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Arebhashe dialect
Arebhashe (Kannada: ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ, romanized: Arebhāṣe), or Aregannada or Gowda Kannada, is a dialect of Kannada mainly by Gowda communities in the regions of Madikeri, Somwarpet, and Kushalnagar taluks of Kodagu district, Coorg, Sullia and Puttur taluks of Dakshina Kannada district, as well as Bandadka, Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. The language was recognized by the Karnataka State government and formed an academy in 2011 to preserve the culture and literature of the Arebhahse Region which is named as Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy supported by then Chief Minister D. V. Sadananda Gowda.
According to linguistic scientists, it is very close to the Badaga language in the Dravidian language. There was a time when Vokkaliga Gowda came from Iguru and started living in Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu district, also Kasaragod District of Kerala State.[citation needed] They migrated to Coorg (Kodagu) from Mangalore-Udupi (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the Canarese Tulu speaking people. And different communities in this region speak Arebhashe as a communication language.
Arebhashe-speaking people in Sulya Taluk are bilingual with Tulu.[citation needed]
Arebhashe is mainly concentrated in the state of Karnataka. There are more than five hundred thousand people speaking Arebhashe in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu districts in Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala are the districts where Arebhashe speaking people live for centuries.[citation needed] They are now spread all over India, especially in metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Bengaluru, and other industrial and business centers.[citation needed] Arebhashigas are also in large numbers in countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, GCC countries and other places outside India.
The accepted word order of Arebhashe is SOV (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages. This language lacks aspirated consonants. This is core aspects of the majority of Dravidian languages that set them apart from Indo-Aryan language such Hindi, Marathi, etc. There is a very close connection to Kundagannada and Havigannada dialect. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender. Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism. Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam.
The study of sounds in speech is known as phonology. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.[clarification needed] There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.
Arebhashe has eight cases: Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based on Kannada grammar and in turn, Kannada grammar is based on Sanskrit grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the ablative case (ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the genitive case of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada ablative literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative. In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.
The nominative is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative are homophonous pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between the Accusative and Genitive is sometimes determined in -a ending inanimate nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.
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Arebhashe dialect
Arebhashe (Kannada: ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ, romanized: Arebhāṣe), or Aregannada or Gowda Kannada, is a dialect of Kannada mainly by Gowda communities in the regions of Madikeri, Somwarpet, and Kushalnagar taluks of Kodagu district, Coorg, Sullia and Puttur taluks of Dakshina Kannada district, as well as Bandadka, Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. The language was recognized by the Karnataka State government and formed an academy in 2011 to preserve the culture and literature of the Arebhahse Region which is named as Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy supported by then Chief Minister D. V. Sadananda Gowda.
According to linguistic scientists, it is very close to the Badaga language in the Dravidian language. There was a time when Vokkaliga Gowda came from Iguru and started living in Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu district, also Kasaragod District of Kerala State.[citation needed] They migrated to Coorg (Kodagu) from Mangalore-Udupi (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the Canarese Tulu speaking people. And different communities in this region speak Arebhashe as a communication language.
Arebhashe-speaking people in Sulya Taluk are bilingual with Tulu.[citation needed]
Arebhashe is mainly concentrated in the state of Karnataka. There are more than five hundred thousand people speaking Arebhashe in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu districts in Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala are the districts where Arebhashe speaking people live for centuries.[citation needed] They are now spread all over India, especially in metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Bengaluru, and other industrial and business centers.[citation needed] Arebhashigas are also in large numbers in countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, GCC countries and other places outside India.
The accepted word order of Arebhashe is SOV (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages. This language lacks aspirated consonants. This is core aspects of the majority of Dravidian languages that set them apart from Indo-Aryan language such Hindi, Marathi, etc. There is a very close connection to Kundagannada and Havigannada dialect. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender. Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism. Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam.
The study of sounds in speech is known as phonology. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.[clarification needed] There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.
Arebhashe has eight cases: Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based on Kannada grammar and in turn, Kannada grammar is based on Sanskrit grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the ablative case (ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the genitive case of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada ablative literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative. In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.
The nominative is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative are homophonous pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between the Accusative and Genitive is sometimes determined in -a ending inanimate nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.