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Antimafia Commission
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Antimafia Commission
The Antimafia Commission (Italian: Commissione parlamentare antimafia) is a bicameral commission of the Italian Parliament, composed of members from the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. The first commission, formed in 1963, was established as a body of inquiry tasked with investigating the "phenomenon of the [Sicilian] Mafia". Subsequent commissions expanded their scope to investigate all "organized crime of the Mafia type", which included other major criminal organizations in Italy, such as the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta, and the Sacra Corona Unita.
The Antimafia Commission's goal is to study the phenomenon of organized crime in all its forms and to measure the adequacy of existing anti-crime measures, legislative and administrative, according to their results. The commission has judicial powers in that it may instruct the judicial police to carry out investigations. It can ask for copies of court proceedings, and is entitled to request any form of collaboration that it deems necessary. Those who provide testimony to the Antimafia Commission are obliged by law to tell the truth. The commission can also submit reports to the Italian Parliament as often as desired but does so at least on an annual basis.
The first proposal to constitute a commission of inquiry into the Mafia was the result of post-war struggles for land reform and the violent reaction against peasant organizations and its leaders, culminating in the killing of 11 people and the wounding of over thirty at a Labour Day parade in Portella della Ginestra. The attack was attributed to the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano. Nevertheless, the Mafia was suspected of involvement in the Portella della Ginestra massacre and many other previous and subsequent attacks.
On 14 September 1948, a parliamentary commission of inquiry into the public security situation on Sicily (Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sulla situazione dell'ordine pubblico) was proposed by deputy Giuseppe Berti of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in a debate on the violence in Sicily. The proposal was turned down by the interior minister Mario Scelba, amidst indignant voices about prejudice against Sicily and Sicilians.
In 1958, senator Ferruccio Parri again proposed to form a commission. The proposal was not taken up by the parliamentary majority. In 1961, the Christian Democracy party (DC) in the Senate and Sicilian politicians like Bernardo Mattarella and Giovanni Gioia, both later accused of links with the Mafia, dismissed the proposal as "useless". In March 1962, amidst gang wars in Palermo, the Sicilian Assembly asked for an official inquiry. On 11 April 1962, the Senate in Rome approved the bill. It took eight months before the Chamber of Deputies put the law to a vote. It was approved on 20 December 1962.
In February 1963, the first parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on the Mafia phenomenon in Sicily (Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia in Sicilia) was formed, in the midst of the First Mafia War, under the presidency of Paolo Rossi of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). It took a long time to form, because newspapers and parliamentarians alike were opposed to the inclusion of Sicilians. It lasted less than three months, before the general elections of 28 April 1963.
The second president in the new legislature was the DC member Donato Pafundi, and was formed on 5 June 1963. On 30 June 1963, a car bomb exploded in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of Palermo, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it, after an anonymous phone call. The bomb was intended for Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission and the boss of the Ciaculli Mafia family. The Ciaculli massacre changed the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia. It prompted the first concerted anti-mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. On 6 July 1963, the Antimafia Commission met for the first time. It took thirteen years and two more legislatures before a final report was submitted in 1976.
The PCI claimed the DC party put members on the commission to stop the inquiry moving too far in the political field, such as the commission's vice-president Antonio Gullotti] and Giovanni Matta, a former member of Palermo's city council. Matta's arrival in 1972 created a scandal, as he had been mentioned in a report and was summoned to testify in the previous legislature about the role of the Mafia in real estate speculation. The PCI called for his resignation. In the end, the whole commission under the presidency of Luigi Carraro had to resign, and be recomposed without Matta again.
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Antimafia Commission
The Antimafia Commission (Italian: Commissione parlamentare antimafia) is a bicameral commission of the Italian Parliament, composed of members from the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. The first commission, formed in 1963, was established as a body of inquiry tasked with investigating the "phenomenon of the [Sicilian] Mafia". Subsequent commissions expanded their scope to investigate all "organized crime of the Mafia type", which included other major criminal organizations in Italy, such as the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta, and the Sacra Corona Unita.
The Antimafia Commission's goal is to study the phenomenon of organized crime in all its forms and to measure the adequacy of existing anti-crime measures, legislative and administrative, according to their results. The commission has judicial powers in that it may instruct the judicial police to carry out investigations. It can ask for copies of court proceedings, and is entitled to request any form of collaboration that it deems necessary. Those who provide testimony to the Antimafia Commission are obliged by law to tell the truth. The commission can also submit reports to the Italian Parliament as often as desired but does so at least on an annual basis.
The first proposal to constitute a commission of inquiry into the Mafia was the result of post-war struggles for land reform and the violent reaction against peasant organizations and its leaders, culminating in the killing of 11 people and the wounding of over thirty at a Labour Day parade in Portella della Ginestra. The attack was attributed to the bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano. Nevertheless, the Mafia was suspected of involvement in the Portella della Ginestra massacre and many other previous and subsequent attacks.
On 14 September 1948, a parliamentary commission of inquiry into the public security situation on Sicily (Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sulla situazione dell'ordine pubblico) was proposed by deputy Giuseppe Berti of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in a debate on the violence in Sicily. The proposal was turned down by the interior minister Mario Scelba, amidst indignant voices about prejudice against Sicily and Sicilians.
In 1958, senator Ferruccio Parri again proposed to form a commission. The proposal was not taken up by the parliamentary majority. In 1961, the Christian Democracy party (DC) in the Senate and Sicilian politicians like Bernardo Mattarella and Giovanni Gioia, both later accused of links with the Mafia, dismissed the proposal as "useless". In March 1962, amidst gang wars in Palermo, the Sicilian Assembly asked for an official inquiry. On 11 April 1962, the Senate in Rome approved the bill. It took eight months before the Chamber of Deputies put the law to a vote. It was approved on 20 December 1962.
In February 1963, the first parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on the Mafia phenomenon in Sicily (Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia in Sicilia) was formed, in the midst of the First Mafia War, under the presidency of Paolo Rossi of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). It took a long time to form, because newspapers and parliamentarians alike were opposed to the inclusion of Sicilians. It lasted less than three months, before the general elections of 28 April 1963.
The second president in the new legislature was the DC member Donato Pafundi, and was formed on 5 June 1963. On 30 June 1963, a car bomb exploded in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of Palermo, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it, after an anonymous phone call. The bomb was intended for Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, head of the Sicilian Mafia Commission and the boss of the Ciaculli Mafia family. The Ciaculli massacre changed the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia. It prompted the first concerted anti-mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. On 6 July 1963, the Antimafia Commission met for the first time. It took thirteen years and two more legislatures before a final report was submitted in 1976.
The PCI claimed the DC party put members on the commission to stop the inquiry moving too far in the political field, such as the commission's vice-president Antonio Gullotti] and Giovanni Matta, a former member of Palermo's city council. Matta's arrival in 1972 created a scandal, as he had been mentioned in a report and was summoned to testify in the previous legislature about the role of the Mafia in real estate speculation. The PCI called for his resignation. In the end, the whole commission under the presidency of Luigi Carraro had to resign, and be recomposed without Matta again.