Sir Alex Ferguson
CBE
Personal information
Ferguson in 2009
Full name	Alexander Chapman Ferguson
Date of birth	(1941-12-31) 31 December 1941 (age 83)
Place of birth	Glasgow, Scotland
Position(s)	Forward
Youth career
	Harmony Row Boys Club
	Drumchapel Amateurs
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps	(Gls)
1957–1960	Queen's Park	31	(15)
1960–1964	St Johnstone	37	(19)
1964–1967	Dunfermline Athletic	89	(66)
1967–1969	Rangers	41	(25)
1969–1973	Falkirk	95	(37)
1973–1974	Ayr United	24	(9)
Total		317	(171)
International career
1960	Scotland Amateurs^[1]	1	(1)
1967	Scotland^[2]^[3]	4	(3)
1967	Scottish Football League XI^[4]	2	(1)
Managerial career
1974	East Stirlingshire
1974–1978	St Mirren
1978–1986	Aberdeen
1985–1986	Scotland
1986–2013	Manchester United
*Club domestic league appearances and goals

Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish former professional football manager and player, best known for managing Manchester United from 1986 to 2013. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time and has won more trophies (49) than any other manager in the history of football.^[5] Ferguson is often credited for valuing youth during his time at Manchester United, particularly in the 1990s with the "Class of '92", who contributed to making the club one of the richest and most successful in the world.^[6]

Ferguson played as a forward for several Scottish clubs, including Dunfermline Athletic and Rangers. While playing for Dunfermline, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league during the 1965–66 season. Towards the end of his playing career, he also worked as a coach, then started his managerial career with East Stirlingshire and St Mirren. Ferguson then enjoyed a highly successful period as manager of Aberdeen, winning three Scottish league championships, four Scottish Cups and both the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in 1983. He briefly managed Scotland following the death of Jock Stein, taking the team to the 1986 World Cup.

Ferguson was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986. During his 26 years with Manchester United, he won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, and two UEFA Champions League titles. He was knighted in the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours list for his services to the game.^[7] Ferguson is the longest-serving manager of Manchester United, having overtaken Sir Matt Busby's record on 19 December 2010. He retired from management at the end of the 2012–13 season, having won the Premier League in his final season.

Early life

[edit]

Alexander Chapman Ferguson^[8] was born at his grandmother's home on Shieldhall Road in the Govan district of Glasgow on 31 December 1941, the son of Elizabeth (née Hardie) and Alexander Beaton Ferguson. His father was a plater's helper in the shipbuilding industry.^[9] He grew up in a tenement at 667 Govan Road, which has since been demolished, where he lived with his parents and his younger brother Martin, who also became a footballer.^[10] He attended Broomloan Road Primary School and later Govan High School.^[11] He began his football career with Harmony Row Boys Club in Govan,^[12]^[13] before progressing to Drumchapel Amateurs, a youth club with a strong reputation for producing senior footballers.^[14] He also took an apprenticeship as a toolmaker at a factory in Hillington, being appointed a union shop steward.^[12]

Playing career

[edit]

Club

[edit]

Ferguson's playing career began as an amateur with Queen's Park, where he made his debut as a striker, aged 16.^[15] He described his first match as a "nightmare",^[16] but scored Queen's Park's goal in a 2–1 defeat against Stranraer. Perhaps his most notable game for Queen's Park was the 7–1 defeat away to Queen of the South on Boxing Day 1959 when ex-England international Ivor Broadis scored four of the Queen of the South goals. Ferguson was the solitary Queen's Park goalscorer.^[17]

Despite scoring 20 goals in his 31 games for Queen's Park, he could not command a regular place in the side and moved to St Johnstone in 1960. Ferguson was on a part-time contract with St Johnstone, and he combined working in a Govan shipyard with training at night in Perth.^[18] Although he regularly scored goals for St Johnstone, he was unable to command a consistent place in their team. He regularly requested transfers, and even considered emigrating to Canada.^[19] St Johnstone's failure to sign another forward led the manager to select Ferguson for a match against Rangers, in which he scored a hat-trick in a surprise 3–2 victory at Ibrox.^[19]^[20]

Dunfermline signed him the following summer (1964), and Ferguson became a full-time professional footballer. In the following season (1964–65) Dunfermline were strong challengers for the Scottish league title and reached the Scottish Cup Final, but Ferguson was dropped for the final after a poor performance in a league game against St Johnstone. Dunfermline lost the final 3–2 to Celtic, then failed to win the League by one point. The 1965–66 season saw Ferguson notch up 45 goals in 51 games for Dunfermline. Along with Joe McBride of Celtic, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish league with 31 goals.^[21]

Ferguson then joined Rangers for £65,000, which was a record fee for a transfer between two Scottish clubs.^[22] He performed well in Europe during his two seasons with the club, scoring six goals in nine appearances in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup including two against 1.FC Köln in the 1967–68 competition, and an important strike against Athletic Bilbao in the 1968–69 edition which helped Rangers into the semi-finals,^[23] but on both occasions they were knocked out by English opposition. He was blamed for a goal conceded in the 1969 Scottish Cup Final,^[24] in a match in which he was designated to mark Celtic captain, Billy McNeill, and was subsequently forced to play for the club's junior side instead of for the first team.^[25] According to his brother, Ferguson was so upset by the experience that he threw his losers' medal away.^[26]

There have been claims that he suffered discrimination at Rangers due to his marriage to a Catholic, Cathy Holding.^[27] Ferguson said in a 2021 documentary film about his life and career (Sir Alex Ferguson: Never Give In) that he "assumed" that his exclusion from the first team after the 1969 cup final was due to her religion.^[18] His autobiography noted that Rangers had known of his wife's religion when he joined the club.^[28] In March 2021, he added that when he was signed, a Rangers director had questioned whether the Fergusons had been married in a (Catholic) chapel, and that the director had replied "oh, that's okay" when told they had married in a registry office.^[29] Ferguson left Rangers reluctantly, as he had grown up locally and had dreamed of succeeding there.^[30] He was upset by how newspapers would refer to him as an "ex-Rangers player" after he had left, and rarely attended gatherings of their former players.^[30]

The following October, Nottingham Forest wanted to sign Ferguson,^[31] but his wife was not keen on moving to England at that time, so he went to Falkirk instead. He remained at Brockville for four years, gaining more league appearances than he had elsewhere; in recognition of his experience he was promoted to player-coach, but when John Prentice became manager he removed Ferguson's coaching responsibilities. Ferguson's time at Falkirk was soured by this, and he responded by requesting a transfer and moved to Ayr United, where he finished his playing career in 1974.^[32]

International

[edit]

Ferguson's only involvement with the Scotland national team was during an overseas tour in 1967. For many years none of the tour matches were recognised by the Scottish Football Association as full internationals, and so Ferguson was deemed to have never played for Scotland. A BBC Sport article in June 2020 identified him as one of the best Scottish players to have never played a full international.^[22] The SFA announced in October 2021 that some of the tour matches would be reclassified as full internationals, which meant that Ferguson was belatedly awarded an international cap.^[3]

Managerial career

[edit]

East Stirlingshire

[edit]

In June 1974, Ferguson was appointed manager of East Stirlingshire, at the comparatively young age of 32. It was a part-time job that paid £40 per week, and the club did not have a single goalkeeper at the time.^[33] He gained a reputation as a disciplinarian, with club forward Bobby McCulley later saying he had "never been afraid of anyone before but Ferguson was a frightening bastard from the start."^[34]

St Mirren

[edit]

In October 1974, Ferguson was invited to manage St Mirren. While they were below East Stirlingshire in the league, they were a bigger club and although Ferguson felt a degree of loyalty towards East Stirlingshire, he decided to join St Mirren after taking advice from Jock Stein.^[35]

Ferguson was manager of St Mirren from 1974 until 1978, producing a remarkable transformation of a team in the lower half of the old Second Division watched by crowds of just over 1,000, to First Division champions in 1977, discovering talent like Billy Stark, Tony Fitzpatrick, Lex Richardson, Frank McGarvey, Bobby Reid and Peter Weir while playing superb attacking football.^[36] The average age of the league winning team was 19 and the captain, Fitzpatrick, was 20.^[37]

St Mirren have the distinction of being the only club ever to sack Ferguson. He claimed wrongful dismissal against the club at an industrial tribunal but lost and was given no leave to appeal. According to a Sunday Herald article on 30 May 1999, the official version is that Ferguson was sacked for various breaches of contract, including unauthorised payments to players.^[36] He was counter-accused of intimidating behaviour towards his office secretary because he wanted players to get some expenses tax free. He did not speak to her for six weeks, confiscated her keys and communicated only through a 17-year-old assistant. The tribunal concluded that Ferguson was "particularly petty" and "immature".^[38] It was claimed during the tribunal by St Mirren chairman, Willie Todd, that Ferguson had "no managerial ability".^[39]

In 2008, The Guardian published an interview with Todd (then aged 87), who had sacked Ferguson many years earlier. Todd said that the fundamental reason for the dismissal was a breach of contract relating to Ferguson having agreed to join Aberdeen. Ferguson told journalist Jim Rodger of the Daily Mirror that he had asked at least one member of the squad to go to Aberdeen with him. He told the St Mirren staff he was leaving. Todd expressed regret over what happened but blamed Aberdeen for not approaching his club to discuss compensation.^[40]

In 1977, Ferguson turned down the manager's job at Aberdeen. The role went to Billy McNeill, who returned to Celtic after only a year, leaving the role available for Ferguson once again.^[41]

Aberdeen

[edit]

Late 1970s

[edit]

Ferguson joined Aberdeen as manager in June 1978, replacing Billy McNeill who had only managed the club for one season before he was offered the chance to manage Celtic. Although Aberdeen were one of Scotland's major clubs they had won the league only once, in 1955 under Dave Halliday. The team had been playing well, however, and had not lost a league match since the previous December, having finished second in the league the previous season.^[42] Ferguson had now been a manager for four years, but was still not much older than some of the players and had trouble winning the respect of some of the older ones such as Joe Harper.^[43] The season did not go especially well, with Aberdeen reaching the semi-final of the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup Final, but losing both matches and finishing fourth in the league.

Aberdeen lost the 1979–80 Scottish League Cup Final, this time to Dundee United after a replay. Ferguson took the blame for the defeat, saying he should have made changes to the team for the replay.^[44]

1980s and silverware

[edit]

Aberdeen had started the 1979–80 season poorly but their form improved dramatically in the new year and they won the Scottish league that season with a 5–0 win on the final day. It was the first time in 15 years that the league had not been won by either Rangers or Celtic. Ferguson now felt that he had the respect of his players, later saying: "That was the achievement which united us. I finally had the players believing in me".^[45]

He was still a strict disciplinarian, though, and his players nicknamed him "Furious Fergie".^[46] He fined one of his players, John Hewitt, for overtaking him on a public road,^[47] and kicked a tea urn at the players at half time after a poor first half.^[48] He was dissatisfied with the atmosphere at Aberdeen matches, and deliberately created a "siege mentality" by accusing the Scottish media of being biased towards the Glasgow clubs, to motivate the team.^[49] The team continued their success with a Scottish Cup win in 1982. Ferguson was offered the manager's job at Wolverhampton Wanderers but turned it down as he felt that Wolves were in trouble^[50] and his "ambitions at Aberdeen were not even half fulfilled".^[51]

European success and Scottish national side

[edit]

Ferguson led Aberdeen to even greater success the following season, 1982–83. They had qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as a result of winning the Scottish Cup the previous season, and impressively knocked out Bayern Munich,^[52]^[53] who had beaten Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 in the previous round.^[54]^[55] According to Willie Miller, this gave them the confidence to believe that they could go on to win the competition,^[56] which they did, with a 2–1 victory over Real Madrid in the final on 11 May 1983.^[57] Aberdeen became only the third Scottish team to win a European trophy and Ferguson now felt that "he'd done something worthwhile with his life".^[58] This was followed up with victory in the European Super Cup in December 1983, when Hamburger SV, the reigning European Cup champions, were beaten 2–0 over two legs.^[59]^[60] Aberdeen had also performed well in the league that season, and retained the Scottish Cup with a 1–0 victory over Rangers,^[61] but Ferguson was not happy with his team's play in that match and upset the players by describing theirs as a "disgraceful performance" in a televised interview after the match, a statement he later retracted.^[62]

After a sub-standard start to the 1983–84 season, Aberdeen's form improved and the team won the Scottish league and retained the Scottish Cup. Ferguson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1985 New Year Honours,^[63]^[64] and was offered the managers' jobs at Rangers and Arsenal during the season.^[65]^[66]^[67] Aberdeen retained their league title in the 1984–85 season. In 1985–86, Aberdeen won both domestic cups, but finished fourth in the league. Ferguson had been appointed to the club's board of directors early in 1986, but that April he told Dick Donald, their chairman, that he intended to leave that summer.^{[citation needed]}

Ferguson had been part of the coaching staff for the Scottish national side during qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, but manager Jock Stein had collapsed and died on 10 September 1985 – at the end of the game in which Scotland qualified from their group for a play-off against Australia. Ferguson promptly agreed to take charge of the Scottish national side against the Australians and subsequently at the World Cup. To allow him to fulfil his international duties he appointed Archie Knox as his co-manager at Aberdeen. However, after Scotland failed to progress past the group stages of the World Cup, Ferguson stepped down as national team manager on 15 June 1986.^[68]

Around this time, Tottenham Hotspur offered Ferguson the chance to take over from Peter Shreeves as manager, but he rejected this offer and the job went to Luton Town's David Pleat instead. There was also an offer for Ferguson to replace Don Howe as Arsenal manager, but he rejected this offer as well, and fellow Scot George Graham took the post instead.^[69] That summer, there had been speculation that he would take over from Ron Atkinson at Manchester United, who had slumped to fourth in the English top flight after a ten-match winning start.^[23]

It was not the first time that Ferguson had been linked with a move to England. In February 1982, Wolverhampton Wanderers had approached him about succeeding John Barnwell as manager as they were heading for relegation from the First Division.^[70] He rejected this offer, perhaps concerned about the club's financial stability, as they were more than £2 million in debt at the time and narrowly avoided going out of business. At the end of the 1984–85 season, it was reported that Ferguson was being considered for the Liverpool manager's job after the retirement of Joe Fagan was announced, but the job was quickly accepted by Liverpool striker Kenny Dalglish.^[71]

Although Ferguson remained at Aberdeen over the summer, he did eventually join Manchester United when Atkinson was sacked in November 1986.^[72]

Manchester United

[edit]

Appointment and first FA Cup title

[edit]

Ferguson was appointed manager at Old Trafford on 6 November 1986.^[73] He was initially worried that many of the players, such as Norman Whiteside, Paul McGrath and Bryan Robson were drinking too much and was "depressed" by their level of fitness, but he managed to increase the players' discipline and United climbed up the table to finish the season in 11th place, having been 21st (second from bottom) when he took over.^[74]

His first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat at Oxford United on 8 November, followed seven days later by a goalless draw at newly promoted Norwich City, and then his first win (1–0 at home to Queens Park Rangers) on 22 November.^[75] Results steadily improved as the season went on, and by the time they recorded what would be their only away win of the league campaign at title challengers and rivals Liverpool on Boxing Day, it was clear that United were on the road to recovery.^[76] The year 1987 began on a high note with a 4–1 victory over Newcastle United and United gradually pulled together in the second half of the season, with relatively occasional defeats on the way, and finished 11th in the final table. Ferguson's mother Elizabeth died of lung cancer, aged 64, three weeks after his appointment. Ferguson hired Archie Knox, his assistant at Aberdeen, in the same role at Manchester United in 1986.^[76]

In the 1987–88 season, Ferguson made several major signings, including Steve Bruce, Viv Anderson and Brian McClair.^[77]^[78]^[79] The new players made a positive contribution to a United team who finished in second place, nine points behind Liverpool. Liverpool's points lead, however, had been in double digits for most of the season and while United had lost only five league games all season, they drew 12 games, leaving some way to go before United could match their northwestern rivals.^{[citation needed]}

During the season, United played two friendly matches in Bermuda against the Bermuda national team and the Somerset Cricket Club.^[80] In the match against Somerset, both Ferguson himself and his assistant Archie Knox took to the field, with Knox even getting on the scoresheet. The match was Ferguson's only appearance for the Manchester United first team.^[80]

United were expected to do well when Mark Hughes returned to the club two years after leaving for Barcelona, alongside Jim Leighton from Aberdeen; but the 1988–89 season was a disappointment for them, finishing 11th in the league and losing 1–0 at home to Nottingham Forest in the FA Cup sixth round.^[81] They had begun the season slowly, going on a nine-match winless run throughout October and November (with one defeat and eight draws) before a run of generally good results took them to third place and the fringes of the title challenge by mid February. However, another run of disappointing results in the final quarter of the season saw them fall down to mid-table.^[82]

For the 1989–90 season, Ferguson further boosted his squad by paying large sums of money for midfielders Neil Webb, Mike Phelan, and Paul Ince, as well as defender Gary Pallister and winger Danny Wallace.^[83]^[84] The season began well with a 4–1 win over defending champions Arsenal on the opening day, but United's league form quickly turned sour. In September, United suffered a humiliating 5–1 away defeat against fierce rivals Manchester City. Following this and an early season run of six defeats and two draws in eight games, a banner declaring, "Three years of excuses and it's still crap ... ta-ra Fergie." was displayed at Old Trafford, and many journalists and supporters called for Ferguson to be sacked.^[85]^[86] Ferguson later described December 1989 as "the darkest period [he had] ever suffered in the game", as United ended the decade just outside the relegation zone.^[87]^[88]

Following a run of seven games without a win, Manchester United were drawn away to Nottingham Forest in the third round of the FA Cup. Forest were performing well that season and were in the process of winning the League Cup for the second season running,^[89] and it was expected that United would lose the match and Ferguson would consequently be sacked, but United won the game 1–0 due to a Mark Robins goal and eventually reached the final. This cup win is often cited as the match that saved Ferguson's Old Trafford career.^[89]^[90]^[91] United went on to win the FA Cup, beating Crystal Palace 1–0 in the final replay after a 3–3 draw in the first match, giving Ferguson his first major trophy as Manchester United manager. United's defensive frailties in the first match were blamed on goalkeeper Jim Leighton. Ferguson dropped Leighton for the replay, bringing in Les Sealey.

United's European firsts and Ferguson's seconds

[edit]

Although United's league form improved greatly in 1990–91, they were still inconsistent and finished sixth. There were some excellent performances that season, including a 6–2 demolition of Arsenal at Highbury, but results like an early 2–1 loss at newly promoted Sunderland, a 4–0 September hammering by Liverpool at Anfield, and a 2–0 home defeat by Everton in early March (the game where 17-year-old talented prospect Ryan Giggs made his senior debut) showed that United still had some way to go.^[92]^[93]

Even after the FA Cup victory in the previous season, some still had doubts about Ferguson's ability to succeed where all the other managers since Matt Busby had failed – to win the league title.^[91] They were runners-up in the League Cup, losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday. However, they won the European Cup Winners' Cup, beating that season's Spanish champions Barcelona 2–1. It would be United's only Cup Winners' Cup title.^[94] After the match, Ferguson vowed that United would win the league the following season, and at long last he seemed to have won over the last of his sceptics after nearly five years in the job.^[95]

During the 1991 close season, Ferguson's assistant Archie Knox departed to Rangers to become assistant to Walter Smith, and Ferguson promoted youth team coach Brian Kidd to the role of assistant manager in Knox's place.^[96] He also made two major signings – goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel and defender Paul Parker – to bolster his side.^[97]^[98] There was much anticipation about the breakthrough of the young Ryan Giggs, who had played twice and scored once in the 1990–91 campaign, and the earlier emergence of another impressive young winger in the shape of Lee Sharpe, who despite their youth had made Ferguson feel able to resist plunging into the transfer market and buying a new player to take over from the disappointing Danny Wallace on the left wing. He had also added Soviet midfielder Andrei Kanchelskis to the right wing, giving him a more attacking alternative to older midfielders Mike Phelan and Bryan Robson.^[6]^[7]^[99]

The 1991–92 season did not live up to Ferguson's expectations and, in Ferguson's words, "many in the media felt that [his] mistakes had contributed to the misery".^[100] United won the League Cup and European Super Cup;^[101] both for the first time, but lost out on the league title to rivals Leeds United after leading the table for much of the season. A shortage of goals and being held to draws by teams they had been expected to beat in the second half of the campaign had proved to be the undoing of a United side who had performed so well in the first half of the season. Ferguson felt that his failure to secure the signing of Mick Harford from Luton Town had cost United the league, and that he needed "an extra dimension" to the team if they were to win the league the following season.^[102]

During the 1992 close season, Ferguson went on the hunt for a new striker. He first attempted to sign Alan Shearer from Southampton, but lost out to Blackburn Rovers.^[103] He also made at least one approach for the Sheffield Wednesday striker David Hirst, but manager Trevor Francis rejected all offers and the player stayed put. In the end, he paid £1 million for 23-year-old Cambridge United striker Dion Dublin – his only major signing of the summer.^[104]

After a slow start to the 1992–93 season by sitting 10th at the beginning of November, it looked as though United would miss out on the league title yet again. However, after the purchase of French striker Eric Cantona from Leeds for £1.2 million, the future of Manchester United, and Ferguson's position as manager, began to look bright.^[105] Cantona formed a strong partnership with Mark Hughes. On 10 April 1993, United were second in the league when they faced Sheffield Wednesday at home. United were losing with four minutes to go before Steve Bruce equalised. After seven minutes of injury time – which was subsequently dubbed "Fergie Time", alluding to extra minutes allegedly being granted to Ferguson's teams to get a goal – Bruce scored the 97th-minute winner, with Ferguson celebrating the goal by running from his dugout on to the touch line, while assistant Brian Kidd ran on to the field.^[106] Seen as being a decisive victory, it put United top of the league, where they remained. Winning the title ended United's 26-year wait for a league title, and also made them the first Premier League champions. United finished with a ten-point margin over runners-up Aston Villa, whose 1–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic on 2 May 1993 had given United the title. Ferguson was later voted Manager of the Year by the League Managers' Association.^[107]

1993–95: Double win and loss

[edit]

The 1993–94 season brought more success. Ferguson added Nottingham Forest's 22-year-old midfielder Roy Keane to the ranks for a British record fee of £3.75 million as a long term replacement for Bryan Robson, who was nearing the end of his career.^[108] United led the 1993–94 Premier League table virtually from start to finish.^[109] Ferguson was the first winner of the Premier League Manager of the Month award, introduced for the start of the 1993–94 season, when he collected the accolade for August 1993.^[110] Cantona was top scorer with 25 goals in all competitions despite being sent off twice in the space of five days in March 1994. United also reached the League Cup final but lost 3–1 to Aston Villa, managed by Ferguson's predecessor, Ron Atkinson. In the FA Cup final, Manchester United achieved an impressive 4–0 scoreline against Chelsea, winning Ferguson his second League and Cup Double, following his Scottish Premier Division and Scottish Cup titles with Aberdeen in 1984–85, though the League Cup final defeat meant that he had not yet achieved a repeat of the treble that he had achieved with Aberdeen in 1983.^[111]^[112]^[109]

Ferguson made only one close-season signing, paying Blackburn £1.2 million for David May.^[113] There were newspaper reports that Ferguson was also going to sign highly rated 21-year-old striker Chris Sutton from Norwich City, but the player headed for Blackburn instead.^[8] 1994–95 was a harder season for Ferguson. Cantona assaulted a Crystal Palace supporter in a game at Selhurst Park, and it seemed likely he would leave English football. An eight-month ban saw Cantona miss the final four months of the season. He also received a 14-day prison sentence for the offence but the sentence was quashed on appeal and replaced by a 120-hour community service order.^[114] United paid a British record fee of £7 million for Newcastle United's prolific striker Andy Cole, with young winger Keith Gillespie heading to the north-east in exchange.^[115] The season also saw the breakthrough of young players Gary Neville, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes, who provided excellent cover for the long periods that United were left without some of their more experienced stars. However, the championship slipped out of Manchester United's grasp as they drew 1–1 with West Ham United on the final day of the season, when a win would have given them a third successive league title. United also lost the FA Cup final in a 1–0 defeat by Everton.^[116]^[117]

1995–98

[edit]

Ferguson was heavily criticised in the summer of 1995 when three of United's star players were allowed to leave and replacements were not bought. First Paul Ince moved to Internazionale of Italy for £7.5 million, long-serving striker Mark Hughes was sold to Chelsea in a £1.5 million deal, and Andrei Kanchelskis was sold to Everton.^[118]^[119]^[120] Ferguson felt that United had a number of young players who were ready to play in the first team. The youngsters, who would be known as "Fergie's Fledglings", included Gary Neville, Phil Neville, David Beckham, Paul Scholes and Nicky Butt, who would all go on to be important members of the team.^[9]^[10] And so the 1995–96 season began without a major signing, at a time when the likes of Arsenal, Liverpool and Newcastle were making the headlines with big-money signings.^{[citation needed]}^[121]

A youthful United team lost 3–1 in their opening league game of the 1995–96 season, against Aston Villa.^[122] On Match of the Day, pundit Alan Hansen criticised their performance, ending his analysis with the words, "You can't win anything with kids."^[123] United won their next five matches and were boosted by the return of Cantona, who made his comeback against Liverpool in October 1995. For much of the season, the team trailed league leaders Newcastle and found themselves ten points behind by Christmas; this later was narrowed to seven points after defeating them on 27 December 1995.^[124] The gap increased to 12 points, but a series of wins, coupled with Newcastle dropping points, meant by late March, United moved to the top of the table. In a televised outburst after his team's win against Leeds, Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan responded angrily to Ferguson's comments: "We're still fighting for this title, and he's got to go to Middlesbrough... I would love it if we beat them, love it."^[125] A win against Middlesbrough on the final day sealed the title for United and the team beat Liverpool by a goal to nil to win the 1996 FA Cup Final; this was their second double in three years. A week after the cup final, Ferguson agreed a four-year contract to remain at United.^[126]^[124]

United started the following season thrashing the previous year's league runners-up Newcastle 4-0 in the Charity Shield.^[127] They went on to win their fourth league title in five seasons at the end of the 1996–97 campaign, made easier by the fact that their rivals were "not up to the job".^[128] Under Ferguson, the team made a better go in the Champions League and reached the semi-final stage for the first time in 28 years.^[129] United did not advance any further, after defeat by Borussia Dortmund of Germany.^[130] Norwegian signings Ole Gunnar Solskjær and Ronny Johnsen were the notable additions to the squad, with the former ending the season as the club's top goalscorer. In May 1997, Cantona informed Ferguson of his decision to retire from football.^[131] The player "felt exploited by United's merchandising department" and questioned the ambition of the club, reasons which Ferguson understood.^[131] Striker Teddy Sheringham was signed as Cantona's replacement from Tottenham Hotspur, with Blackburn defender Henning Berg the other significant purchase that summer.^[132]^[133] In the close season, United appointed Keane as their new captain. Ferguson described him as "the best all-round player in the game" after the team's 1997 FA Charity Shield win and believed Keane had "all the right ingredients" to succeed from Cantona.^[134]

Defeat by Leeds United in September 1997 was the team's first league loss in seven months; Keane during the match injured himself and was subsequently ruled out for the rest of the season with ligament damage.^[135] Goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel was placed as captain in his absence. By November, United opened up a four-point lead in the league, which prompted talk of whether any team could catch them.^[136] After Arsenal's defeat of United in the same month, Ferguson acknowledged a one-horse race was "not good for the game" and admitted his opponents "... deserved to win on their second-half performance".^[137] The fallibilities of Liverpool, Chelsea and Blackburn as league challengers allowed United during the winter to extend their lead by 11 points, albeit with Arsenal having games-in-hand.^[138] This was enough for Manchester bookmaker Fred Done to pay out on punters who backed the champions retaining their title.^[139]

Arsenal collected maximum points, sealing the title with a win against Everton on 3 May 1998.^[140] Ferguson congratulated his opponent Arsène Wenger, who in his first full season at the club, later completed the double: "I think it's good for my young players to lose on this occasion. I wholeheartedly acknowledge what Arsenal achieved between Christmas and the end of the season."^[141] United straight after paid £10.75 million for PSV defender Jaap Stam, a new club record fee.^[142] Ferguson wanted to strengthen the squad's attacking options and identified Aston Villa's Dwight Yorke as his main target.^[143] Attempts to sign Yorke were rebuffed at first, before Ferguson persuaded Edwards to increase United's initial offer of £10 million.^[144] A £12.6 million deal was reached a week into the league campaign; Yorke signed minutes before the deadline to submit United's squad for the Champions League.^[144]

1998–99: Treble success

[edit]

United opened the 1998–99 season with a 3–0 loss to Arsenal in the 1998 FA Charity Shield.^[145] The beating did not concern Ferguson, though he described his team's defeat by Arsenal in September 1998 as "a lot less tolerable". In December 1998, Kidd left his role as assistant to become the manager of Blackburn Rovers. Ferguson instructed Eric Harrison and Les Kershaw to find suitable replacements, "in terms of coaching ability and work ethic." Both recommended Steve McClaren, the assistant to Jim Smith at Derby County. McClaren was Ferguson's initial choice and appointed him in February 1999. His first game as assistant was United's 8–1 victory over Nottingham Forest.^[146]

Ferguson felt United's bid to regain the Premier League began indifferently because of their commitments to other competitions. He was willing to "pay for the progress" made in the Champions League; the team finished second in their Champions League "group of death", behind Bayern Munich and ahead of Barcelona. United's win against Liverpool in the FA Cup fourth round was a portent for the remainder of the season. A goal down after three minutes, the team equalised in the 86th minute and scored the winning goal through Solskjær in stoppage time.^[147] On reflection, Ferguson said it was "a demonstration of the morale that was to be every bit as vital as rich skill in the five months that lay ahead of United".^[148]

Under Ferguson, United acclaimed a treble of trophies in the 1998–99 season.

In the final weeks of the league season, Arsenal emerged as a credible challenger to United. Both clubs were also paired together in the semi-final of the FA Cup, decided by a replay as the original game finished goalless.^[11] Keane was sent off in the second half and United conceded a penalty late into the match with the score 1–1. Dennis Bergkamp's effort was saved by Peter Schmeichel.^[149] Ferguson hoped his team "could at least take it to a penalty shoot-out", but instead the match was settled in extra time: Giggs ran the length of the pitch and evaded several Arsenal players to score the winning goal.^[148] United went on to beat Newcastle United in the FA Cup final and completed the double – a week earlier the team had regained the Premiership title.^[148]

United's progression in the Champions League was promising compared to previous seasons. The team eliminated Inter Milan at the quarter-final stage and faced Juventus in the last four of the competition.^[11] A late goal scored by Giggs in the first leg earned the team a 1–1 draw, but in spite of conceding an away goal, Ferguson was adamant of United's chances of reaching the final: "... something tells me we are going to win. The nature of our club is that we torture ourselves so much that the only way to get relief is by winning over there."^[150] At the Stadio delle Alpi, striker Filippo Inzaghi scored twice to put Juventus 3–1 up on aggregate.^[151] Keane headed in a Beckham cross to halve the deficit just before half-time, but was later shown a yellow card for a foul on Edgar Davids, which prevented him from playing in the final.^[151] Yorke equalised, before Cole added a third to win the match outright.^[151] Keane's performance merited praise from Ferguson:

It was the most emphatic display of selflessness I have seen on a football field. Pounding over every blade of grass, competing if he would rather die of exhaustion than lose, he inspired all around him. I felt it was an honour to be associated with such a player.^[148]

Days after the FA Cup final, United travelled to Barcelona, the setting for the UEFA Champions League final. Ferguson contemplated his team selection against Bayern Munich; suspensions to Scholes and Keane ruled both players out of the match.^[148] Beckham was positioned in centre midfield, while Giggs moved to the right wing and Blomqvist started on the left – changes the manager felt would prevent the opposition from playing narrow.^[148] United conceded in the first six minutes of the final, from a Mario Basler's free kick. Sheringham, who came on for Blomqvist, equalised from a corner in the first minute of additional time. McClaren told Ferguson to get the team organised for extra time, to which he replied, "Steve, this game isn't finished."^[148] Three minutes into added time, Solskjær scored the winner, which for United completed an unprecedented treble. Ferguson, interviewed moments after, said, "I can't believe it. Football, bloody hell. But they never gave in and that's what won it."^[17] He and Schmeichel, the stand-in captain, jointly lifted the cup during the trophy presentation.^[152]

A crowd of over 500,000 people^[14] turned out on the streets of Manchester to greet the players, who paraded through the city in an open-top bus.^[153] As European champions, United were invited to play in the Intercontinental Cup. The club also entered the inaugural Club World Championship, which was held in Brazil. This brought about a potential fixture congestion so United accepted the FA's recommendation of withdrawing from the FA Cup, the first holders to do so.^[154] In later years, Ferguson elaborated on the club's decision: "We did it to help England's World Cup bid. That was the political situation. I regretted it because we got nothing but stick and terrible criticism for not being in the FA Cup when really, it wasn't our fault."^[155]

1999–2002: Title hat-trick, retirement plan

[edit]

Schmeichel's decision to leave United after eight seasons prompted Ferguson to bring in replacements: Mark Bosnich from Aston Villa and Italian Massimo Taibi. The latter featured in four matches, the last of which a 5–0 defeat at Chelsea in October 1999; he was not selected again by Ferguson. United ended the 1999–2000 league season as champions, with just three defeats and a record points margin of 18.^[156] In December 1999, the club beat Palmeiras in Tokyo to win the Intercontinental Cup,^[157] but a month later exited at the group stage of the inaugural Club World Championship,^[158]^[159] although Ferguson stated the tournament was "fantastic".^[160] United failed to retain the Champions League, as they lost in the quarter-final stage to eventual winners Real Madrid.^[161]^[162] Ferguson sought to strengthen his squad and signed Fabien Barthez from Monaco for £7.8 million.^[163] He also monitored the progress of Ruud van Nistelrooy, "a striker of the highest calibre".^[164] He met the player and his agent in Manchester to discuss formalities and was informed of Van Nistelrooy's troubled right knee.^[164] Ferguson was not agitated by this; he recalled from experience a similar niggle that did not stop his playing career.^[164] Van Nistelrooy, however, failed his medical, but Ferguson reassured him that "we might yet find a way out of the nightmare".^[164] The deal was resurrected in April 2001 for a British record transfer fee of £19 million.^[165]

In the 2000–01 season, United retained the league title for a third season, becoming only the fourth side in history to do so. The achievement was overshadowed by reports of a rift between the club's board and Ferguson.^[166] He told the club's television channel MUTV that he was prepared to sever all ties with the club, once his contract ended the following year: "The decision has been taken. I'm going to leave the club. I'm disappointed with what has happened because I was hoping something would be sorted out. It hasn't happened as I thought it would and that's all there is to it."^[167] Both parties eventually reached a compromise which pleased Ferguson: "I am delighted we've settled this. When you have been at the club as long as I have it gets in your blood."^[168] Age was one of the factors in Ferguson's decision to retire: reaching 60 acted as a "psychological barrier ... It changed my sense of my own fitness, my health."^[169]

In May 2001, McClaren left to become Middlesbrough manager,^[170] with Jimmy Ryan being named assistant to Ferguson for the duration of the campaign.^[171] United once more broke their transfer record with the purchase of Juan Sebastián Verón from Lazio for a reported £28.1 million.^[172] In August 2001, Stam was transferred to Lazio for £16 million.^[173] The player reportedly moved because of claims in his autobiography Head to Head; Stam implied that Ferguson illegally contacted him about a move to Manchester United, before informing PSV.^[174] Ferguson said he sold the player because the club needed to cut back on its "massive wage bill".^[175] He replaced the defender with Laurent Blanc, a long sought-after target.^[175] In an interview with Alastair Campbell eight years after, Ferguson described his biggest mistake at the club was "letting go of Jaap Stam. No question".^[176]

The club endured a poor first half to the season and languished in ninth position after a home defeat by West Ham in December 2001.^[177] On the night of Christmas Day, Ferguson shelved his retirement plan.^{[citation needed]} His family convinced him to remain in charge of United and Ferguson informed Watkins of his u-turn the following day.^{[citation needed]}

Once Ferguson publicised his decision to remain in February 2002,^[178] United's form improved. The team won 13 out of 15 matches, though finished third in the league behind Arsenal and Liverpool. United were unsuccessful in Europe, losing their Champions League semi-final on away goals to Bayer Leverkusen.^[179] Early exits from the League Cup and FA Cup meant they ended the season trophyless. Ferguson himself said that the decision to announce his retirement had resulted in a negative effect on the players and on his ability to impose discipline.^[180]

2002–2006: Rebuilding and transition

[edit]

In June 2002, Ferguson appointed Carlos Queiroz as his new assistant.^[181] The recommendation came from Andy Roxburgh, at a time when United began scouting for southern-hemisphere footballers and wanted a multilingual coach. Ferguson was so impressed with Queiroz after their first meeting, he offered him the job "right away". In July 2002, United paid £29.3 million for Leeds United defender Rio Ferdinand. The club broke the British transfer record once more, though this did not concern Ferguson: "We have the right to try and improve ourselves and there's nothing wrong with that."^[182]

The 2002–03 season began rather poorly for United; the club made their worst start to a league campaign in 13 years.^[183] In a column for The Daily Telegraph, Hansen said Ferguson "will recognise this difficult start to the season for what it is: the greatest challenge of his career".^[184] Ferguson's response was typically bullish:

I don't get paid to panic. We have had plenty of stuttering starts. My greatest challenge is not what's happening at the moment. My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch. And you can print that.^[185]

Several players were sent away for surgery in this period, a "minor gamble" Ferguson took in the hope they would return energised.^[20] Defeats, such as the one to Manchester City at Maine Road in November 2002, forced United to change their playing style. The team "moved the ball forward more and quicker rather than concentrating on possession ratios", and the coaching staff tried accommodating Diego Forlán with Ruud van Nistelrooy, before settling with Paul Scholes. United's league form improved as the season went on despite defeat by Liverpool in the 2003 Football League Cup Final and they overhauled Arsenal to win the Premier League for an eighth time in May 2003.^[186] The team were eliminated in the Champions League quarter-final to Real Madrid over two legs; Ferguson described the second match, a 4–3 win at Old Trafford as "epic".^{[citation needed]}

After a season at United, Queiroz left to manage Real Madrid in June 2003.^[187] Ferguson anticipated his deputy would return – "Three months later, he was wanting to quit Madrid" – and for that reason did not appoint a replacement. In the summer, David Beckham also moved to Real Madrid, while Juan Sebastián Verón joined Chelsea.^[27]^[188] United in the meantime rebuilt their team: Tim Howard replaced Barthez in goal and Kléberson, Eric Djemba-Djemba and Cristiano Ronaldo came in to bolster the squad.^[189]^[190]^[191] Ronaldinho might have also joined "had he not said yes, then no, to our offer".^[192]

In December 2003, Rio Ferdinand was banned from playing football for eight months after he failed to present himself at a drugs test.^[193] Ferguson in his autobiography ten years later blamed the drug testers, who "...didn't do their job. They didn't go looking for Rio". The absence of Ferdinand hampered United's defence of the Premier League in the 2003–04 season; the team finished third behind Arsenal's "Invincibles" and Chelsea. In Europe, they experienced defeat at the hands of eventual winners Porto. Ferguson felt it was possible "not because of the performance of the players but because of the referee", who disallowed a legitimate Scholes goal that would have been enough to progress. United ended the campaign as FA Cup winners, beating Millwall 3–0 in the 2004 final.^[194]

At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, teenage striker Wayne Rooney (the world's most expensive teenager at more than £20 million) and Argentine defender Gabriel Heinze joined United while Cristiano Ronaldo continued where he had left off the previous season by putting in more match-winning performances.^[195] But the lack of a striker after Ruud van Nistelrooy spent most of the season injured saw the club finish third for the third time in four seasons. In the 2004–05 FA Cup, they lost on penalties to Arsenal in the final. A second-round exit from the Champions League at the hands of Milan and a semi-final exit from the League Cup at the hands of eventual winners Chelsea (who also clinched the Premier League title) meant that 2004–05 was a rare instance of a trophyless season for United. During the season, Ferguson managed his 1,000th game in charge of United in a 2–1 home win against Lyon.^[196]^[197]

Ferguson's preparations for the 2005–06 season were disrupted by a high-profile dispute with major shareholder John Magnier, over the ownership of the racehorse Rock of Gibraltar. When Magnier and business partner J. P. McManus agreed to sell their shares to American business tycoon Malcolm Glazer, it cleared the way for Glazer to acquire full control of the club. This sparked violent protests from United fans,^[198] and disrupted Ferguson's plans to strengthen the team in the transfer market. In spite of this, United looked to solve their goalkeeping and midfield problems. For this, they signed the Dutch goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar from Fulham and Korean star Park Ji-sung from PSV.

The season was one of transition. On 18 November, Roy Keane officially left the club, his contract ended by mutual consent. United failed to qualify for the knock-out phase of the UEFA Champions League. In the January transfer window, Serbian defender Nemanja Vidić and French full-back Patrice Evra were signed, and the side finished in second place in the league, behind runaway winners Chelsea. Winning the League Cup was a consolation prize for lack of success elsewhere. Ruud van Nistelrooy's future at Old Trafford was in doubt after not starting in the League Cup final, and he departed at the end of the season.^[199]

Before the start of the new season, Ferguson received much criticism, particular in the guise of an article in The Guardian titled "Shredding his legacy at every turn".^[200]

Second Champions League trophy

[edit]

In 2006, Michael Carrick was signed to take Roy Keane's place in the team for a fee that eventually rose to £18 million.^[201] United started the season well, and for the first time ever won their first four Premier League games, United's best start since 1985.^[201]^[202] They set the early pace in the Premier League and never relinquished top spot from the tenth match of the 38-game season.^[203] The January 2006 signings had a huge impact on United's performances – Patrice Evra and Nemanja Vidić came in to form a solid back line along with Rio Ferdinand and skipper Gary Neville.^[204] The signing of Carrick brought stability and further creativity in the United midfield, forming an effective partnership with Paul Scholes. Park Ji-sung and Ryan Giggs both underlined their value to the first team squad by adding significant pace and incisiveness in attack with Wayne Rooney and Cristiano Ronaldo.^{[citation needed]}

Ferguson celebrated the 20th anniversary of his appointment as manager of Manchester United on 6 November 2006. Tributes also came from Ferguson's players, both past and present,^[205] as well as his old foe, Arsène Wenger.^[206] The party was spoiled the following day when United endured a single-goal defeat at the hands of Southend United in the fourth round of the League Cup.^[207] On 1 December it was announced that Manchester United had signed 35-year-old Henrik Larsson on loan,^[208] a player that Ferguson had admired for many years, and attempted to capture previously. On 23 December 2006, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the club's 2,000th goal under Ferguson in a match against Aston Villa.^[209]

Manchester United subsequently won their ninth Premier League title but were denied a unique fourth double by Chelsea's Didier Drogba scoring a late goal in the FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium.^[210] In the Champions League, the club reached the semi-finals, recording a 7–1 home win over Roma in the quarter-final second leg,^[211] but lost at the San Siro to Milan 3–0 in the second leg of the semi-final after being 3–2 up from the first leg.^[212]

For the 2007–08 season, Ferguson made notable signings to reinforce United's first team. Long-term target Owen Hargreaves joined from Bayern Munich, young Portuguese winger Nani and Brazilian playmaker Anderson joined soon after, while the last summer signing was West Ham and Argentina striker Carlos Tevez after a complex and protracted transfer saga.^[213]^[214]^[215]

Despite getting some retribution on Chelsea by beating them in the Community Shield, United suffered their worst start to a league season under Ferguson, drawing their first two league games before suffering a 1–0 defeat by local rivals Manchester City.^[216]^[217] United, however, recovered and began a tight race with Arsenal for the title. After a good run of form, Ferguson claimed that throughout his time at Manchester United, this was the best squad he had managed to assemble thus far.^[218]

On 16 February 2008, United beat Arsenal 4–0 in an FA Cup fifth round match at Old Trafford,^[219] but were knocked out by eventual winners Portsmouth in the quarter-final on 8 March, losing 1–0 at home.^[220] United having had a penalty claim turned down, Ferguson alleged after the game that Keith Hackett, general manager of the Professional Game Match Officials Board, was "not doing his job properly".^[221]^[222] Ferguson was subsequently charged by The FA with improper conduct, which he decided to contest. This was the second charge Ferguson faced in the season, following his complaints against the referee after United lost 1–0 at Bolton Wanderers – a charge he decided not to contest.^[223]

On 11 May 2008, Ferguson led Manchester United to a tenth Premier League title, exactly 25 years to the day after he led Aberdeen to European glory against Real Madrid in the Cup Winners' Cup. Nearest rivals Chelsea – level on points going into the final round of matches, but with an inferior goal difference – could only draw 1–1 at home to Bolton, finishing two points adrift of the champions. United's title win was sealed with a 2–0 win over Wigan Athletic, managed by former United captain Steve Bruce.^[224]^[225]

On 21 May 2008, Ferguson won his second European Cup with Manchester United as they beat Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, following a 1–1 draw after extra time in the first ever all-English UEFA Champions League Final.^[226]^[227]^[228] A penalty miss from Cristiano Ronaldo meant that John Terry's spot-kick would have given the trophy to Chelsea if successfully converted, but Terry missed his penalty and in the end it was Edwin van der Sar's blocking of a Nicolas Anelka penalty which gave the trophy to Manchester United for the second time under Ferguson and for the third time overall.^[229]

World champions and further league titles

[edit]

Although the team had a slow start to the 2008–09 season,^[230] United won the Premier League with a game to spare,^[231] making Ferguson the first manager in the history of English football to win the top division three times consecutively, on two separate occasions. Ferguson had now won 11 league titles at Manchester United, and the 2008–09 season title success put them level with Liverpool as league champions on a record 18 occasions in total.^[232] They also won the League Cup on penalties after a goalless draw in the final against Tottenham, after becoming the first British club to win the FIFA Club World Cup in December 2008.^[233]

They contested the Champions League final against Barcelona on 27 May 2009 but lost 2–0, thus failed to defend the trophy.^[234]^[235]

In 2009–10 season, Ferguson added another League Cup to his honours list as United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 in the final on 28 February 2010, United's first ever successful knockout cup defence.^[236]^[237] However, his dreams of a third European Cup were ended a few weeks later when United were edged out of the competition in the quarter-finals by Bayern Munich on away goals. And their hopes of a record 19th league title were ended on the last day of the season when Chelsea beat them to the Premier League title by one point, crushing Wigan Athletic 8–0 and rendering United's 4–0 win over Stoke City meaningless.^[238]

He ended the following season by winning his 12th and Manchester United's 19th league title and thus overtaking Liverpool's record of 18. Manchester United faced Barcelona again on 28 May 2011 in the 2011 Champions League final, their third in four years, but United lost 3–1. Analyst Alan Hansen stated that he believed Ferguson was "the key component" in United's success that season, so key in fact that "[he] would have claimed the crown with any of the other top sides had he been in charge of them".^[239] With Edwin van der Sar, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes all retiring in 2011,^[240] Ferguson spent big by signing defender Phil Jones from Blackburn and winger Ashley Young from Aston Villa for around £17 million each,^[241]^[242] and goalkeeper David de Gea from Atlético Madrid for around £19 million.^[243]

The following season United managed to beat rivals Manchester City in the 2011 FA Community Shield and eliminated them in the FA Cup third round, but ended the season below City, who won their first Premier League title on goal difference. This bitter and slim defeat prompted Ferguson to sign star-striker Robin van Persie, who was the Premier League Golden Boot title-holder, from another arch-rival Arsenal on 17 August 2012.

The 2012–13 season saw Ferguson guide United to become league champions for the 20th time, claiming the title with a 3–0 home win over Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 with four matches to spare; Van Persie scored all the goals with a first half hat-trick en route to retain the Golden Boot.^[244] His final game in charge, his 1,500th in total, saw United play out a 5–5 draw with West Bromwich Albion. The result meant United finished the season 11 points ahead of runners-up Manchester City.^[245] Earlier in the season, on 2 September 2012, Ferguson managed his 1,000th league game with United playing against Southampton. United won the game 3–2 thanks to another hat-trick from Van Persie. Two weeks later, he won his 100th game in the Champions League with a 1–0 win over Galatasaray at Old Trafford.^[28]

Retirement

[edit]

On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he had decided to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.^[246]^[247] The Guardian announced it was the "end of an era",^[248] while UEFA president Michel Platini referred to Ferguson as "a true visionary".^[249] Former Manchester United players Paul Ince and Bryan Robson agreed that Ferguson would be "a hard act to follow".^[250] Manchester United co-chairman Joel Glazer said, "His determination to succeed and dedication to the club have been truly remarkable."^[251] Ferguson revealed that he had in fact decided that he was going to retire back in December 2012 and that it had been very difficult not to reveal his plans.^[252] Ferguson's announcement of his decision to retire saw United's shares fall 5% on the New York Stock Exchange.^[253]

On 9 May 2013, Manchester United announced Everton manager David Moyes would replace Ferguson as the club manager from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.^[254]^[255] In Ferguson's final match in charge, Manchester United drew 5–5 at West Bromwich Albion, a hat-trick from Romelu Lukaku, later a United player, denying Ferguson a final victory.^[256]

Ferguson released his second autobiography in October 2013 called My Autobiography.^[257]^[258] In January 2014, Ferguson was appointed as the UEFA Coaching Ambassador,^[259]^[260] and said it was "an honour and a privilege" to be given the role.^[261] In April 2014, it was announced that Ferguson would be taking up a "long-term teaching position" at Harvard University, where he would be lecturing on a new course titled "The Business of Entertainment, Media and Sports".^[262] This came six months after he revealed his blueprint for success was included in the Harvard Business Review in a series of interviews with Anita Elberse.^[263]^[264] His book, Leading: Learning from Life and My Years at Manchester United, was published in collaboration with billionaire venture capitalist, author and former journalist Michael Moritz in August 2015.^[265]

Controversies

[edit]

Gordon Strachan

[edit]

Gordon Strachan was a key player for Ferguson at Aberdeen, but their relationship broke down when Strachan signed an agreement with German club FC Köln without telling Ferguson.^[266] Ferguson said that he believed although "there was a cunning streak in Strachan, I had never imagined that he could pull such a stroke on me".^[266] Strachan did not sign for Köln, but instead moved to Manchester United in the summer of 1984.^[266] Strachan liked the move because he felt that Ron Atkinson treated him as an adult, unlike Ferguson.^[267] Strachan was still with the club when Ferguson was appointed manager in November 1986.^[266] Ferguson thought that Strachan did not play for United with the same confidence he had in Scotland and subsequently sold him to Leeds United in 1989.^[266] Strachan enjoyed significant success with Leeds as a veteran player, helping them win the 1991–92 English league championship in a title race with Ferguson's United.^[266]

Their relationship continued to be frosty as Strachan moved into management himself.^[266] In his 1999 autobiography, Ferguson stated that Strachan "could not be trusted an inch – I would not want to expose my back to him in a hurry".^[266] Strachan's reaction to the attack, in his own autobiography, My Life in Football, was one of being "surprised and disappointed", although he suspected that Ferguson had helped to relegate Strachan's Coventry City in 2001 by fielding a weakened Manchester United team in a match against Derby County.^[266] By 2006 they appeared to have "declared something of a truce",^[266] ahead of Champions League matches between United and Strachan's Celtic.^[268]

David Beckham

[edit]

In February 2003, Ferguson was involved in a dressing room argument with Manchester United player David Beckham.^[269] Ferguson allegedly kicked a football boot in frustration, which hit Beckham in the face and caused a minor injury.^[270] Ferguson apologised to Beckham, who was transferred to Real Madrid later that year.^[270]

Champions League draw fixing

[edit]

On 5 April 2003, Ferguson claimed that the Champions League draw was fixed in favour of Spanish and Italian teams.^[269] UEFA charged Ferguson for bringing the game into disrepute with his comments.^[271] Ferguson apologised for his remarks and wrote a letter to UEFA in explanation, but he was fined 10,000 Swiss francs (£4,600) by the governing body.^[271]

Rock of Gibraltar

[edit]

In 2003, Ferguson launched legal action against the then major Manchester United shareholder John Magnier over stud rights for race horse Rock of Gibraltar.^[272] Magnier counter-sued Ferguson^[273] by filing a "Motion to Comply" requiring Ferguson to substantiate his claim for half of Rock of Gibraltar's stud fees. The legal issues were further compounded by Magnier being a significant shareholder in the football club managed by Ferguson at the time.^[274] Magnier requested that "99 Questions" be answered over Ferguson's transfer dealings, including those of Jaap Stam, Juan Sebastián Verón, Tim Howard, David Bellion, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kléberson.^[275] The case was eventually settled out of Court.^[274]

BBC

[edit]

Ferguson refused to give interviews to the BBC after a documentary called Fergie and Son was shown on BBC Three on 27 May 2004.^[276] According to an article in The Independent, the documentary had "portrayed his agent son, Jason, as somebody who exploited his father's influence and position to his own ends in the transfer market". The same newspaper article made it clear that Jason was never found guilty of any wrongdoing, and it quoted Alex Ferguson as saying:

They [the BBC] did a story about my son that was whole lot of nonsense. It all [sic] made-up stuff and 'brown paper bags' and all that kind of carry-on. It was a horrible attack on my son's honour and he should never have been accused of that.^[277]

Subsequent interviews on BBC programmes such as Match of the Day were done by his assistants, latterly Mike Phelan.^[278]

Under new Premier League rules intended for the 2010–11 season, Ferguson was required to end his BBC boycott.^[279] However, he refused to end his boycott and Manchester United said they would pay the resulting fines.^[280] No fines were ever issued, as the BBC hoped to resolve the dispute.^[278] On 25 August 2011, Ferguson met with BBC director general Mark Thompson and BBC North director Peter Salmon, after which Ferguson agreed to end his seven-year boycott.^[278]

Referees

[edit]

Ferguson has received numerous punishments for abusing and publicly criticising match officials when he has perceived them to be at fault:

20 October 2003 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards fourth official Jeff Winter.^[281]
14 December 2007 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £5,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards Mark Clattenburg.^[282]
18 November 2008 – Two-match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after confronting Mike Dean after a game.^[283]
12 November 2009 – Four-match touchline ban (two suspended) and fined £20,000 for comments made about the fitness of Alan Wiley.^[284]
16 March 2011 – Five-match touchline ban (three plus the two suspended for the above offence) and fined £30,000 for comments made questioning the performance and fairness of Martin Atkinson.^[285]

"Fergie Time"

[edit]

It has also been suggested that Ferguson's intimidation of referees resulted in so-called "Fergie Time": that is, unusually generous injury time being added in matches where Manchester United were behind. The phrase is at least as old as 1998,^[286] but the concept first appeared on 10 April 1993 when Steve Bruce scored a 97th-minute goal (seventh minute of injury time added on by the referee) against Sheffield Wednesday to win the game for United: they went top of the league with this win and remained there until the season ended.^[106] The term got wider coverage when United came from behind to win the 1999 UEFA Champions League final with two goals in injury time.^[287]^[288]^[289]

The concept cropped up in the media (and by opponents) whenever games seemed to be having more injury time than expected.^[106] A statistical analysis by The Times suggests that this concept might be valid, though the article points out that other footballing criteria may explain the correlation between extra added time and United being behind.^[290] Analysis by Opta Sports of Premier League matches played between 2010 and 2012 found on average that 79 seconds more time was played in matches where Manchester United were losing.^[291] This was a greater figure than for other top clubs, although most of these clubs seem to benefit from a "Fergie Time" effect, particularly in their home matches.^[291]

Legacy

[edit]

Many of Ferguson's former players have gone on to become football managers themselves, including Tony Fitzpatrick, Alex McLeish, Gordon Strachan, Mark McGhee, Willie Miller, Neale Cooper, Bryan Gunn, Eric Black, Billy Stark, Bryan Robson, Steve Bruce, Mark Hughes, Roy Keane, Paul Ince, Chris Casper, Mark Robins, Darren Ferguson, Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Henning Berg, Andrei Kanchelskis, Michael Appleton, Ryan Giggs, David Healy, Gabriel Heinze, Paul Scholes, Gary Neville, Jaap Stam, Michael Carrick, Wayne Rooney and Phil Neville.^[292]^[293] Three of these have subsequently managed Manchester United: Giggs (interim player-manager in 2014), Solskjær (2018 to 2021), and Carrick (interim manager in 2021).

The phrase "squeaky-bum time", coined by Ferguson in reference to the tense final stages of a league competition, was included in the Collins English Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary.^[294]^[295]

A bronze statue of Ferguson, designed by Scottish sculptor Philip Jackson, was unveiled outside Old Trafford on 23 November 2012.^[296]^[297] On 14 October 2013, Ferguson attended a ceremony where a road near Old Trafford was renamed from Water's Reach to Sir Alex Ferguson Way.^[298]^[299] In July 2021, Aberdeen commissioned sculptor Andy Edwards to sculpt a bronze statue of Ferguson.^[300] This was unveiled at Aberdeen's Pittodrie stadium on 25 February 2022,^[301] and on the following day Ferguson was presented with a maquette of the statue.^[302]

A documentary about Ferguson's career titled Sir Alex Ferguson: Never Give In was released in UK cinemas on 27 May 2021 and was made available on Amazon Prime Video in the UK and Ireland on 29 May. It includes interviews from Ferguson himself, his family, doctors and former players who he managed throughout his career.^[303] Ferguson also inspired author Jilly Cooper to write a novel, Tackle!, based on football.^[304]

Statues of Sir Alex Ferguson
Statue of Sir Alex Ferguson at Pittodrie Stadium by Andy Edwards, unveiled 25 February 2022
Sir Alex Ferguson statue installed at Old Trafford on 23 November 2012

Personal life

[edit]

Ferguson lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire, and was married to Cathy Holding from 1966 until her death in October 2023.^[305]^[306] They had three sons together: Mark (born 1968); and twins Darren,^[307] who was also a professional footballer and currently the manager of Peterborough United; and Jason (born 1972), who runs an events management company.^{[citation needed]} Jason directed the 2021 documentary Sir Alex Ferguson: Never Give In about his father.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, Ferguson was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.^[308] He is a self-described socialist.^[309]^[310] In January 2011 Graham Stringer, a Labour MP in Manchester and Manchester United supporter, called for Ferguson to be made a life peer.^[311] Stringer and fellow Manchester Labour MP Paul Goggins repeated this call after Ferguson announced his retirement in May 2013.^[312]

In 2009, Ferguson received an honorary doctorate in business administration from the Manchester Metropolitan University.^[313]^[314]

As well as having an ambassadorial role at Manchester United and other public speaking and charity engagements in retirement, he is a long-term patron of his childhood team Harmony Row, including a successful campaign for the club to have new facilities (they are now based at Braehead).^[12]^[13]^[315]^[316]^[317]

In the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Ferguson supported Scotland remaining in the United Kingdom.^[318] He criticised the Scottish Government and First Minister Alex Salmond for denying the vote to Scots living in the UK but outside Scotland.^[318] He also objected to the self-imposed rule by the Yes Scotland campaign against accepting donations from people living outside Scotland of more than £500, which they urged the No campaign to also adopt.^[318]

Ferguson underwent an emergency surgery on 5 May 2018, after having a brain haemorrhage.^[319] He made a recovery from the surgery and attended his first match at Old Trafford since then on 22 September 2018.^[320]

In 1991, Ferguson became a wine collector after being shown a display of bottles from Château d'Yquem and Château Pétrus while in Montpellier, France.^[321] In 2014, he put part of his vast collection up for auction with Christie's, with their head of wine David Elswood describing his taste as "exceptional",^[322] valued at up to £3 million.^[323] After the first of three auctions, Ferguson had sold 229 lots for £2.2 million.^[324]^[325]

After retiring from managing Manchester United in 2013, Ferguson continued to serve as an ambassador and director for the club. In October 2024, it was announced that at the end of the season he will leave his official role as club ambassador.^[5]

Honours

[edit]

Player

[edit]

St Johnstone

Scottish Division Two: 1962–63

Falkirk

Scottish Division Two: 1969–70

Individual

Scottish Division One top scorer: 1965–66^[21]
Dunfermline Athletic Hall of Fame: 2006–07^[326]
Queen's Park Lifetime Membership Award: October 2012^[327]

Manager

[edit]

Ferguson was made an Inaugural Inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as a manager.^[328] In 2003, Ferguson became an inaugural recipient of the FA Coaching Diploma, awarded to all coaches who had at least ten years' experience of being a manager or head coach.^[329] He is the Vice-President of the National Football Museum, based in Manchester,^[330] and a member of the Executive Committee of the League Managers Association.^[331] On 5 November 2011, the Old Trafford North Stand was officially renamed the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand in honour of his 25 years as manager of Manchester United.^[332]

In addition to being the only manager to win the top league honours, and the 'Double', north and south of the England–Scotland border (winning the Premier League with Manchester United, and the Scottish Premier Division with Aberdeen), he is also the last manager to win the Scottish league championship with a non Old Firm team, achieving this in the 1984–85 season with Aberdeen.^[29]

Ferguson is the second-most decorated manager in European football competitions with seven honours, behind only Carlo Ancelotti. Ferguson won the top division title in England a record 13 times. He is also the first manager in the history of the English league to win three consecutive league titles, which he did twice.^[29] Ferguson won 10 Manager of the Year awards, 27 Manager of the Month awards, and managed the most games in the UEFA Champions League (190).^[333]^[334] In 2017, Ferguson was named among the 10 most influential coaches since the foundation of UEFA in 1954.^[335]

St Mirren

Scottish First Division: 1976–77

Aberdeen

Scottish Premier Division: 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85
Scottish Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86
Scottish League Cup: 1985–86
Drybrough Cup: 1980
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1982–83
European Super Cup: 1983

Manchester United

Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13^[336]
FA Cup: 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04^[337]
Football League Cup: 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10^[337]
FA Charity/Community Shield: 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011^[337]
UEFA Champions League: 1998–99, 2007–08;^[337] runner-up: 2008–09,^[338] 2010–11^[339]
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91^[337]
European Super Cup: 1991^[337]
Intercontinental Cup: 1999^[337]
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008^[337]

Individual

LMA Manager of the Decade: 1990s
LMA Manager of the Year: 1992–93, 1998–99, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2012–13
LMA Special Merit Award: 2009, 2011
Premier League Manager of the Season: 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13^[336]
Premier League Manager of the Month: August 1993, October 1994, February 1996, March 1996, February 1997, October 1997, January 1999, April 1999, August 1999, March 2000, April 2000, February 2001, April 2003, December 2003, February 2005, March 2006, August 2006, October 2006, February 2007, January 2008, March 2008, January 2009, April 2009, September 2009, January 2011, August 2011, October 2012^[336]
UEFA Manager of the Year: 1998–99
UEFA Team of the Year: 2007, 2008
Onze d'Or Coach of the Year: 1999, 2007, 2008
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 1993, 1999, 2007, 2008
IFFHS World's Best Club Coach: 1999, 2008
IFFHS World's Best Coach of the 21st Century: 2012
IFFHS All Time World's Best Coach 1996–2020^[340]
Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year: 2000
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award: 1999
BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award: 1999
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award: 2001
World Soccer Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
ESPN Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013^[341]
France Football 2nd Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019^[342]
Sports Illustrated Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019^[343]
Globe Soccer Awards Coach of the Century 2001–2020 (2nd among the runners-up)^[344]
BBC Sports Personality Diamond Award: 2013
English Football Hall of Fame (Manager): 2002
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2004
European Hall of Fame (Manager): 2008
FIFA Presidential Award: 2011
Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
- Manager of the Decade
- Most Coaching Appearances (392 games)
Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2011–12)
- Best Manager
FWA Tribute Award: 1996
PFA Merit Award: 2007
Premier League Merit Award: 2012–13
Mussabini Medal: 1999
SFA Special Merit Award: 1985^[345]
VCGB Scottish Sports Personality of the Year: 1983^[346]
Scottish Football Personality of the Year: 1979–80, 1982–83^[347]
Premier League Hall of Fame: 2023^[348]

Orders and special awards

[edit]

Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE): 1985 New Years Honours List^[63]
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE): 1995 New Years Honours List^[349]
Knight Bachelor (Kt.): 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours List^[350]
Freedom of the City of Aberdeen: 1999
Freedom of the City of Glasgow: 1999
Freedom of the City of Manchester: 2000
Freedom of the Borough of Trafford: 2013^[351]

Honorary degrees

[edit]

Ferguson has received at least eight honorary degrees.^[352] These Include:

Date	University	Degree
1996	University of Salford	Master of Arts (MA)^[353]
December 1997	Robert Gordon University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)^[354]
2001	Glasgow Caledonian University	Doctorate
2002	University of St Andrews	Doctorate
2009	Manchester Metropolitan University	Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)^[355]
29 June 2011	University of Stirling	Doctor of the University (D.Univ)^[356]
12 October 2011	University of Manchester	Doctorate^[357]
2014	Ulster University	Doctor of Science (D.Sc)^[358]

Career statistics

[edit]

As a player

[edit]

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club	Season	League		Cup		League Cup		Europe		Total
Club	Season	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals
Queen's Park^[15]^[359]
	1958–59	8	4					—		8	4
	1959–60	23	11					—		23	11
	Total	31	15					—		31	15
St Johnstone^[359]	1960–61							—
	1961–62							—
	1962–63							—
	1963–64							—
	Total	37	19					—
Dunfermline Athletic^[359]	1964–65
	1965–66
	1966–67
	Total	89	66
Rangers^[360]	1967–68	29	19	5	0	6	2	6	3	46	24
	1968–69	12	6	1	0	4	2	3	3	20	11
	Total	41	25	6	0	10	4	9	6	66	35
Falkirk	1969–70^[361]	21	15	3	3			—
	1970–71^[362]	28	13	0	0			—
	1971–72^[363]	28	9	2	1	9	4	—		39	14
	1972–73^[364]	18	0	2	1	0	0	—		20	1
	Total	95	37	7	5			—
Ayr United	1973–74^[365]	24	9	4	1	0	0	—		28	10
Ayr United	Total	24	9	4	1	0	0	—		28	10
Career total		317	171					6	0

As a manager

[edit]

Managerial record by team and tenure
Team	From	To	Record					Ref
Team	From	To	P	W	D	L	Win %	Ref
East Stirlingshire	June 1974	October 1974	17	9	2	6	052.9	^[366]
St Mirren	October 1974	May 1978	169	74	41	54	043.8	^[366]
Aberdeen	June 1978	6 November 1986	459	272	105	82	059.3	^[366]^[367]
Scotland	1 October 1985	30 June 1986	10	3	4	3	030.0	^[368]
Manchester United	6 November 1986	19 May 2013	1,500	895	338	267	059.7	^[369]^[370]
Total			2,155	1,253	490	412	058.1	—

Published works

[edit]

Ferguson, Alex; Meek, David (1992). Alex Ferguson: 6 Years at United. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1851584444.
Ferguson, Alex; Fitton, Peter (1993). Just Champion!. Manchester United Football Club. ISBN 978-0952050919.
Ferguson, Alex; Ball, Peter (1995). A Year in the Life: The Manager's Diary. Manchester United Football Club. ISBN 978-1852275211.
Ferguson, Alex; Meek, David (1997). A Will to Win: The Manager's Diary. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0233993683.
Ferguson, Alex (2000). The Unique Treble. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0340792612.
Ferguson, Alex (2000). Managing My Life: The Autobiography. Coronet Books. ISBN 0-340-72856-6.
Ferguson, Alex (2013). My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-91939-2. The motto of the Ferguson clan in Scotland is: 'Dulcius ex asperis' or, 'Sweeter after difficulties'. That optimism served me well through 39 years of football management.
Ferguson, Alex; Moritz, Michael (2015). Leading: Lessons in leadership from the legendary Manchester United manager. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1473621169.
Ferguson, Alex (14 November 1985). A Light in the North: Seven Years with Aberdeen (1st ed.). Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1851580071.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

^ McColl, Brian; Gorman, Douglas; Campbell, George. "FORGOTTEN GLORIES – British Amateur Internationals 1901–1974" (PDF). p. 318. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ Bell, Stephen; Zlotkowski, Andre (6 June 2008). "Scotland XI Tour of Asia and Oceania 1967". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Former Scotland players to be recognised with international caps including Sir Alex Ferguson". scottishfa.co.uk. Scottish Football Association. 9 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "Alex Ferguson". London Hearts Supporters' Club. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Rubio, Alberto; Clancy, Conor (23 May 2019). "Guardiola on his way to becoming the most successful coach of all time". Marca.
^ ^a ^b "Why youth is the key for Sir Alex". 14 September 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Alex's crowning glory". BBC News. 20 July 1999. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson". mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b Barratt, Nick (5 May 2007). "Family detective". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
^ ^a ^b Barratt, Nick (5 November 2010). "Alex Ferguson profile". Soccer-Magazine.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Glasgow Caledonian University, Research Collections, Archives". TheGlasgowStory.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "All we ever did in Govan was play football and fight...it was a great upbringing, says Sir Alex Ferguson". Daily Record. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Alex Ferguson shares his childhood memories of Harmony Row and tells how black ash burns made him the man he is". Daily Record. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Alex Ferguson tribute to Drumchapel Amateurs' legend". Evening Times. Glasgow. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Ferguson, Alexander Chapman". QPFC.com – A Historical Queen's Park FC Website. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ Crick, p. 33
^ ^a ^b "Details of Queen of the South 7 v 1 Queens Park including Ferguson's recollection in the Ivor Broadis career profile". Qosfc.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b Rowat, Alison (27 May 2021). "Sir Alex Ferguson: The truth about Rangers and me - Aberdeen legend speaks out in new film". The Herald. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Ferguson reveals earlier Canada emigration plans". ESPN Soccernet. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Unexpected defeat of Rangers". The Glasgow Herald. 23 December 1963. p. 8. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Scotland – List of Topscorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Scotland: Top players never to be capped by their country". BBC Sport. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Sir Alex Ferguson looks for feat of escapology to beat Athletic Bilbao". The Guardian. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Crick, p. 82
^ Crick, p. 83
^ Crick, p. 86
^ ^a ^b Reid, Harry (2005). The Final Whistle?. Birlinn. p. 223. ISBN 1-84158-362-6.
^ ^a ^b Ferguson, pp. 106–107
^ ^a ^b ^c "Sir Alex Ferguson". Glasgow Times. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Daniel (22 October 2003). "Ferguson denies sentiment until blue in the face". The Irish Times. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
^ Crick, p. 85
^ Riley, Chris (2013). The wit and wisdom of Sir Alex Ferguson. London: Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84954-627-0. OCLC 852756978.
^ Crick, pp. 108–9
^ Lowe, Sid; Scott, Matt; Taylor, Daniel; Brodkin, Jon (23 November 2004). "A leader of men is what he does best". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
^ Crick, p. 117
^ ^a ^b Adams, Billy (30 May 1999). "Sunday Herald St Mirren article". The Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
^ "Sir Alex lifts the lid". 4 May 2004. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
^ Campbell, Nicky (12 January 2006). "Guardian bullying article". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
^ "Sir Alex Ferguson: dates that defined an icon". FIFA.com. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ "31.05.1978: Alex Ferguson is fired by St Mirren". The Guardian. UK. 31 May 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
^ Reid, Harry (11 April 1983). "The goal that Alex Ferguson has been chasing all his life". Glasgow Herald. p. 9. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^ Crick, p. 159
^ Crick, p. 171
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^ Crick, p. 175
^ Haugstad, Thore (16 June 2017). "Furious Fergie: The early years of Sir Alex Ferguson". Time On The Ball. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
^ Crick, p. 179
^ Crick, p. 180
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^ Crick, p. 196
^ Reynolds, Jim (3 March 1983). "Magnificent Dons eclipse German stars". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Reynolds, Jim (17 March 1983). "Aberdeen emerge as the best of British". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Lacey, David (21 October 1982). "Tottenham run on reserve". The Guardian. p. 22.
^ Lacey, David (4 November 1982). "Spurs lost in Munich fog". The Guardian. p. 26.
^ Crick, p. 201
^ Reynolds, Jim (12 May 1983). "Dons the Real European masters". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Crick, p. 203
^ Reynolds, Jim (23 November 1983). "Aberdeen are set for superstardom". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Reynolds, Jim (21 December 1983). "Aberdeen's super heroes take the glory". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Reynolds, Jim (23 May 1983). "Don't put the blame on Russell – Greig". The Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Crick, p. 204
^ ^a ^b "No. 49969". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1984. p. 9.
^ "Lewis heads sporting honours". BBC News. 12 December 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
^ Murray, Ewan (10 May 2011). "Sir Alex Ferguson rejected 1986 chance to become Arsenal manager". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ Ley, John (10 May 2011). "Manchester United Sir Alex Ferguson turned down the opportunity to manage Arsenal". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ Reynolds, Jim (2 February 2001). "Why I didn't go to Rangers:Sir Alex Ferguson on Advocaat's successor, the Scotland job, and the Old Firm in the Premiership". The Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ "Fergie Steps Down". Evening Times. 16 June 1986. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
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^ "Tributes to former Wolves chief Harry Marshall". Express & Star. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ "Dalglish in frame to replace Fagan as manager". The Glasgow Herald. 30 May 1985. p. 20 – via Google News.
^ Paul, Ian (7 November 1986). "Ferguson agrees to Old Trafford move". The Glasgow Herald. p. 32. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ "35 years since Sir Alex became United boss". 2021.
^ Herbert, Ian (2016). "Sir Alex Ferguson 'massively exaggerated' Manchester United drinking culture, says Ron Atkinson".
^ Marshall, Adam (2021). "35 years since Sir Alex's first United game".
^ ^a ^b "Manchester United football club match record: 1987". 2023.
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^ Hill, Courtney (2023). "Transfer Tales: How Hughes returned to United".
^ "Manchester United - Fixtures & Results 1988/1989". worldfootball.net. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
^ Team, Editorial (2023). "Remembering Ince's United achievements".
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^ "Arise Sir Alex?". BBC News. 27 May 1999. Retrieved 3 December 2005.
^ "Sir Alex Ferguson's 20 years at Manchester United". BBC Sport. 6 November 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
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^ Ferguson, Alex; Fitton, Peter (1993). Just Champion!. Manchester United Football Club plc. p. 27. ISBN 0-9520509-1-9.
^ ^a ^b Bevan, Chris (4 November 2006). "How Robins saved Ferguson's job". BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
^ "20 years and Fergie's won it all!". Manchester Evening News. 6 November 2006. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Ken (8 May 1997). "Recalling the pressure Ferguson was under, the probability is that a 1–0 victory at Forest in the third round of the FA Cup saved him". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
^ "Manchester United - Fixtures & Results 1990/1991". worldfootball.net. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
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^ Bostock, Adam (2020). "Glory Days: United's second European trophy".
^ Ferguson, p. 302
^ Fifield, Dominic (8 May 2013). "From Archie Knox to Mike Phelan: Sir Alex Ferguson's seven lieutenants". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
^ Staplehurst, Jack; Austen-Hardy, Patrick (2 June 2024). "I told United boss I was tempted by move - what he said next changed my career". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
^ "Paul Parker Defender, Profile & Stats | Premier League". www.premierleague.com. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
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^ "Manchester United football club match record: 1992". 2024.
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^ Redmond, Robert (23 September 2018). "The exact reason why Alan Shearer didn't join Manchester United has been revealed". SportsJOE.ie. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
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^ ^a ^b Barclay, pp. 301–2
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References

[edit]

Barclay, Patrick (2010). Football – Bloody Hell!: The Biography of Alex Ferguson. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-224-08305-8.
Crick, Michael (2003). The Boss: The Many Sides of Alex Ferguson. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-2991-5.
Ferguson, Alex (2000). Managing My Life: The Autobiography. Coronet Books. ISBN 0-340-72856-6.
Ferguson, Alex (2013). My Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-91939-2.

External links

[edit]

Sir Alex Ferguson's Manchester United Managerial Record at mufcinfo.com
Alex Ferguson management career statistics at Soccerbase
English Football Hall of Fame profile (archived 15 November 2007)
Sir Alex Ferguson's managerial stats according to the official Manchester United statistics website (archived 2 March 2017)
Scottish Football Hall of Fame profile (Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine)
Aberdeen Manager profile at AFC Heritage Trust
Alex Ferguson – UEFA coaching record (archived)

v t e Scotland squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup
1 Leighton 2 Gough 3 Malpas 4 Souness (c) 5 McLeish 6 Miller 7 Strachan 8 Aitken 9 Bannon 10 Bett 11 McStay 12 Goram 13 Nicol 14 Narey 15 Albiston 16 McAvennie 17 Archibald 18 Sharp 19 Nicholas 20 Sturrock 21 Cooper 22 Rough Coach: Ferguson

Awards

v t e Scottish league football top division top scorers
League	1891: Bell 1892: Bell 1893: Campbell / McMahon
Division One	1894: McMahon 1895: J. Miller 1896: Martin 1897: Taylor 1898: Hamilton 1899: Hamilton 1900: Hamilton / Michael 1901: Hamilton 1902: Maxwell 1903: D. Reid 1904: Hamilton 1905: Hamilton / Quinn 1906: Quinn 1907: Quinn 1908: Simpson 1909: Hunter 1910: Quinn 1911: W. Reid 1912: W. Reid 1913: J. Reid 1914: J. Reid 1915: Gracie / Richardson 1916: McColl 1917: Yarnall 1918: H. Ferguson 1919: McLean 1920: H. Ferguson 1921: H. Ferguson 1922: Walker 1923: White 1924: Halliday 1925: Devlin 1926: Devlin 1927: McGrory 1928: McGrory 1929: Morrison 1930: Yorston 1931: Battles 1932: MacFadyen 1933: MacFadyen 1934: Smith 1935: Smith 1936: McGrory 1937: Wilson 1938: Black 1939: Venters
Division A	1947: Mitchell 1948: Aikman 1949: Stott 1950: Bauld 1951: Reilly 1952: Reilly 1953: Fleming / Reilly 1954: Wardhaugh 1955: Bauld 1956: Wardhaugh
Division One	1957: Baird 1958: Bauld / Murray 1959: Baker 1960: Baker 1961: Harley 1962: Gilzean 1963: Millar 1964: Gilzean 1965: Forrest 1966: A. Ferguson / McBride 1967: Chalmers 1968: Lennox 1969: Cameron 1970: Stein 1971: Hood 1972: Harper 1973: Gordon 1974: Deans 1975: Gray / Pettigrew
Premier Division	1976: Dalglish 1977: Pettigrew 1978: Johnstone 1979: Ritchie 1980: Somner 1981: McGarvey 1982: McCluskey 1983: Nicholas 1984: McClair 1985: McDougall 1986: McCoist 1987: McClair 1988: Coyne 1989: McGhee / Nicholas 1990: Robertson 1991: Coyne 1992: McCoist 1993: McCoist 1994: Hateley 1995: Coyne 1996: Van Hooijdonk 1997: Cadete 1998: Negri
SPL	1999: Larsson 2000: Viduka 2001: Larsson 2002: Larsson 2003: Larsson 2004: Larsson 2005: Hartson 2006: Boyd 2007: Boyd 2008: McDonald 2009: Boyd 2010: Boyd 2011: K. Miller 2012: Hooper 2013: Higdon
Premiership	2014: Commons 2015: Rooney 2016: Griffiths 2017: Boyce 2018: Boyd 2019: Morelos 2020: Édouard 2021: Édouard 2022: Charles-Cook / Giakoumakis 2023: Furuhashi 2024: Shankland

Intercontinental Cup winning managers

1960: Muñoz
1961: Scarone
1962: Lula
1963: Lula
1964: Herrera
1965: Herrera
1966: Máspoli
1967: Pizzuti
1968: Zubeldía
1969: Rocco
1970: Happel
1971: Etchamendi
1972: Kovács
1973: Ferreiro
1974: Aragonés
1976: Cramer
1977: Lorenzo
1979: Cubilla
1980: Mujica
1981: Carpegiani
1982: Bagnulo
1983: Espinosa
1984: Pastoriza
1985: Trapattoni
1986: Veira
1987: Ivić
1988: Fleitas
1989: Sacchi
1990: Sacchi
1991: Popović
1992: Telê Santana
1993: Telê Santana
1994: Bianchi
1995: Van Gaal
1996: Lippi
1997: Scala
1998: Hiddink
1999: Ferguson
2000: Bianchi
2001: Hitzfeld
2002: Del Bosque
2003: Bianchi
2004: Fernández

v t e FIFA Club World Cup winning managers
2000: Oliveira 2005: Autuori 2006: Braga 2007: Ancelotti 2008: Ferguson 2009: Guardiola 2010: Benítez 2011: Guardiola 2012: Tite 2013: Guardiola 2014: Ancelotti 2015: Luis Enrique 2016: Zidane 2017: Zidane 2018: Solari 2019: Klopp 2020: Flick 2021: Tuchel 2022: Ancelotti 2023: Guardiola

European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers

European Cup era

UEFA Champions League era

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning managers

UEFA Super Cup winning managers

English football first tier championship–winning managers

Football League era

Premier League era

FA Cup winning managers

EFL Cup winning managers

v t e Scottish football first tier championship–winning managers
Football League era	1898: Maley 1899: Management committee 1900: Wilton 1901: Wilton 1902: Wilton 1903: McMichael 1904: Heaven 1905: Maley 1906: Maley 1907: Maley 1908: Maley 1909: Maley 1910: Maley 1911: Wilton 1912: Wilton 1913: Wilton 1914: Maley 1915: Maley 1916: Maley 1917: Maley 1918: Wilton 1919: Maley 1920: Wilton 1921: Struth 1922: Maley 1923: Struth 1924: Struth 1925: Struth 1926: Maley 1927: Struth 1928: Struth 1929: Struth 1930: Struth 1931: Struth 1932: Hunter 1933: Struth 1934: Struth 1935: Struth 1936: Maley 1937: Struth 1938: Maley 1939: Struth 1947: Struth 1948: Shaw 1949: Struth 1950: Struth 1951: Shaw 1952: Shaw 1953: Struth 1954: McGrory 1955: Halliday 1956: Symon 1957: Symon 1958: Walker 1959: Symon 1960: Walker 1961: Symon 1962: Shankly 1963: Symon 1964: Symon 1965: Waddell 1966: Stein 1967: Stein 1968: Stein 1969: Stein 1970: Stein 1971: Stein 1972: Stein 1973: Stein 1974: Stein 1975: Wallace 1976: Wallace 1977: Stein 1978: Wallace 1979: McNeill 1980: Ferguson 1981: McNeill 1982: McNeill 1983: McLean 1984: Ferguson 1985: Ferguson 1986: Hay 1987: Souness 1988: McNeill 1989: Souness 1990: Souness 1991: Smith 1992: Smith 1993: Smith 1994: Smith 1995: Smith 1996: Smith 1997: Smith 1998: Jansen
Premier League era	1999: Advocaat 2000: Advocaat 2001: O'Neill 2002: O'Neill 2003: McLeish 2004: O'Neill 2005: McLeish 2006: Strachan 2007: Strachan 2008: Strachan 2009: Smith 2010: Smith 2011: Smith 2012: Lennon 2013: Lennon
Premiership era	2014: Lennon 2015: Deila 2016: Deila 2017: Rodgers 2018: Rodgers 2019: Lennon 2020: Lennon 2021: Gerrard 2022: Postecoglou 2023: Postecoglou 2024: Rodgers 2025: Rodgers

Scottish Cup winning managers

Scottish League Cup winning managers

Onze d'Or Coach of the Year

1991: Goethals
1992: Cruyff
1993: Goethals
1994: Cruyff
1995: van Gaal
1996: Roux
1997: Lippi
1998: Jacquet
1999: Ferguson
2000: Wenger
2001: Houllier
2002: Wenger
2003: Wenger
2004: Wenger
2005: Mourinho
2006: Rijkaard
2007: Ferguson
2008: Ferguson
2009: Guardiola
2010–11: Guardiola
2011–12: Guardiola
2012–14: Not awarded
2014–15: Fournier
2015–16: Not awarded
2016–17: Zidane
2017–18: Zidane
2018–19: Klopp
2019–20: Not awarded
2020–21: Zidane
2021–22: Ancelotti
2022–23: Ancelotti

IFFHS World's Best Club Coach

Men's winners

1996: Lippi
1997: Hitzfeld
1998: Lippi
1999: Ferguson
2000: Bianchi
2001: Hitzfeld
2002: Del Bosque
2003: Bianchi
2004: Mourinho
2005: Mourinho
2006: Rijkaard
2007: Ancelotti
2008: Ferguson
2009: Guardiola
2010: Mourinho
2011: Guardiola
2012: Mourinho
2013: Heynckes
2014: Ancelotti
2015: Luis Enrique
2016: Simeone
2017: Zidane
2018: Zidane
2019: Klopp
2020: Flick
2021: Tuchel
2022: Ancelotti
2023: Guardiola
2024: Ancelotti

Women's winners

2020:

2021:

2022:

2023:

2024:

LMA Managers of the Year

1994: Kinnear
1995: Clark
1996: Reid
1997: Wilson
1998: Jones
1999: Ferguson
2000: Curbishley
2001: Burley
2002: Wenger
2003: Moyes
2004: Wenger
2005: Moyes
2006: Coppell
2007: Coppell
2008: Ferguson
2009: Moyes
2010: Hodgson
2011: Ferguson
2012: Pardew
2013: Ferguson
2014: Rodgers
2015: Howe
2016: Ranieri
2017: Conte
2018: Guardiola
2019: Wilder
2020: Klopp
2021: Guardiola
2022: Klopp
2023: Guardiola
2024: McKenna

Premier League Manager of the Season

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award

1996: Frank Bruno
1997: Seve Ballesteros
1998: No award
1999: No award
2000: No award
2001: Alex Ferguson
2002: George Best
2003: Martina Navratilova
2004: Ian Botham
2005: Pelé
2006: Björn Borg
2007: Bobby Robson
2008: Bobby Charlton
2009: Seve Ballesteros
2010: David Beckham
2011: Steve Redgrave
2012: Sebastian Coe
2013: No award
2014: Chris Hoy
2015: Tony McCoy
2016: Michael Phelps
2017: Jessica Ennis-Hill
2018: Billie Jean King
2019: Tanni Grey-Thompson
2020: No award
2021: Simone Biles
2022: Usain Bolt
2023: Kenny Dalglish

FWA Tribute Award

1983: Greenwood
1984: Paisley
1985: Brooking
1986: Jennings
1987: Dalglish
1988: Finney
1989: Charlton
1990: Moore
1991: Shilton
1992: Bo. Robson
1993: Clough
1994: Law
1995: Matthews
1996: Ferguson
1997: Lineker
1998: Hurst
1999: Smith
2000: Best
2001: Shearer
2002: Taylor
2003: Adams
2004: Hill
2005: Wenger
2006: Br. Robson
2007: Giggs
2008: Beckham
2009: Redknapp
2010: Lampard
2011: Henry
2012: Neville & Scholes
2013: Gerrard
2014: Mourinho
2015: Drogba
2016: Vieira
2017: Rooney
2018: Pelé
2019: Southgate
2020: Kompany
2021: Rashford
2023: Touré
2024: Hayes

English Football Hall of Fame

Players

Men

Women

Managers

Referees

Taylor
Welch

Premier League Hall of Fame

Players

FW	Agüero Bergkamp Cantona An. Cole Drogba Henry Rooney Shearer Wright
MF	Beckham Gerrard Keane Lampard Scholes Vieira
DF	Adams As. Cole Ferdinand Kompany Terry
GK	Čech Schmeichel

Managers

v t e Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
2004	Baxter Bremner Busby Dalglish Ferguson H. Gallacher Greig J. Johnstone Law Mackay McGrain McGrory McNeill Miller Murdoch Shankly G. Smith Souness J. Stein Woodburn
2005	Campbell James Jordan Lennox J. McLean McLeish Morton L. Reilly Waddell White Young
2006	Cooper Gemmell Gough Henderson Jardine Larsson Laudrup Ormond J. Robertson Steel T. Walker
2007	Bauld Caldow Cowan Hansen McCoist R. Reilly W. Smith Strachan Turnbull
2008	Evans Gemmill D. Johnstone Leighton Liddell St John Struth Thomson
2009	Archibald Auld Delaney Gilzean Johnston Lambert Maley Meiklejohn
2010	C. Brown Goram B. Johnstone McStay Narey Wharton
2011	Butcher Crerand McColl McIlvanney Simpson
2012	McLintock McPhail McQueen Stanton Watson
2013	Buchan Docherty Gray Rough Symon R. Walker
2014	W. Brown Lorimer McCrae's Battalion Nicholas Wilson
2015	R. Brown Graham Hillis MacLeod Malpas
2016	Chalmers McAllister A. Smith J. Wallace Wark
2017	Clark Craig Lisbon Lions Macpherson McGovern McGraw Queen's Park W. Wallace
2018	Aitken Fleeting Knox McMillan
2019	P. Gallacher Harper T. McLean J. Robertson C. Stein Sturrock

v t e Aberdeen F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees
2003	C. Anderson Boel Buchan Graham Hermiston Young
2004	Bett Donald Harper Hewitt Jarvie Leighton Martin Miller Scott Shewan Simpson Turnbull
2015	Ferguson
2016	Kennedy MacLeod McLeish
2017	Cooper Knox Leggat McMaster
2018	Clark Colman Jess Weir

v t e Dunfermline Athletic F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees
2005	Barry Cunningham Dickson Farm Mailer McConville MacLean Nelson Stein
2006	Edwards Gardner Hutchison Leishman Lunn Melrose Miller
2007	Connachan Ferguson Gilby Herriot Martin Peebles Simpson Smith Stevenson
2008	1968 Scottish Cup Final XI Bowie Callaghan Campbell Paton J. Thomson Whyte
2009	McCathie K. Thomson Robertson Watson
2010	Crawford Fraser Sinclair Westwater
2011	1961 Scottish Cup Final XI French McNamara Tod
2012	Evans Kozma Mill Skinner Wilson
2019	Petrie S. Thomson Hutton

Managerial positions

East Stirlingshire F.C. – managers

Binnie (1966)
Crawford (1966–70)
Rowan (1970–71)
Shaw (1971–74)
A. Ferguson (1974)
I. Ure (1974–75)
McLindon (1975–77)
Lamont (1977–81)
M. Ferguson (1981–82)
Little (1983–85)
Whiteford (1985–87)
Lawson (1987–88)
Connell (1988–89)
Mackin (1989–90)
Sullivan (1990–92)
McCulley (1992–93)
Little (1993–97)
Brownlie (1997–98)
McCann (1998–99)
Fairley (2000–01)
Ross (2001–02)
Russell (2002)
Diver (2002–03)
Morrison (2003–04)
Newall (2004–06)
Wylde (2006–08)
McInally (2008–11)
Coughlin (2011–14)
Tully (2014–16)
Sludden (2016–18)
D. Ure (2018–22)
Clark (2022–23)

St Mirren F.C. – managers

McCartney (1904–10)
Grieve (1910)
Law (1910–16)
Cochrane (1916–28)
Turner (1928–29)
Graham (1929)
Morrison (1929–36)
Blythe (1936–41)
Menzies (1941–42)
Fotheringham (1942–45)
Rankin (1945–54)
Reid (1954–61)
Flavell (1961–62)
Cox (1962–65)
Millward (1965–66)
Wright (1966–70)
Humphries (1970–72)
Bryceland (1972–73)
Cunningham (1973–74)
Ferguson (1974–78)
Clunie (1978–80)
McFarlane (1980–83)
Miller (1983–86)
Smith (1986–88)
Fitzpatrick (1988–91)
Hay (1991–92)
Bone (1992–96)
Munro (1996)
Fitzpatrick (1996–98)
Hendrie (1998–2002)
Coughlin (2002–03)
MacPherson (2003–10)
Lennon (2010–14)
Craig (2014)
Teale (2014–15)
Murray (2015)
Rae (2015–16)
Ross (2016–18)
Stubbs (2018)
Kearney (2018–19)
Goodwin (2019–22)
Robinson (2022–)

Aberdeen F.C. – managers

Philip (1903–23)
Travers (1923–38)
Halliday (1938–55)
Shaw (1955–59)
Pearson (1959–65)
Turnbull (1965–71)
Bonthrone (1971–75)
Murray^c (1975)
MacLeod (1975–77)
McNeill (1977–78)
Ferguson (1978–86)
Porterfield (1986–88)
Smith & Scott (1988–91)
Smith (1991–92)
W. Miller (1992–95)
Aitken (1995–97)
A. Miller (1997–98)
Burkinshaw (1998–99)
Hegarty (1999)
Skovdahl (1999–2002)
Speirs (2002)
Paterson (2002–04)
Calderwood (2004–09)
McGhee (2009–10)
Brown (2010–13)
McInnes (2013–21)
Sheerin^c (2021)
Glass (2021–22)
Robson^c (2022)
Goodwin (2022–23)
Robson (2023–24)
Leven^c (2024)
Warnock (2024)
Leven^c (2024)
Thelin (2024–)

(c) = caretaker manager

Scotland national football team – managers

Selection committee (1872–1954)
Beattie (1954)
Selection committee (1954–58)
Walker^c (1958)
Busby (1958)
Beattie (1959–60)
McColl (1960–65)
Stein (1965)
Prentice (1966)
MacDonald^c (1966)
R. Brown (1967–71)
Docherty (1971–72)
Ormond (1973–77)
MacLeod (1977–78)
Stein (1978–85)
Ferguson (1985–86)
Roxburgh (1986–93)
C. Brown (1993–2001)
Vogts (2002–04)
Burns^c (2004)
Smith (2005–07)
McLeish (2007)
Burley (2008–09)
Levein (2009–12)
Stark^c (2012)
Strachan (2013–17)
Mackay^c (2017)
McLeish (2018–19)
Clarke (2019–)

(c) = caretaker

Manchester United F.C. – managers

Albut^s (1892–1900)
West^s (1900–03)
Mangnall^s (1903–12)
Bentley^s (1912–14)
Robson (1914–21)
Chapman (1921–26)
Hilditch^p (1926–27)
Bamlett (1927–31)
Crickmer (1931–32)
Duncan (1932–37)
Crickmer (1937–45)
Busby (1945–58)
Murphy^c (1958)
Busby (1958–69)
McGuinness (1969–70)
Busby (1970–71)
O'Farrell (1971–72)
Docherty (1972–77)
Sexton (1977–81)
Atkinson (1981–86)
Ferguson (1986–2013)
Moyes (2013–14)
Giggs^{p c} (2014)
Van Gaal (2014–16)
Mourinho (2016–18)
Solskjær (2018–21)
Carrick^c (2021)
Rangnickⁱ (2021–22)
Ten Hag (2022–24)
Van Nistelrooyⁱ (2024)
Amorim (2024–)

(s) = secretary; (p) = player-manager; (c) = caretaker; (i) = interim.

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef