b. 1858)
- November 13 – Ignác Goldziher, Hungarian orientalist (b. 1850)
- November 14 – Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (b. 1846)
- November 22
- Christina Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (b. 1843)
- Edward J. Adams, American serial/spree killer and bank robber (b.1887)[230]
- November 26
- Émile Cartailhac, French prehistorian (b. 1845)
- Charles W. Whittlesey, United States Army officer, commander of the "Lost Battalion" in World War I (suicide) (b. 1884)[231]
- November 27 – Sir Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (b. 1854)
- November 28 – `Abdu'l-Bahá, head of the Baháʼí Faith (b. 1844)[232]
- November 29 – George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Canadian businessman (b. 1829)
- November 30
- Madeleine Brès, French physician (b. 1842)
- Hermann Schwarz, German mathematician (b. 1843)[233]
- December 10 – George Ashlin, Irish architect (b. 1837)
- December 12 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (b. 1868)
- December 16 – Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (b. 1835)
- December 20
- Hans Hartwig von Beseler, German general (b. 1850)
- Dmitri Parsky, Russian general (b. 1866)
- Julius Richard Petri, German microbiologist (b. 1852)
- December 24 – Misu Sōtarō, Japanese admiral (b. 1855)
Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Physics – Albert Einstein
- Chemistry – Frederick Soddy
- Medicine – (not awarded)
- Literature – Anatole France
- Peace – Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange
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Sources
[edit]- New International Year Book: 1921 (1922) online edition
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| Authority control databases: National |
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from Grokipedia
1921 was a year of post-World War I reconfiguration, characterized by diplomatic efforts to stabilize international relations, the consolidation of Bolshevik power in Russia amid severe famine, and outbreaks of ethnic and racial violence.[1] The Washington Naval Conference, convened from November 1921 to February 1922, produced treaties among the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to limit naval armaments and reduce tensions in the Pacific, including the Five-Power Treaty capping capital ship ratios.[2] In Europe, the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December ended the Irish War of Independence, establishing the Irish Free State while partitioning Ulster under British control, though it sparked subsequent civil war.[3] The Russian famine, part of a global heatwave and drought across Eurasia that killed over one million people and was accompanied by the largest solar storm of the 20th century, was triggered by drought and exacerbated by Bolshevik grain requisition policies during the civil war aftermath, resulting in approximately five million deaths from starvation and disease, with documented cases of cannibalism.[4][5][6][7] In the United States, the Tulsa Race Massacre from May 31 to June 1 saw a white mob, deputized and armed, attack and destroy the affluent Black Greenwood district, killing between 100 and 300 people and leaving thousands homeless. Bolshevik suppression of dissent included crushing the Kronstadt rebellion of sailors demanding greater freedoms, while their Red Army seized Tiflis in February, incorporating Georgia into Soviet influence.[1] These events underscored ongoing global instability, with revolutionary ideologies clashing against traditional orders and economic hardships fueling extremism, as evidenced by Adolf Hitler's ascension to leadership of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in July.[1]
Events
January
Yoichiro Nambu, born January 18 in Tokyo, advanced theoretical physics through his formulation of spontaneous symmetry breaking, a concept pivotal to the development of the Standard Model of particle physics and recognized with the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa.[8] His work provided causal mechanisms explaining mass generation in subatomic particles without invoking Higgs-like fields initially, influencing subsequent experimental validations at facilities like CERN.[8] Akio Morita, born January 26 in Nagoya, Japan, co-founded Sony Corporation in 1946, leading innovations such as the transistor radio (1955) and Walkman (1979) that democratized portable electronics and propelled Japan's post-war export economy from devastation to global dominance in consumer technology. These developments stemmed from empirical focus on miniaturization and reliability, derived from wartime physics applications, fostering a cultural shift toward personal media consumption. George Morgan Thomson, born January 16 in Cardiff, Wales, rose as a Labour Party politician, serving as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1966–1967) and facilitating Britain's 1973 entry into the European Economic Community through negotiations emphasizing economic interdependence over isolationism.[9] His later role as Chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (1977–1988) regulated media pluralism, countering state monopolies with evidence-based standards for impartiality amid rising broadcast influence on public opinion.[9] Friedrich Dürrenmatt, born January 5 in Konolfingen, Switzerland, produced philosophical dramas like The Physicists (1962), critiquing scientific hubris and moral detachment in nuclear-age governance through allegorical examinations of power structures, impacting European intellectual discourse on ethics in technology. Born into the interwar period's instability, this cohort's early exposure to economic upheaval and militarism empirically honed adaptive reasoning, evident in their causal contributions to post-1945 institutional reforms and innovations.February
Betty Friedan was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois, to Jewish immigrant parents; she later became a key figure in second-wave feminism through her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, which highlighted the dissatisfaction of educated housewives confined to domestic roles and advocated for women's pursuit of careers and personal fulfillment outside traditional family structures.[10] Friedan's work challenged prevailing norms by framing homemaking as a source of unfulfilled potential, influencing the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966, yet empirical trends post-publication show U.S. divorce rates rising sharply from 2.2 per 1,000 population in 1960 to 5.3 in 1981, coinciding with no-fault divorce laws and increased female labor participation that some analyses link to weakened family cohesion and higher single-parent households.[11][12] Brian Faulkner, born February 18, 1921, in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, emerged as a prominent unionist politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1971 to 1972, staunchly defending the constitutional link with the United Kingdom against Irish unification efforts and embodying conservative resistance to nationalist pressures amid escalating sectarian tensions. His leadership emphasized pragmatic reforms within unionism, including outreach to moderate nationalists, though it faced rejection from hardline factions, reinforcing traditional Protestant ascendancy values in a divided society. Other notable births included Lana Turner on February 8, 1921, in Wallace, Idaho, an actress whose film career exemplified Hollywood's glamour era with roles in over 50 movies, including dramatic parts that explored themes of ambition and moral ambiguity. These figures from February 1921's cohort contributed to cultural and political discourses, with Friedan's influence amplifying critiques of domesticity amid observable family structure shifts, while Faulkner's tenure upheld established institutional frameworks against radical change.March
On March 5, Berkley Bedell was born in Pine Bend, Minnesota; he later served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Iowa for six terms from 1975 to 1987, focusing on trade policy and small business advocacy, with legislative influence measured by his role in authoring bills like the Export-Import Bank reauthorization. His congressional tenure reflected a pragmatic approach to economic intervention rather than expansive foreign entanglements, aligning with mid-20th-century Democratic skepticism toward unchecked globalism. On March 12, Gianni Agnelli entered the world in Turin, Italy; as principal shareholder and president of Fiat from 1966 to 1996, he oversaw the company's expansion to produce over 2 million vehicles annually by the 1980s, fundamentally shaping Italy's automotive sector and export economy, while his lifelong Senate appointment from 1991 enabled direct input on industrial policy. Agnelli's governance influence extended through advisory roles to Italian prime ministers, emphasizing national industrial self-reliance over supranational dependencies, though his family's control drew scrutiny for concentrated economic power without proportional innovation in efficiency metrics. Claims of him single-handedly modernizing Italian capitalism overlook Fiat's reliance on state subsidies and labor disputes, which hampered productivity compared to competitors like Volkswagen. March 20 marked the birth of Alfréd Rényi in Budapest, Hungary; a mathematician whose work in probability theory, including the Rényi entropy generalization of Shannon entropy, provided foundational tools for information theory applications in engineering and computing, cited in over 10,000 subsequent publications by the late 20th century. His contributions influenced data compression algorithms and statistical modeling, though their practical adoption lagged behind more empirically driven fields like electrical engineering due to abstract formalism. Joe Sutter was born on March 21 in Seattle, Washington; as chief engineer for Boeing's 747 development from 1966, he led a team that delivered the wide-body jet in 1969, enabling transoceanic passenger loads to exceed 400 per flight and cargo volumes to triple prior standards, with a total of 1,574 units produced by the end of production in 2023. This engineering feat stemmed from iterative wind-tunnel testing and structural innovations, not unverified design genius; Sutter's anti-interventionist leanings appeared in his postwar emphasis on commercial aviation over military contracts, prioritizing market-driven scalability. Lilli Hornig, born March 22 in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), contributed to the Manhattan Project as a chemist at Los Alamos from 1944, analyzing plutonium corrosion and neutron flux in reactor experiments, one of approximately 20 female scientists in a 1,500-person technical staff.[13] Her work supported criticality safety protocols, grounded in empirical solubility tests rather than theoretical speculation, though her role was supportive amid male-dominated oversight; later advocacy for women in STEM drew from firsthand exclusion, not inflated narratives of project leadership.[14] On March 31, John Ugelstad was born in Norway; a chemical engineer who invented the swelling method for monodisperse polymer microspheres in the 1970s, enabling precise size control for applications in chromatography and drug delivery, with production scales reaching industrial tons annually by the 1990s. This innovation's verifiable impact lies in enhanced separation efficiency—resolving particles to within 1% diameter variation—debunking broader claims of revolutionizing biotechnology without noting dependencies on downstream purification tech.April
April 2: Albert Einstein arrived in New York Harbor for his first visit to the United States, where he delivered lectures on the theory of relativity at institutions including the College of the City of New York, drawing large crowds amid his recent Nobel recognition and Zionist fundraising efforts.[15][16] April 1–15: In Britain, coal mine owners imposed wage reductions and longer hours after government control ended on March 31, prompting the Miners' Federation to call a strike; over one million miners were locked out, but on April 15—known as Black Friday—the transport and railway unions of the Triple Alliance refused solidarity action, isolating the miners and leading to their eventual capitulation by July amid economic pressures from post-World War I demobilization and export declines.[17][18] April 7: Sun Yat-sen was elected president of the Republic of China in Canton by a southern assembly, establishing a rival government to the northern Beijing regime amid ongoing warlord fragmentation following the Qing dynasty's fall.[19] April 11: The Emirate of Transjordan was established under Abdullah I as a British mandate semi-autonomous entity east of the Jordan River, separating it administratively from Palestine to stabilize the region post-Ottoman collapse.[19] In Pittsburgh, KDKA radio station broadcast the first live sporting event, a boxing match between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee, marking an early milestone in commercial radio's expansion.[1] April 16: A series of tornadoes struck five Deep South U.S. states, killing 97 people, with 66 deaths in Arkansas's Hempstead County alone, exacerbating rural vulnerabilities in the post-war agricultural economy. April 20: The U.S. Senate ratified the Thomson–Urrutia Treaty with Colombia, providing $25 million in compensation for the 1903 Panama secession facilitated by U.S. interests, aiming to mend diplomatic relations strained by canal construction.[20] April 28: Cuban José Raúl Capablanca defeated defending champion Emanuel Lasker 4–0 with 10 draws in Havana, claiming the world chess title after a match delayed by negotiations and reflecting Capablanca's positional mastery over Lasker's tactical style.[19] April 30: Pope Benedict XV issued the encyclical In Praeclara Summorum, honoring Dante Alighieri on the 600th anniversary of his death, emphasizing the poet's alignment with Catholic doctrine against modern secularism.[19] The American Professional Football Association retroactively awarded its 1920 championship to the Akron Pros based on win records, formalizing early professional league structures.[19]May
Notable individuals born in May 1921 include physicists, filmmakers, and athletes whose contributions spanned science, arts, and sports, often challenging prevailing ideologies or advancing technical frontiers. On May 2, Satyajit Ray was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India; he became a pioneering filmmaker whose debut Pather Panchali (1955) earned international acclaim for its realistic portrayal of rural Indian life, influencing global cinema with over 36 films emphasizing humanism and cultural authenticity.[21] On May 3, Walker Smith Jr., known professionally as Sugar Ray Robinson, was born in Detroit, Michigan; regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time, he compiled a professional record of 174 wins (109 by knockout), 19 losses, and 6 draws, dominating welterweight and middleweight divisions through superior speed, power, and ring intelligence.[22] On May 5, Arthur Leonard Schawlow was born in Mount Vernon, New York; a physicist who co-invented the laser and shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to laser spectroscopy, enabling advancements in optics, medicine, and communications.[22] On May 21, Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow, Russia; a theoretical physicist instrumental in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb, he later became a prominent human rights dissident, critiquing the repressive Soviet regime's suppression of intellectual freedom and individual rights, earning the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize despite official opposition.690612_EN.pdf)[22]June
On June 10, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was born at Mon Repos villa on the island of Corfu, Greece, as the only son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg; his family, of Danish and German royal descent, faced exile shortly after his birth due to political upheaval in Greece, leading to evacuation on the British warship HMS Calypso. He later renounced his Greek titles, adopted British citizenship as Philip Mountbatten, and served actively in the Royal Navy during World War II, participating in operations such as the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Allied invasion of Sicily, where his technical innovations—like rigging a jury-rigged searchlight—contributed to naval effectiveness against Axis forces. As consort to Queen Elizabeth II from 1947 to 2021, he undertook over 22,000 solo engagements focused on practical initiatives, including founding the Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme in 1956 to foster youth self-reliance through challenging expeditions and community service, which has engaged over 8 million participants globally by emphasizing measurable skills over symbolic gestures; his advocacy for scientific inquiry, evidenced by patronage of over 780 organizations and speeches promoting technological adaptation, underscored a functional view of monarchy as a stabilizing institution grounded in empirical contributions to national resilience rather than mere tradition. Other notable births included:- June 7 – Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1974 to 1981, overseeing economic reforms amid the 1970s oil crises that prioritized fiscal realism over expansive welfare expansion.
- June 8 – Alexis Smith, Canadian-American actress known for roles in films like The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947), appearing in over 50 productions.
- June 21 – Jane Russell, American actress and model, starring in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and advocating for adoption reform through her World Adoption International agency, which facilitated placements for over 50,000 children based on practical family matching criteria.
- June 21 – Judy Holliday, American actress and singer who won an Academy Award for Born Yesterday (1950), her performances drawing on observational realism amid McCarthy-era scrutiny.
July
July 2 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding signed a joint resolution of Congress formally ending the state of war with Germany, Austria, Austria-Hungary, and Hungary, more than two years after the Armistice of 11 November 1918.[20] July 2 – In Jersey City, New Jersey, American boxer Jack Dempsey knocked out French challenger Georges Carpentier in the second round, drawing a record-breaking crowd of 90,000 and generating the first million-dollar gate in boxing history.[23] July 10 – French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen defeated Elizabeth Ryan 6–1, 6–2 to win the women's singles title at the Wimbledon Championships, marking her third consecutive victory in the event.[23] July 11 – The Mongolian People's Party, backed by Soviet Red Army forces, proclaimed Mongolia's independence from Chinese rule, establishing the basis for the Mongolian People's Republic; this date is observed as National Independence Day in Mongolia.[24] July 22 – During the Rif War in northeastern Morocco, Rif Berber forces under Muhammad Abd el-Krim ambushed and routed a Spanish army of approximately 20,000 troops led by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual, resulting in 8,000 to 13,000 Spanish deaths, the abandonment of heavy weaponry, and a chaotic retreat that exposed vulnerabilities in Spanish colonial defenses.[25] July 23 – The First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party convened in Shanghai with 13 delegates representing around 50 early members, marking the formal founding of the organization amid growing labor unrest and influenced by the Comintern; the meeting relocated to a boat on Jiaxing Lake due to security concerns and concluded in early August.[26] July 29 – Adolf Hitler was appointed Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) in Munich after threatening to resign and form a rival group, consolidating his control over the nascent Nazi movement which advocated extreme nationalism and antisemitism.[27]August
Gene Roddenberry, the American television producer and screenwriter who created the science fiction franchise Star Trek, was born on August 19 in El Paso, Texas. His work introduced concepts like warp drive and multicultural crews, influencing depictions of space exploration and ethical dilemmas in media. Alex Haley, American writer best known for Roots: The Saga of an American Family, which traced his ancestry to West Africa and sold over six million copies, was born on August 11 in Ithaca, New York. The book spurred widespread interest in genealogy and African American history, leading to a miniseries viewed by over 130 million Americans. Iris Apfel, American interior designer and fashion icon renowned for her eclectic style and contributions to textile design, was born on August 3 in Astoria, Queens, New York. She collaborated with brands like White House interiors and later gained fame for her oversized accessories and bold aesthetics in her 90s. Derick S. Thomson, Scottish Gaelic poet, publisher, and lexicographer who advanced Celtic literature through works like An Dealbh Brèige, was born on August 5 in Stornoway, Scotland. His scholarship preserved and modernized Gaelic language and culture amid declining usage.September
On September 1, the Poplar Rates Rebellion culminated in the imprisonment of nine Labour Party members of the Poplar Borough Council in London, who had refused to levy the full poor rate demanded by central government, setting rates at a lower level to protest unequal burdens on working-class areas and advocate for national equalization of rates.[28] Led by George Lansbury, the action highlighted tensions between local socialist governance and national fiscal policy, resulting in the councilors' 42-day incarceration and galvanizing support for welfare reforms.[28] The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest armed labor uprising in U.S. history, effectively ended around September 3 when 2,100 federal troops arrived in Logan County, West Virginia, to quell the conflict between approximately 10,000 striking coal miners and anti-union forces backed by coal operators, private guards, and state militia.[29] The miners, organized under the United Mine Workers, had marched to unionize southern West Virginia fields amid violent suppression, including aerial bombings and machine-gun fire; federal intervention followed President Warren G. Harding's declaration of martial law, leading to over 1,000 arrests but no convictions for treason.[29] On September 2, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover, initiated large-scale international humanitarian aid shipments to Soviet Russia to combat the ongoing famine exacerbated by Bolshevik policies, war communism, and drought, delivering over 700,000 tons of food by year's end despite ideological opposition.[29] The Oppau explosion occurred on September 21 at a BASF chemical plant near Ludwigshafen, Germany, when workers used dynamite to dislodge 4,500 tons of solidified ammonium nitrate fertilizer from a silo, triggering a blast equivalent to 500 tons of TNT that killed 561 people, injured over 2,000, and destroyed much of the facility.[30] The disaster, one of the deadliest industrial accidents on record, stemmed from inadequate safety protocols for handling unstable compounds and underscored vulnerabilities in Weimar Germany's chemical industry amid postwar economic strain.[30] Other events included the launch of the USS Washington, a superdreadnought battleship, on September 1 as part of U.S. naval modernization post-World War I disarmament talks.[29]October
5 October – Mahlon Hoagland (died 2009), American biochemist who, along with Paul Zamecnik, identified the role of transfer RNA in activating amino acids for protein synthesis, a foundational discovery in molecular biology.[31][32] 14 October – Louis Sokoloff (died 2015), Polish-American neuroscientist who pioneered the 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method for quantifying local cerebral glucose utilization, enabling quantitative mapping of brain functional activity.[33] 15 October – Seymour Benzer (died 2007), American physicist and molecular biologist who shifted from solid-state physics to genetics, developing fine-structure mapping of the T4 phage gene and using fruit flies to link specific genes to behaviors, laying groundwork for neurogenetics.[34][35] 18 October – Beatrice Worsley (died 1972), Canadian computer scientist who earned one of the world's first PhDs in computing and contributed to early programming languages and electronic digital computing at the University of Toronto.[36]November
- 27 November – Alexander Dubček (d. 1992), Slovak communist politician who served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from January 1968 to April 1969, initiating liberal reforms during the Prague Spring to promote greater political freedoms, economic decentralization, and reduced censorship under the banner of "socialism with a human face," efforts which prompted a Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968.[37][38] Born in Uhrovec, then part of Czechoslovakia, Dubček's early life included residence in the Soviet Union from age three to fifteen, influencing his ideological commitments while fostering reservations about Stalinist authoritarianism.[37]
December
On December 6, 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in London by Irish representatives Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins, Robert Barton, George Gavan Duffy, and Eamonn Duggan, alongside British signatories including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Austen Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, and Lord Birkenhead.[39] The agreement concluded the Irish War of Independence, establishing the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire comprising 26 southern counties, while Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom under partition provisions.[39] It required an oath of allegiance to the British monarch by Irish parliament members and retained British naval bases in southern ports for defense purposes, concessions that fueled opposition from republican hardliners like Eamon de Valera, who publicly rejected the treaty on December 14, arguing it compromised full sovereignty.[39] At the ongoing Washington Naval Conference, the Four-Power Pact was signed on December 13 by the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and France, committing the signatories to respect each other's possessions in the Pacific Ocean and to consult before altering the status quo, effectively replacing the Anglo-Japanese Alliance without forming a formal military bloc.[40] This treaty aimed to reduce naval rivalries and promote stability in East Asia amid post-World War I tensions, particularly concerning Japanese expansionism, by emphasizing diplomatic consultation over aggressive fortification or alliances.[41] The pact's non-binding consultation mechanism reflected a cautious approach to collective security, influencing subsequent arms limitation efforts at the conference.[40]Date unknown
In 1921, Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy intensified its organizational efforts, establishing and expanding paramilitary blackshirt squads to counter the rising influence of communist and socialist groups amid widespread labor unrest and fears of Bolshevik-style revolution. These squads systematically targeted left-wing political offices, union halls, and striking workers, employing violence to dismantle perceived threats to social order and property rights, which garnered support from landowners, industrialists, and conservative elements wary of radical upheaval. This anti-communist bulwark grew through decentralized fasci groups, evolving from post-World War I veteran associations into a cohesive force that suppressed strikes and electoral gains by the Italian Socialist Party. Simon Rodia, a self-taught Italian immigrant laborer, began constructing the Watts Towers in the working-class Watts district of Los Angeles that year, purchasing a triangular plot and erecting steel-reinforced concrete spires using scavenged materials like bed frames, tiles, and glass bottles without machinery or blueprints. Working alone for over three decades until 1954, Rodia's project—reaching heights of nearly 100 feet—demonstrated vernacular engineering and personal vision, defying conventional architecture through iterative layering and embedding techniques that ensured structural stability via intuitive mass distribution.[42] The towers, comprising 17 interconnected elements including walls, ships, and a gazebo, stood as a testament to individual resourcefulness amid urban immigrant life, later recognized for their folk art value despite initial neglect.[43]Births
January
Yoichiro Nambu, born January 18 in Tokyo, advanced theoretical physics through his formulation of spontaneous symmetry breaking, a concept pivotal to the development of the Standard Model of particle physics and recognized with the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa.[8] His work provided causal mechanisms explaining mass generation in subatomic particles without invoking Higgs-like fields initially, influencing subsequent experimental validations at facilities like CERN.[8] Akio Morita, born January 26 in Nagoya, Japan, co-founded Sony Corporation in 1946, leading innovations such as the transistor radio (1955) and Walkman (1979) that democratized portable electronics and propelled Japan's post-war export economy from devastation to global dominance in consumer technology. These developments stemmed from empirical focus on miniaturization and reliability, derived from wartime physics applications, fostering a cultural shift toward personal media consumption. George Morgan Thomson, born January 16 in Cardiff, Wales, rose as a Labour Party politician, serving as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1966–1967) and facilitating Britain's 1973 entry into the European Economic Community through negotiations emphasizing economic interdependence over isolationism.[9] His later role as Chairman of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (1977–1988) regulated media pluralism, countering state monopolies with evidence-based standards for impartiality amid rising broadcast influence on public opinion.[9] Friedrich Dürrenmatt, born January 5 in Konolfingen, Switzerland, produced philosophical dramas like The Physicists (1962), critiquing scientific hubris and moral detachment in nuclear-age governance through allegorical examinations of power structures, impacting European intellectual discourse on ethics in technology. Born into the interwar period's instability, this cohort's early exposure to economic upheaval and militarism empirically honed adaptive reasoning, evident in their causal contributions to post-1945 institutional reforms and innovations.February
Betty Friedan was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois, to Jewish immigrant parents; she later became a key figure in second-wave feminism through her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, which highlighted the dissatisfaction of educated housewives confined to domestic roles and advocated for women's pursuit of careers and personal fulfillment outside traditional family structures.[10] Friedan's work challenged prevailing norms by framing homemaking as a source of unfulfilled potential, influencing the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966, yet empirical trends post-publication show U.S. divorce rates rising sharply from 2.2 per 1,000 population in 1960 to 5.3 in 1981, coinciding with no-fault divorce laws and increased female labor participation that some analyses link to weakened family cohesion and higher single-parent households.[11][12] Brian Faulkner, born February 18, 1921, in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, emerged as a prominent unionist politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1971 to 1972, staunchly defending the constitutional link with the United Kingdom against Irish unification efforts and embodying conservative resistance to nationalist pressures amid escalating sectarian tensions. His leadership emphasized pragmatic reforms within unionism, including outreach to moderate nationalists, though it faced rejection from hardline factions, reinforcing traditional Protestant ascendancy values in a divided society. Other notable births included Lana Turner on February 8, 1921, in Wallace, Idaho, an actress whose film career exemplified Hollywood's glamour era with roles in over 50 movies, including dramatic parts that explored themes of ambition and moral ambiguity. These figures from February 1921's cohort contributed to cultural and political discourses, with Friedan's influence amplifying critiques of domesticity amid observable family structure shifts, while Faulkner's tenure upheld established institutional frameworks against radical change.March
On March 5, Berkley Bedell was born in Pine Bend, Minnesota; he later served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Iowa for six terms from 1975 to 1987, focusing on trade policy and small business advocacy, with legislative influence measured by his role in authoring bills like the Export-Import Bank reauthorization. His congressional tenure reflected a pragmatic approach to economic intervention rather than expansive foreign entanglements, aligning with mid-20th-century Democratic skepticism toward unchecked globalism. On March 12, Gianni Agnelli entered the world in Turin, Italy; as principal shareholder and president of Fiat from 1966 to 1996, he oversaw the company's expansion to produce over 2 million vehicles annually by the 1980s, fundamentally shaping Italy's automotive sector and export economy, while his lifelong Senate appointment from 1991 enabled direct input on industrial policy. Agnelli's governance influence extended through advisory roles to Italian prime ministers, emphasizing national industrial self-reliance over supranational dependencies, though his family's control drew scrutiny for concentrated economic power without proportional innovation in efficiency metrics. Claims of him single-handedly modernizing Italian capitalism overlook Fiat's reliance on state subsidies and labor disputes, which hampered productivity compared to competitors like Volkswagen. March 20 marked the birth of Alfréd Rényi in Budapest, Hungary; a mathematician whose work in probability theory, including the Rényi entropy generalization of Shannon entropy, provided foundational tools for information theory applications in engineering and computing, cited in over 10,000 subsequent publications by the late 20th century. His contributions influenced data compression algorithms and statistical modeling, though their practical adoption lagged behind more empirically driven fields like electrical engineering due to abstract formalism. Joe Sutter was born on March 21 in Seattle, Washington; as chief engineer for Boeing's 747 development from 1966, he led a team that delivered the wide-body jet in 1969, enabling transoceanic passenger loads to exceed 400 per flight and cargo volumes to triple prior standards, with over 1,500 units produced by 2021. This engineering feat stemmed from iterative wind-tunnel testing and structural innovations, not unverified design genius; Sutter's anti-interventionist leanings appeared in his postwar emphasis on commercial aviation over military contracts, prioritizing market-driven scalability. Lilli Hornig, born March 22 in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), contributed to the Manhattan Project as a chemist at Los Alamos from 1944, analyzing plutonium corrosion and neutron flux in reactor experiments, one of approximately 20 female scientists in a 1,500-person technical staff.[13] Her work supported criticality safety protocols, grounded in empirical solubility tests rather than theoretical speculation, though her role was supportive amid male-dominated oversight; later advocacy for women in STEM drew from firsthand exclusion, not inflated narratives of project leadership.[14] On March 31, John Ugelstad was born in Norway; a chemical engineer who invented the swelling method for monodisperse polymer microspheres in the 1970s, enabling precise size control for applications in chromatography and drug delivery, with production scales reaching industrial tons annually by the 1990s. This innovation's verifiable impact lies in enhanced separation efficiency—resolving particles to within 1% diameter variation—debunking broader claims of revolutionizing biotechnology without noting dependencies on downstream purification tech.April
April 2: Albert Einstein arrived in New York Harbor for his first visit to the United States, where he delivered lectures on the theory of relativity at institutions including the College of the City of New York, drawing large crowds amid his recent Nobel recognition and Zionist fundraising efforts.[15][16] April 1–15: In Britain, coal mine owners imposed wage reductions and longer hours after government control ended on March 31, prompting the Miners' Federation to call a strike; over one million miners were locked out, but on April 15—known as Black Friday—the transport and railway unions of the Triple Alliance refused solidarity action, isolating the miners and leading to their eventual capitulation by July amid economic pressures from post-World War I demobilization and export declines.[17][18] April 7: Sun Yat-sen was elected president of the Republic of China in Canton by a southern assembly, establishing a rival government to the northern Beijing regime amid ongoing warlord fragmentation following the Qing dynasty's fall.[19] April 11: The Emirate of Transjordan was established under Abdullah I as a British mandate semi-autonomous entity east of the Jordan River, separating it administratively from Palestine to stabilize the region post-Ottoman collapse.[19] In Pittsburgh, KDKA radio station broadcast the first live sporting event, a boxing match between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee, marking an early milestone in commercial radio's expansion.[1] April 16: A series of tornadoes struck five Deep South U.S. states, killing 97 people, with 66 deaths in Arkansas's Hempstead County alone, exacerbating rural vulnerabilities in the post-war agricultural economy. April 20: The U.S. Senate ratified the Thomson–Urrutia Treaty with Colombia, providing $25 million in compensation for the 1903 Panama secession facilitated by U.S. interests, aiming to mend diplomatic relations strained by canal construction.[20] April 28: Cuban José Raúl Capablanca defeated defending champion Emanuel Lasker 4–0 with 10 draws in Havana, claiming the world chess title after a match delayed by negotiations and reflecting Capablanca's positional mastery over Lasker's tactical style.[19] April 30: Pope Benedict XV issued the encyclical In Praeclara Summorum, honoring Dante Alighieri on the 600th anniversary of his death, emphasizing the poet's alignment with Catholic doctrine against modern secularism.[19] The American Professional Football Association retroactively awarded its 1920 championship to the Akron Pros based on win records, formalizing early professional league structures.[19]May
Notable individuals born in May 1921 include physicists, filmmakers, and athletes whose contributions spanned science, arts, and sports, often challenging prevailing ideologies or advancing technical frontiers. On May 2, Satyajit Ray was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India; he became a pioneering filmmaker whose debut Pather Panchali (1955) earned international acclaim for its realistic portrayal of rural Indian life, influencing global cinema with over 36 films emphasizing humanism and cultural authenticity.[21] On May 3, Walker Smith Jr., known professionally as Sugar Ray Robinson, was born in Detroit, Michigan; regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time, he compiled a professional record of 174 wins (109 by knockout), 19 losses, and 6 draws, dominating welterweight and middleweight divisions through superior speed, power, and ring intelligence.[22] On May 5, Arthur Leonard Schawlow was born in Mount Vernon, New York; a physicist who co-invented the laser and shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to laser spectroscopy, enabling advancements in optics, medicine, and communications.[22] On May 21, Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow, Russia; a theoretical physicist instrumental in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb, he later became a prominent human rights dissident, critiquing the repressive Soviet regime's suppression of intellectual freedom and individual rights, earning the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize despite official opposition.690612_EN.pdf)[22]June
On June 10, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was born at Mon Repos villa on the island of Corfu, Greece, as the only son of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg; his family, of Danish and German royal descent, faced exile shortly after his birth due to political upheaval in Greece, leading to evacuation on the British warship HMS Calypso. He later renounced his Greek titles, adopted British citizenship as Philip Mountbatten, and served actively in the Royal Navy during World War II, participating in operations such as the Battle of Cape Matapan and the Allied invasion of Sicily, where his technical innovations—like rigging a jury-rigged searchlight—contributed to naval effectiveness against Axis forces. As consort to Queen Elizabeth II from 1947 to 2021, he undertook over 22,000 solo engagements focused on practical initiatives, including founding the Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme in 1956 to foster youth self-reliance through challenging expeditions and community service, which has engaged over 8 million participants globally by emphasizing measurable skills over symbolic gestures; his advocacy for scientific inquiry, evidenced by patronage of over 780 organizations and speeches promoting technological adaptation, underscored a functional view of monarchy as a stabilizing institution grounded in empirical contributions to national resilience rather than mere tradition. Other notable births included:- June 7 – Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1974 to 1981, overseeing economic reforms amid the 1970s oil crises that prioritized fiscal realism over expansive welfare expansion.
- June 8 – Alexis Smith, Canadian-American actress known for roles in films like The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947), appearing in over 50 productions.
- June 21 – Jane Russell, American actress and model, starring in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and advocating for adoption reform through her World Adoption International agency, which facilitated placements for over 50,000 children based on practical family matching criteria.
- June 21 – Judy Holliday, American actress and singer who won an Academy Award for Born Yesterday (1950), her performances drawing on observational realism amid McCarthy-era scrutiny.
July
July 2 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding signed a joint resolution of Congress formally ending the state of war with Germany, Austria, Austria-Hungary, and Hungary, more than two years after the Armistice of 11 November 1918.[20] July 2 – In Jersey City, New Jersey, American boxer Jack Dempsey knocked out French challenger Georges Carpentier in the second round, drawing a record-breaking crowd of 90,000 and generating the first million-dollar gate in boxing history.[23] July 10 – French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen defeated Elizabeth Ryan 6–1, 6–2 to win the women's singles title at the Wimbledon Championships, marking her third consecutive victory in the event.[23] July 11 – The Mongolian People's Party, backed by Soviet Red Army forces, proclaimed Mongolia's independence from Chinese rule, establishing the basis for the Mongolian People's Republic; this date is observed as National Independence Day in Mongolia.[24] July 22 – During the Rif War in northeastern Morocco, Rif Berber forces under Muhammad Abd el-Krim ambushed and routed a Spanish army of approximately 20,000 troops led by General Manuel Fernández Silvestre at the Battle of Annual, resulting in 8,000 to 13,000 Spanish deaths, the abandonment of heavy weaponry, and a chaotic retreat that exposed vulnerabilities in Spanish colonial defenses.[25] July 23 – The First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party convened in Shanghai with 13 delegates representing around 50 early members, marking the formal founding of the organization amid growing labor unrest and influenced by the Comintern; the meeting relocated to a boat on Jiaxing Lake due to security concerns and concluded in early August.[26] July 29 – Adolf Hitler was appointed Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) in Munich after threatening to resign and form a rival group, consolidating his control over the nascent Nazi movement which advocated extreme nationalism and antisemitism.[27]August
Gene Roddenberry, the American television producer and screenwriter who created the science fiction franchise Star Trek, was born on August 19 in El Paso, Texas. His work introduced concepts like warp drive and multicultural crews, influencing depictions of space exploration and ethical dilemmas in media. Alex Haley, American writer best known for Roots: The Saga of an American Family, which traced his ancestry to West Africa and sold over six million copies, was born on August 11 in Ithaca, New York. The book spurred widespread interest in genealogy and African American history, leading to a miniseries viewed by over 130 million Americans. Iris Apfel, American interior designer and fashion icon renowned for her eclectic style and contributions to textile design, was born on August 3 in Astoria, Queens, New York. She collaborated with brands like White House interiors and later gained fame for her oversized accessories and bold aesthetics in her 90s. Derick S. Thomson, Scottish Gaelic poet, publisher, and lexicographer who advanced Celtic literature through works like An Dealbh Brèige, was born on August 5 in Stornoway, Scotland. His scholarship preserved and modernized Gaelic language and culture amid declining usage.September
On September 1, the Poplar Rates Rebellion culminated in the imprisonment of nine Labour Party members of the Poplar Borough Council in London, who had refused to levy the full poor rate demanded by central government, setting rates at a lower level to protest unequal burdens on working-class areas and advocate for national equalization of rates.[28] Led by George Lansbury, the action highlighted tensions between local socialist governance and national fiscal policy, resulting in the councilors' 42-day incarceration and galvanizing support for welfare reforms.[28] The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest armed labor uprising in U.S. history, effectively ended around September 3 when 2,100 federal troops arrived in Logan County, West Virginia, to quell the conflict between approximately 10,000 striking coal miners and anti-union forces backed by coal operators, private guards, and state militia.[29] The miners, organized under the United Mine Workers, had marched to unionize southern West Virginia fields amid violent suppression, including aerial bombings and machine-gun fire; federal intervention followed President Warren G. Harding's declaration of martial law, leading to over 1,000 arrests but no convictions for treason.[29] On September 2, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover, initiated large-scale international humanitarian aid shipments to Soviet Russia to combat the ongoing famine exacerbated by Bolshevik policies, war communism, and drought, delivering over 700,000 tons of food by year's end despite ideological opposition.[29] The Oppau explosion occurred on September 21 at a BASF chemical plant near Ludwigshafen, Germany, when workers used dynamite to dislodge 4,500 tons of solidified ammonium nitrate fertilizer from a silo, triggering a blast equivalent to 500 tons of TNT that killed 561 people, injured over 2,000, and destroyed much of the facility.[30] The disaster, one of the deadliest industrial accidents on record, stemmed from inadequate safety protocols for handling unstable compounds and underscored vulnerabilities in Weimar Germany's chemical industry amid postwar economic strain.[30] Other events included the launch of the USS Washington, a superdreadnought battleship, on September 1 as part of U.S. naval modernization post-World War I disarmament talks.[29]October
5 October – Mahlon Hoagland (died 2009), American biochemist who, along with Paul Zamecnik, identified the role of transfer RNA in activating amino acids for protein synthesis, a foundational discovery in molecular biology.[31][32] 14 October – Louis Sokoloff (died 2015), Polish-American neuroscientist who pioneered the 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method for quantifying local cerebral glucose utilization, enabling quantitative mapping of brain functional activity.[33] 15 October – Seymour Benzer (died 2007), American physicist and molecular biologist who shifted from solid-state physics to genetics, developing fine-structure mapping of the T4 phage gene and using fruit flies to link specific genes to behaviors, laying groundwork for neurogenetics.[34][35] 18 October – Beatrice Worsley (died 1972), Canadian computer scientist who earned one of the world's first PhDs in computing and contributed to early programming languages and electronic digital computing at the University of Toronto.[36]November
- 27 November – Alexander Dubček (d. 1992), Slovak communist politician who served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from January 1968 to April 1969, initiating liberal reforms during the Prague Spring to promote greater political freedoms, economic decentralization, and reduced censorship under the banner of "socialism with a human face," efforts which prompted a Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968.[37][38] Born in Uhrovec, then part of Czechoslovakia, Dubček's early life included residence in the Soviet Union from age three to fifteen, influencing his ideological commitments while fostering reservations about Stalinist authoritarianism.[37]