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Inline linking

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Inline linking

Inline linking (also known as hotlinking, piggy-backing, direct linking, offsite image grabs, bandwidth theft, or leeching) is the practice of using or embedding a linked object—often an image—from one website onto a webpage of another website. In this process, the second site does not host the object itself but instead loads it directly from the original source, creating an inline link to the hosting site.

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the technology behind the World Wide Web, does not differentiate between different types of links—all links are functionally equal. As a result, resources can be linked from any server and loaded onto a web page regardless of their original location.

When a website is visited, the browser first downloads the HTML document containing the web page's textual content. This document may reference additional resources, including other HTML files, images, scripts, or stylesheet. Within the HTML, <img> tags specify the URLs of images to be displayed on the page. If the <img> tag does not specify a server, the web browser assumes that the image is hosted on the same server as the parent page (e.g., <img src="picture.jpg" />). If the <img> tag contains an absolute URL, the browser retrieves the image from an external server (e.g., <img src="http://www.example.com/picture.jpg" />).

When a browser downloads an HTML page containing such an image, the browser will contact the remote server to request the image content.

The ability to display content from one site within another is part of the original design of the Web's hypertext medium. Common uses include:

The blurring of boundaries between sites can lead to other problems when the site violates users' expectations. Other times, inline linking can be done for malicious purposes.

Most web browsers will blindly follow the URL for inline links, even though it is a frequent security complaint. Embedded images may be used as a web bug to track users or to relay information to a third party. Many ad filtering browser tools will restrict this behavior to varying degrees.

Some servers are programmed to use the HTTP referer header to detect hotlinking and return a condemnatory message, commonly in the same format, in place of the expected image or media clip. Most servers can be configured to partially protect hosted media from inline linking, usually by not serving the media or by serving a different file.

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