Cher

Cheryl Sarkisian^[a] was born in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946. Her father, John Sarkisian, an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems, was rarely present during her early life.^[8] Her mother, Georgia Holt, was a model and actress of Irish, English, German and Cherokee descent.^[9] Cher's paternal grandparents were survivors of the Armenian genocide.^[10] Cher's parents divorced when she was ten months old.^[11] Before leaving, her father placed her in an orphanage for several months; Holt was allowed to visit once a week, only able to see Cher through a window.^[12] Both found the experience traumatic.^[13]

In 1951, Holt married actor John Southall, with whom she had Cher's half-sister, Georganne.^[14] Holt's marriage to Southall ended when Cher was nine; Cher later described him as her "real father" and a "good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much".^[13] Holt remarried and divorced several times, frequently moving the family across states, including New York, Texas and California.^[15] They often struggled financially, and Cher recalled using rubber bands to hold her shoes together.^[13] While living in Los Angeles, Holt pursued acting while working as a waitress, occasionally securing minor TV roles for her daughters in shows such as The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.^[15]

By fifth grade, Cher organized a class performance of the musical Oklahoma!, taking on male roles when boys refused to participate. At nine, her voice was unusually low for a female child.^[16] Fascinated by film stars, Cher idolized Audrey Hepburn, particularly in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), emulating Hepburn's character's unconventional outfits and demeanor.^[17] She also admired Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis and Katharine Hepburn,^[18] but felt discouraged by the lack of dark-haired actresses in Hollywood.^[17] She recalled, "In the Walt Disney cartoons, all the witches and evil queens were really dark. There was nobody I could look at and think, 'That's who I'm like.'"^[17] As a child, she dreamed of fame but struggled with feelings of inadequacy, describing herself as "unattractive" and "untalented".^[19] Reflecting on her ambitions, she later said, "I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I just thought, 'I'll be famous'. That was my goal."^[19]

In 1961, Holt married bank manager Gilbert LaPiere, who adopted Cher (under the name Cheryl LaPiere)^[1] and Georganne and enrolled them at Montclair College Preparatory School, a private school in Encino. Coming from a modest background, Cher faced challenges in the upper-class environment, where, as biographer Connie Berman wrote, her "striking appearance" and "outgoing personality" set her apart.^[19] A former classmate recalled, "I'll never forget seeing Cher for the first time. She was so special ... like a movie star, right then and there ... She said she was going to be a movie star and we knew she would."^[19] Known for her creativity and wit, Cher excelled in French and English but struggled with other subjects, later discovering she has dyslexia. Her unconventional behavior also stood out: she performed songs for students during lunch and surprised peers when she wore a midriff-baring top.^[17] Reflecting on her lack of focus in school, Cher said, "I was never really [there]. I was always thinking about when I was grown up and famous."^[15]

At 16, Cher left school and moved out of her mother's house to live with a friend. She took acting classes and supported herself by dancing in nightclubs along Hollywood's Sunset Strip, where she introduced herself to performers, managers and agents.^[20] According to Berman, "[Cher] did not hesitate to approach anyone she thought could help her get a break".^[21] Cher met performer Sonny Bono, 11 years her senior, in November 1962 when he was working for record producer Phil Spector.^[21] Cher's friend moved out and Cher accepted Sonny's offer to be his housekeeper.^[22] Sonny introduced Cher to Spector, who used her as a backup singer on many recordings, including the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" and the Ronettes' "Be My Baby".^[23] Spector produced her first single, "Ringo, I Love You", which Cher recorded under the name Bonnie Jo Mason.^[24] Many radio programmers rejected the song, mistaking Cher's deep contralto for a man's voice and assuming it was a male homosexual singing a love song to the Beatles drummer Ringo Starr.^[25]

Cher and Sonny became close friends, later lovers, and held an unofficial wedding ceremony in a hotel room in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 27, 1964.^[23][26] Although Sonny had wanted to launch Cher as a solo artist, she encouraged him to perform with her because she suffered from stage fright and he began joining her onstage, singing the harmonies. Cher disguised her nervousness by looking at Sonny; she later commented that she sang to the people through him.^[27] In late 1964, they signed with Reprise Records as the duo Caesar & Cleo and released the unsuccessful singles "Love Is Strange" and "Baby Don't Go".^[28]

Cher signed with Liberty Records' Imperial imprint in the end of 1964 and Sonny became her producer. The single "Dream Baby", released under the name "Cherilyn", received airplay in Los Angeles.^[24] Imperial encouraged Cher to work with Sonny on her second solo single for the label, a cover of Bob Dylan's "All I Really Want to Do".^[24] It peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number nine on the UK singles chart in 1965.^[29][30] Meanwhile, the Byrds had released their own version of the same song. When competition on the singles charts started between Cher and the Byrds, the group's record label began to promote the B-side of the Byrds' single. Roger McGuinn of the Byrds commented, "We loved the Cher version ... We didn't want to hassle. So we just turned our record over."^[31] Cher's debut album, All I Really Want to Do (1965), reached number 16 on the US Billboard 200;^[32] it was later described by AllMusic's Tim Sendra as "one of the stronger folk-pop records of the era".^[33]

Following Cher's solo success, the duo rebranded as Sonny & Cher and signed with Atco Records, a division of Atlantic Records.^[24][34] After recording "I Got You Babe", they traveled to England in July 1965 at the Rolling Stones' advice; Cher recalled, "[they] had told us ... that Americans just didn't get us and that if we were going to make it big, we were going to have to go to England."^[35] According to writer Cintra Wilson,

English newspaper photographers showed up when S&C were thrown out of the London Hilton [because of their outfits] the night they arrived—literally overnight, they were stars. London went gaga for the heretofore-unseen S&C look, which was neither mod nor rocker.^[36]

"I Got You Babe" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart^[37] and became, according to AllMusic's Bruce Eder, "one of the biggest-selling and most beloved pop/rock hits of the mid-'60s".^[24] As the song knocked the Beatles off the top of the British charts, English teenagers began to emulate Sonny & Cher's fashion style, such as bell-bottoms, striped pants and fur vests.^[38] According to Time's Ginia Bellafante, they became "rock's 'it' couple".^[39] Upon their return to the US, the duo debuted on film with a cameo in Wild on the Beach (1965),^[40] appeared on teen-pop TV shows such as Hullabaloo and Shindig!^[41] and completed a tour of some of the largest arenas in the country.^[42] Their shows attracted Cher look-alikes, with girls straightening and dyeing their hair black to emulate her style, often pairing it with vests and bell-bottoms.^[43]

Sonny & Cher's debut album, Look at Us (1965),^[24] spent eight weeks at number two on the Billboard 200, behind the Beatles' Help!.^[44] Cashbox magazine described Sonny & Cher, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones as "global stars" whose success in both the US and UK demonstrated that national origin was no longer a barrier to international stardom.^[45] Despite the dominance of the British Invasion and Motown, the duo emerged as major chart competitors.^[46] Author Joseph Murrells called them "leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song", blending rock instrumentation, folk themes and protest lyrics,^[47] while Alexis Petridis of The Guardian described their music as "the sound of the growing 60s counterculture".^[48]

Following Sonny & Cher's breakthrough, former label Reprise reissued "Baby Don't Go", which became their second consecutive top-ten single in the US.^[49] At one point, five of their songs appeared simultaneously in the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100, a feat equaled only by Elvis Presley and the Beatles.^[50] The duo's next albums were The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) and In Case You're in Love (1967), the latter featuring the international number-one single "Little Man"^[51] and the US top-ten single "The Beat Goes On".^[52] Neither release replicated the commercial impact of their debut, and Cher's solo career increasingly overshadowed their collaborations.^[24]

Cher's second solo album, The Sonny Side of Chér (1966), includes "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", which reached number one in Italy,^[53] number two in the US and number three in the UK, becoming her first million-selling solo single.^[54] Chér, also released in 1966, contains the international number-one single "Sunny"^[55] and the Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition "Alfie"—the first US recording of the song—featured in the American release of the 1966 film Alfie.^[54] With Love, Chér (1967) presents songs described by biographer Mark Bego as "little soap-opera stories set to rock music" such as the US top-ten single "You Better Sit Down Kids".^[54]

By the late 1960s, Sonny & Cher's music stopped charting. Berman observed that the "heavy, loud sound" of bands such as Jefferson Airplane and Cream made their folk-rock feel "too bland".^[56] Cher later said she "loved" the new electric-guitar-driven sound of Led Zeppelin and Eric Clapton and wanted to adapt, but Sonny refused.^[57] Their monogamous lifestyle during the sexual revolution^[58] and anti-drug stance at the height of widespread drug use alienated American youths.^[59] According to Bego, "in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs."^[59] In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in William Friedkin's musical film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful.^[56]

Cher's album Backstage (1968), in which she explores diverse musical genres including bossa nova and anti-war protest settings, did not chart.^[60] In 1969, Cher was dropped by Imperial Records, while the duo Sonny & Cher were dropped by Atco. The latter label offered Cher a solo recording deal.^[61] Her 1969 album 3614 Jackson Highway, recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio without Sonny's involvement, marked a shift toward R&B and soul music experimentation. AllMusic called it "the finest album of her career" and "a revelation" decades later.^[62] Displeased with the album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco.^[61]

Meanwhile, Sonny dated others and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People, "[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family."^[63] They officially married after she gave birth to Chaz Bono on March 4, 1969.^[63] The duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity (1969). Written and produced by Sonny, it tells the story of a young woman, played by Cher, searching for the meaning of life.^[64] The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. Some critics noted that Cher showed acting potential;^[42] Cue magazine wrote, "Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing."^[56]

At the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style.^[65] According to writer Cintra Wilson, "Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny".^[36] The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers.^[36] TV executives took note and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a "new, sophisticated and mature" image.^[66] Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits.^[66]

CBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and Cher their own TV program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971.^[67][d] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971 and had six episodes. Following its ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show.^[42]

Watched by more than 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run,^[65] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour was praised for the comedic timing, as a deadpan Cher mocked Sonny about his looks and short stature. According to Berman, they "exuded an aura of warmth, playfulness and caring that only enhanced their appeal. Viewers were further enchanted when a young [Chaz] appeared on the show. They seemed like a perfect family."^[69] Cher honed her acting skills through comedy sketches,^[70] including her original character Laverne LaShinsky, a brash and over-the-top housewife,^[71] while her Bob Mackie-designed outfits set 1970s fashion trends.^[72]

In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records and Cher released the single "Classified 1A", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial.^[73]

Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's second US number-one single, "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", which "proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did", wrote Bego.^[73] "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was the first single by a solo artist to rank number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the same time as on the Canadian singles chart.^[74] It was featured on the 1971 album Chér (later reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[75] Its second single, "The Way of Love", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart^[76] and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.^[24]

In 1972, Cher released the all-ballad album Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego.^[77] Following its release, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record.^[78] At Sonny's insistence, Cher released the standards album Bittersweet White Light (1973), which was commercially unsuccessful.^[79] Later that year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett "Half-Breed", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, which she had written for Cher. Although no longer working with her, Garrett believed the song was a perfect fit and held onto it until Cher dismissed Sonny as producer and rejoined him.^[78] "Half-Breed" became the title track of her next album and her third US number-one single.^[80] Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.^[81]

In 1974, Cher released "Dark Lady" as the lead single from the album of the same name.^[80] It topped the Billboard Hot 100, tying her with Rosemary Clooney, Patti Page and Connie Francis for the most number-one singles by a female solo artist in US history at the time.^[e] Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard, proved her to be "one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years", as well as a "proven superstar who always sells records".^[85] Between 1971 and 1973, Sonny & Cher's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972)—which contains the US top-ten singles "All I Ever Need Is You" and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done"^[86]—Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973) and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973).^[87] Cher later commented that her tight schedule during this period required her to record entire albums in just a few days while also touring and filming The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.^[88]

Cher and Sonny ended their relationship in late 1972 but stayed legally married for two more years to protect their careers.^[89] Their relationship had been troubled for years due to Sonny's infidelity and controlling behavior.^[90] By 1973, they lived in the same house while dating other people. "The public still thinks we are married," Sonny wrote in his diary, "[and] that's the way it has to be."^[89] In January 1974, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best TV Actress for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.^[91] Sonny filed for separation the next month, citing "irreconcilable differences".^[92] A week later, Cher countered with a divorce suit, accusing him of "involuntary servitude" and withholding her rightful share of their earnings.^[92] Their show was cancelled in April 1974.^[93] Later that year, Sonny launched The Sonny Comedy Revue with the same creative team, but it was canceled after 13 weeks.^[94]

During divorce proceedings, Cher learned she was legally an employee of Cher Enterprises, a company 95% owned by Sonny and 5% by his lawyer. She was also required to work exclusively for Sonny's company, leaving her with no career or financial control.^[95] Record executive David Geffen, with whom Cher had begun a relationship in 1973, helped her break free from the contract.^[96] Cher won custody of Chaz after a highly publicized legal battle,^[92] and their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975.^[97] Geffen hoped to marry Cher, but she ended the relationship due to his possessiveness and struggles with his sexuality.^[f]

Cher debuted her solo CBS show, Cher, on February 12, 1975.^[100] The show showcased Cher's music, comedy, monologues and an extensive wardrobe—the largest for a weekly TV series.^[101][102] Critics praised it, with the Los Angeles Times stating, "Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny ... could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season."^[102] Musical guests included David Bowie (in his American TV debut), Ray Charles, Elton John, Bette Midler, Tina Turner and the Jackson 5, with Billboard crediting Cher for bringing "a rock sensibility to prime-time TV".^[103] Despite high ratings, the show ended after two seasons, replaced by a reunion show with ex-husband Sonny.^[104] The Ringer's Lindsay Zoladz commented that network censors were stricter with Cher as a single woman, viewing her as more provocative alone than as Sonny's wife.^[105] Cher later reflected, "Doing a show alone was more than I could handle."^[104]

In 1975, Cher signed a $2.5 million contract with Warner Bros. Records,^[106] intending her first release for the label to establish her as a serious rock artist rather than "just a pop singer".^[107] Drawing on an introspective style inspired by singer-songwriters including Joni Mitchell, Carly Simon and James Taylor, she recorded Stars (1975).^[107] Richard Seeley of the Daily Breeze praised the album as "an important link between the rock and roll subculture and the mass popular music audience", noting that Cher showed "real talent" by passing over "surefire hit makers like John [Lennon] and [Paul] McCartney" in favor of lesser-known rock songwriters.^[108] In contrast, Janet Maslin of The Village Voice argued that she lacked rock credibility, writing that "image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV."^[109] Though Stars was a commercial failure, it later developed a cult following and has been regarded as one of her best works.^[110]

On June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of the Allman Brothers Band,^[111] whom she had been dating since January, shortly after ending her relationship with Geffen.^[112] She filed for divorce nine days later due to his heroin and alcohol problems, but they reconciled within a month.^[113] Their son, Elijah Blue Allman, was born on July 10, 1976.^[114] Cher's TV reunion with Sonny, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although it premiered to strong ratings,^[115] their biting onscreen banter about the divorce^[104] along with her troubled relationship with Allman sparked a public backlash^[116] that contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977.^[115]

In 1976, Mego Toys released a line of Sonny & Cher dolls, with the Cher doll becoming the year's best-selling doll, surpassing Barbie.^[117] That year, Cher released I'd Rather Believe in You, followed by Cherished in 1977. Produced at Warner's insistence on a return to her earlier narrative pop style, both albums were commercial failures.^[118] Orange Coast writer Keith Tuber suggested her weekly TV shows may have reduced record sales by giving audiences regular access to her music.^[119] Reviews were largely negative: Larry Rohter of the Houston Chronicle called I'd Rather Believe in You "atrocious", citing "dreary vocals" and dubbing it "one of the lamest records of the year",^[120] while Christine Brown of the Miami Herald wrote of Cherished, "It might help to stare at the album cover as you listen ... It takes your mind off what you're hearing."^[121]

In 1977, under the rubric "Allman and Woman", Cher and Allman recorded the duet album Two the Hard Way.^[113] The couple toured Europe to support the album,^[122] though audience reception was mixed.^[123] With a combination of Cher fans and Allman Brothers fans in attendance, fights frequently broke out at venues, prompting Cher to cancel the tour.^[124] Their relationship ended soon after the tour's cancellation,^[125] and their divorce was finalized in 1979.^[126] In 1978, Cher began a two-year live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons.^[127] She briefly returned to prime-time TV with the specials Cher... Special (1978)—featuring a segment in which she performs all of the roles in her version of West Side Story—and Cher... and Other Fantasies (1979).^[128][129]

In 1979, she legally adopted the mononym Cher, with no surname.^[2] Facing financial pressures as a single mother of two, she decided to steer her singing career toward greater commercial success. Temporarily setting aside her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single "Take Me Home" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze.^[130] The album and single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979 and were certified gold by the RIAA.^[81][130] The album's sales were likely enhanced by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover.^[130][131]

Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, Cher sought a return to rock with Prisoner (1979).^[132] The album cover, showing her naked and draped in chains, symbolized her struggle as a "prisoner of the press" amid intense tabloid scrutiny.^[133] The imagery drew criticism from feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave, while critics found the album's mix of rock and disco tracks inconsistent, contributing to its commercial failure.^[133] The single "Hell on Wheels", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie (1979), reflected Cher's personal embrace of the late 1970s roller-skating craze, which she had helped popularize.^[110] Cher collaborated with Giorgio Moroder to write "Bad Love", her final Casablanca disco track, for the film Foxes (1980).^[134]

In 1980, Cher formed the rock band Black Rose with guitarist and then-partner Les Dudek. To blend in and avoid overshadowing the group with her celebrity status, she adopted a punk-inspired look, cutting her signature long hair. Although she was the lead singer, she chose not to take top billing to present the band as equal. Despite TV appearances, the band struggled to book concerts.^[135] Their album, Black Rose, received poor reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone, "[Critics] didn't attack the record, they attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'"^[65] Black Rose disbanded in 1981.^[136]

During Black Rose's run, Cher was also performing a residency at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, with two shows nightly, seven days a week,^[137] earning $300,000 weekly.^[138] Beginning in June 1979 and running until 1982, the residency evolved into Cher's first solo tour, the Take Me Home Tour, with dates in North America, Europe, South Africa and Australia.^[g] Described by The Press of Atlantic City as "the biggest cabaret act ever seen on any stage",^[147] the concert series yielded two TV specials: Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981)^[148] and Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983),^[149] the latter earning her the CableACE Award for Best Actress in a Variety Program.^[150] In 1981, Cher collaborated with Meat Loaf on the duet "Dead Ringer for Love", which peaked at number five on the UK singles chart and was praised by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as "one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980s".^[151] The following year, Cher released the new wave album I Paralyze, a commercial failure and her only album under Columbia Records.^[152]

With declining record sales and radio airplay, Cher shifted her focus to acting.^[153] Despite earlier aspirations, her only film credits, Good Times and Chastity, were critical and commercial failures, and Hollywood did not take her seriously as an actress.^[153] Reflecting on this period, Cher said, "I was dropped by my [label] and couldn't get a job ... [so] I went to Las Vegas", which she likened to an "elephant's graveyard" for fading stars.^[146] Despite her success performing there, she felt unfulfilled: "I was making a fortune ... but I was dying inside."^[154]

In 1982, Cher moved to New York to study acting with Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio, but skipped enrollment after auditioning for and being cast in Robert Altman's Broadway production Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean.^[36] Co-starring with Karen Black and Sandy Dennis, she played a James Dean fan club member at a 20-year reunion, earning unexpectedly positive reviews.^[155] Frank Rich of The New York Times praised her "cheery, ingratiating nonperformance" as a refreshing contrast in a dull ensemble, suggesting the play needed more of her and less of her co-stars.^[156] Altman later cast her in the film adaptation of the same title.^[155]

Director Mike Nichols, who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, the lesbian roommate of Karen Silkwood (played by Meryl Streep) in the 1983 biopic Silkwood.^[155] Audiences initially questioned Cher's acting ability; she later recalled attending a film screening where the crowd laughed upon seeing her name in the opening credits.^[157] For Silkwood, Cher was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won a Golden Globe Award in the same category.^[155]

The biopic Mask (1985) marked Cher's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress,^[155] reaching number two at the box office.^[158] During production, Cher clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich, refusing to support his call to boycott the film's promotion in protest of Universal Pictures' edits to the final cut.^[159] While promoting the film, she remarked, "From working with Peter, it's no surprise to me that he would serve his own interests before those of the film."^[160]

For her portrayal of Rusty Dennis, a drug-addicted biker raising a disfigured teenage son, Cher won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress.^[155] Despite critical predictions, she was ultimately left off the Oscar nomination list.^[161] Bego suggested that her public feud with Bogdanovich and unconventional image may have contributed to the Academy's decision.^[162] At the 58th Academy Awards, she wore a dramatic, tarantula-like outfit, which Vanity Fair's Esther Zuckerman later called Cher's "Oscar revenge dress".^[163] Presenting the Best Supporting Actor nominees, Cher quipped, "As you can see, I did receive my Academy booklet on how to dress like a serious actress".^[164] The incident garnered her much publicity.^[165]

Cher's May 1986 guest appearance on Late Night with David Letterman, during which she called David Letterman "an asshole", attracted much media coverage. Letterman later recalled, "It did hurt my feelings. Cher was one of the few people I've really wanted to have on the show ... I felt like a total fool, especially since I say all kinds of things to people."^[166] She returned in November 1987, reuniting with Sonny for the last time before his death for an impromptu performance of "I Got You Babe". Reflecting in 2015, Rolling Stone's Andy Greene wrote, "They weren't exactly the best of friends at this point, but both of them knew it would make for unforgettable television. Had YouTube existed back then, this would have gone insanely viral the next morning."^[167] That same month, Cher released The Ugly Duckling, an audiobook adaptation of the 1843 fairy tale. The Washington Post praised her as "a warm, unaffected storyteller" whose voice was "particularly suited for very young listeners".^[168]

Cher starred in three films in 1987.^[155] In Peter Yates' legal thriller Suspect, she portrayed a public defender aided and romanced by a juror (Dennis Quaid) in a homicide case. In George Miller's comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick, she played one of three small-town divorcees—alongside Michelle Pfeiffer and Susan Sarandon—seduced by a mysterious, wealthy visitor (Jack Nicholson). In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she starred as an Italian widow who falls for her fiancé's younger brother (Nicolas Cage).^[155] The latter two films ranked among 1987's top ten highest-grossing movies.^[169]

The New York Times' Janet Maslin wrote Moonstruck "offers further proof that Cher has evolved into the kind of larger-than-life movie star who's worth watching whatever she does".^[170] For that film, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress^[171] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy.^[91] By 1988, Cher had become one of the most bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film.^[155] That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales.^[172]

By the late 1980s, Cher had developed a reputation for her exhibitionist fashion, plastic surgeries and relationships with younger men.^[173] She dated actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz and Tom Cruise, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Joshua Donen and Rob Camilletti, a baker 18 years her junior—dubbed the "Bagel Boy" by the media—whom she was with from 1986 to 1989.^[174]

In 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson described as "her most impressive string of hits to date", establishing her as a "serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture".^[110] Jon Bon Jovi, Michael Bolton, Richie Sambora and Desmond Child produced her first Geffen album, Cher.^[110] Despite facing strong retail and radio airplay resistance upon its release,^[175] the album proved to be a commercial success, certified platinum by the RIAA.^[81] Cher features the hair metal power ballad "I Found Someone",^[176] her first US top-ten single in eight years.^[110]

Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award at the 1989 People's Choice Awards.^[177] Her 19th studio album, Heart of Stone (1989), reached number one in Australia^[178] and entered the top ten in Canada,^[179] New Zealand,^[180] the UK^[30] and the US,^[32] where it was certified triple platinum.^[81] The album yielded three US top-ten singles: "After All" (with Peter Cetera), "Just Like Jesse James" and "If I Could Turn Back Time".^[32] The latter spent seven weeks at number one in Australia,^[181] became one of her signature songs^[182] and drew controversy for its sexually suggestive music video, filmed aboard the battleship USS Missouri.^[183][184] Cher launched the Heart of Stone Tour in 1989, which continued through 1990. Critics praised the tour for its nostalgic appeal and her showmanship.^[185] The TV special Cher... at the Mirage, filmed during a Las Vegas concert, aired in February 1991.^[186]

In Mermaids (1990), Cher's first film in three years, she drew inspiration from her mother to portray a woman who moves her daughters (Winona Ryder, Christina Ricci) from town to town after failed relationships.^[187] She clashed with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin.^[188] Producers, seeing Cher as the star attraction, granted her creative control.^[189] The film was a box office success and received positive reviews.^[190][191] One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack, a cover of Betty Everett's "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", topped the UK singles chart for five weeks.^[192]

Cher's final Geffen studio album, Love Hurts (1991),^[193] spent six weeks at number one in the UK and was certified gold by the RIAA.^[81] It produced the UK top-ten single "Love and Understanding".^[30] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Jim Farber praised Cher's "sexually autonomous persona" as "one of the surest of any pop female", noting how she turned heartbreak lyrics into expressions of revenge rather than victimhood.^[194] She then launched the Love Hurts Tour (1991–1992)^[195] and released the UK-only^[196] compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 (1992), which topped the UK chart for seven weeks.^[30] She also capitalized on public interest in her youthful looks with the wellness book Forever Fit (1991)^[197] and the exercise videos CherFitness: A New Attitude (1991) and CherFitness: Body Confidence (1992).^[106]

In the early 1990s, Cher contracted the Epstein–Barr virus and developed myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, leaving her too exhausted for music or film projects.^[188][198] She declined leading roles in Thelma & Louise and The War of the Roses.^[188] Her next film appearances were cameos in Robert Altman's The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994).^[195] To generate income, she appeared in infomercials for health, beauty and diet products, earning nearly $10 million.^[199][200] Critics saw it as a sellout and speculated her film career was over,^[200][201] with Entertainment Weekly stating she had eroded her "hard-won A-list actress status".^[188] The ads were parodied on Saturday Night Live and referenced in Clueless (1995), where protagonist Cher Horowitz jokes she was named after a "great [singer] of the past who now does infomercials".^[202][203] Cher later reflected, "Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen ... people stripped me of all my other things."^[199]

In 1993, Cher re-recorded "I Got You Babe" with MTV's animated duo Beavis and Butt-Head, mocking her own image as they introduce her as "a chick that's got tattoos on her butt ... who's older ... done it a lot of times [and] used to be married to some dork" (referring to Sonny Bono).^[204] She topped the UK singles chart in 1995 with the charity single "Love Can Build a Bridge", alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry and Eric Clapton.^[205] After signing with Warner Music UK's WEA label, Cher released It's a Man's World (1995), an album of songs originally performed by men.^[193] Critics praised its R&B influences and Cher's vocal growth,^[206] with Stephen Holden of The New York Times calling it a "soulful collection of grown-up pop songs".^[207] The album features "Walking in Memphis", certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and the UK top-ten single "One by One".^[30] Man's World reached the top ten in Austria^[208] and the UK.^[30] A remixed US version, shifting from rock to a more radio-friendly sound, was commercially unsuccessful, peaking at number 64 on the Billboard 200.^[209][210]

In 1996, Cher starred alongside Demi Moore and Sissy Spacek in If These Walls Could Talk, a three-part anthology TV film about abortion. The project marked Cher's directorial debut, as she both directed and starred in the film's final segment, playing a doctor targeted by an anti-abortion group.^[206] Walls became HBO's highest-rated original movie to date, drawing 6.9 million viewers.^[211][212] Cher's first leading role in a theatrical release in six years came with Paul Mazursky's dark comedy Faithful (1996), in which she played a suicidal woman whose husband hires a hitman (Chazz Palminteri) to kill her.^[213] Although praised for her performance, with The New York Times noting she "does her game best to find comic potential in a victim's role", Cher refused to promote the film, calling it "horrible".^[188] Faithful was both a critical failure and a box-office bomb, grossing $2 million.^[214]

Following Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him "the most unforgettable character" she had met.^[215] She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998.^[216] That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work on television.^[217] Later that year, Cher published The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of "first-time" events in her life. Critics praised the book as sincere and relatable.^[218] The manuscript was nearly complete when Sonny died, and Cher was initially reluctant to include his death, concerned it might appear exploitative. She told Rolling Stone, "I might have [ignored it] if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me."^[219]

Cher's 22nd studio album, Believe (1998), marked a shift from her previous rock sound to 1970s disco-inspired dance-pop.^[110] It sold 11 million copies worldwide,^[220] earning quadruple platinum certification in the US and gold, platinum or multi-platinum status in 39 countries.^[81][221] Entertainment Weekly described the album as "the most dramatic comeback Hollywood has seen", emphasizing its role in introducing her to a new generation of fans who "hadn't yet been born when 'I Got You Babe' ruled the charts in 1965".^[222]

The album's title track reached number one in 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies globally.^{[223][224][225]} It was the best-selling single of 1998 in the UK and of 1999 in the US.^[223][226] "Believe" debuted at number one in the UK, held the position for seven weeks and became the country's best-selling single by a female artist.^[227] In the US, it led the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks,^[228] making Cher, at 52, the oldest woman to top the chart.^[h][230] Pitchfork wrote that "coming from Cher—a confident, charismatic, and massively talented woman who'd been subjected to frequent public ridicule over her personal life—'Believe' took on an extra survivalist edge".^[231]

"Believe" won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording and the 1999 Billboard Music Award for Hot 100 Single of the Year.^[232][233] The album's second single, "Strong Enough", reached number one in Hungary^[234] and entered the top five in Austria,^[235] Belgium,^[234] France,^[234] Germany,^[236] Iceland,^[237] Poland,^[238] Scotland,^[30] Spain,^[236] Switzerland^[235] and the UK.^[30] In 1999, Cher starred in Franco Zeffirelli's critically acclaimed war film Tea with Mussolini,^[239] playing a flamboyant American socialite unwelcome among Englishwomen (Judi Dench, Maggie Smith) in Italy.^[240] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly described her performance as "always likable, always soft-focus, always strange",^[241] while Film Comment wrote that she proved "how sorely she's been missed from movie screens".^[242]

On January 31, 1999, Cher sang "The Star-Spangled Banner", the US national anthem, at the Super Bowl XXXIII.^[243] She co-headlined the TV special VH1 Divas Live '99, which drew 19.4 million viewers and became the highest-rated program in VH1's history at the time.^[244][245] Her Do You Believe? Tour (1999–2000) sold out in every American city it visited,^[246] drawing a global audience of over 1.5 million.^[247] The tour's TV special, Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), became HBO's top-rated original program of 1998–1999.^[248][249] Billboard named Cher the top dance artist of 1999.^[226] Capitalizing on her success, former label Geffen released the US-only compilation If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits (1999),^[250] certified gold by the RIAA.^[81] Meanwhile, Cher oversaw The Greatest Hits (1999) for international markets, reaching number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart.^[251]

In 2000, Cher released Not Commercial, an album she wrote after attending a songwriting conference in 1994. She chose the title after her label's chief dismissed the project as "nice, but not commercial" and rejected it for its explicit language and unsparing themes, including the suicide of Kurt Cobain, homelessness, veteran neglect and personal trauma. She sold it independently on her website, an unusual move for an artist under contract with a major label. The song "Sisters of Mercy", which describes the nuns who prevented her mother from retrieving her from a Catholic orphanage as "daughters of hell", drew condemnation from the Catholic Church.^[252]

Cher's dance-focused follow-up to Believe,^[253] Living Proof (2001), reached number one in Greece^[254] and number nine in the US,^[255] where it was certified gold.^[81] It features the UK top-ten single "The Music's No Good Without You",^[30] the Grammy-nominated "Love One Another"^[256] and "Song for the Lonely", a tribute to "the courageous people of New York" after the September 11 attacks.^[253] Named Billboard's top dance artist of 2002, Cher received the Artist Achievement Award from Steven Tyler at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards for having "helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts".^[257][258] That year, her wealth was estimated at $600 million.^[259]

In June 2002, Cher launched Living Proof: The Farewell Tour,^[260] promoted as her final concert tour, though she planned to keep recording and acting.^[261] Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised it as a celebration of Cher's resilience, highlighting her ability to "triumph over restraint, aging and gravity" and calling her "a hit machine immune to sagging flesh".^[262] Initially set for 49 shows, the tour was repeatedly extended.^[263] By October 2003, it had become the most successful tour by a female artist, grossing $145 million from 200 shows with 2.2 million attendees.^[264] The NBC special Cher: The Farewell Tour drew 17 million viewers,^[265] becoming the highest-rated network concert special of 2003 and earning Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special.^[266][267]

After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a global deal with Warner Bros. Records in September 2003.^[268] Forbes named her the highest-paid female musician of 2003, earning $33.1 million.^[269] The compilation album The Very Best of Cher (2003) peaked at number four on the Billboard 200^[270] and was certified triple platinum by the RIAA.^[81] In the Farrelly brothers' comedy Stuck on You (2003), she played a satirical version of herself in a relationship with a high schooler (Frankie Muniz), referencing media scrutiny of her relationships with younger men.^[271]

Cher's Farewell Tour concluded in April 2005 after 325 shows, drawing over 3.5 million attendees and grossing $250 million, ranking among the top-ten highest-grossing tours of the 2000s.^[272][273] After three years of retirement,^[274] she signed a $60 million deal for a 200-show residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas.^[275] Titled Cher (2008–2011), the production featured advanced stage effects and over 20 costume changes.^[276][277]

Cher returned to film in Burlesque (2010)—her first musical since Good Times (1967)—playing an intimidating nightclub owner who mentors an aspiring performer (Christina Aguilera).^[278] Initially met with mixed reviews and modest box office results, the film was later reassessed; Entertainment Weekly called it "a campy, niche classic [that] inspired everything, from drag queen revues to viral internet moments".^[279] Her ballad "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me", from the soundtrack, topped the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making her the only artist with Billboard number-one singles in six consecutive decades (1960s–2010s).^[c] After voicing Janet the Lioness in Zookeeper (2011),^[280] she produced the documentary Dear Mom, Love Cher (2013). It follows her efforts to support her mother Georgia Holt's dream of becoming a singer, culminating in the release of Holt's debut album at age 87.^[281]

Closer to the Truth (2013), Cher's first studio album since 2001's Living Proof, debuted at number three on the Billboard 200—her highest position on that chart to date^[44]—and reached the top ten in Canada,^[32] Germany,^[32] Scotland^[30] and the UK.^[30] The Boston Globe wrote that "Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'".^[282] She premiered the lead single "Woman's World" during the season four finale of The Voice—her first live TV performance in over a decade^[283]—and returned in season five as team adviser to judge Blake Shelton.^[284]

In June 2013, Cher headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating LGBTQ Pride Day, achieving the event's first full-capacity crowd in five years.^[285] She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, over a decade after announcing her "farewell tour",^[286] joking during shows that this would be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers.^[287] The tour's first leg, comprising 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million.^[286] Later that year, she canceled all remaining dates due to a kidney infection.^[288] Cher collaborated with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their 2015 album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin, credited under her 1964 alias, Bonnie Jo Mason.^[289] The album, produced as a single copy and sold via online auction,^[290] became the most expensive album ever sold.^[291]

Classic Cher, a three-year concert residency at the Park Theater in Las Vegas and The Theater at MGM National Harbor in Washington, D.C., began in February 2017.^[292] At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, Cher performed "Believe" and "If I Could Turn Back Time", her first awards show performance in over 15 years. Gwen Stefani presented Cher with the Billboard Icon Award, calling her the "definition of the word Icon" and a role model of strength and authenticity.^[293] In March 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, with tickets selling out in three hours after she hinted at her involvement on Twitter.^[294]

Cher returned to film after nearly a decade in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), a jukebox musical romantic comedy based on the songs of ABBA. Serving as both a prequel and a sequel to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, it features Cher as Ruby Sheridan, the grandmother of Sophie (Amanda Seyfried) and mother of Donna (Meryl Streep).^[295] Director Ol Parker addressed casting Cher as Streep's mother despite their three-year age difference by stating, "Cher exists outside of time."^[296] Critics highlighted her performance as a standout, with Vulture remarking, "Every single movie ... would be infinitely better if it included Cher."^[297] For the soundtrack, she recorded two ABBA songs, "Fernando" and "Super Trouper".^[298] Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA commented, "She makes 'Fernando' her own. It's her song now."^[299]

While promoting Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Cher announced she was working on an album of ABBA covers.^[300] Released in September 2018, Dancing Queen debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, tying with 2013's Closer to the Truth as Cher's highest-charting solo album in the US.^[301] With first-week sales of 153,000 units, it achieved the year's biggest sales week for a pop album by a female artist.^[301] Dancing Queen received widespread critical acclaim; Rolling Stone commented that Cher makes the ABBA songs sound as if they were written for her,^[302] while Entertainment Weekly praised it as her "most significant release since 1998's Believe".^[303]

Cher's Here We Go Again Tour ran from 2018 until its indefinite postponement in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns.^[304][305] Rolling Stone deemed the tour proof that Cher "can wipe the floor with any pop star from any generation".^[306] The Cher Show, a jukebox musical with three actresses playing Cher at different stages of her life, premiered in Chicago in June 2018 and ran on Broadway from December 2018 to August 2019,^[307][308] later touring the UK, Ireland and the US.^[309][310] On December 2, 2018, Whoopi Goldberg presented Cher with the Kennedy Center Honors for her "extraordinary contributions to culture",^[311] with tribute performances by Adam Lambert, Cyndi Lauper and Little Big Town.^[312] In 2019, she launched Cher Eau de Couture, a "genderless" follow-up to her 1988 fragrance Uninhibited.^[313]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Cher focused on projects that could be completed from home. In May, she released her first Spanish-language song, a cover of ABBA's "Chiquitita", with proceeds donated to UNICEF.^[314] Later that year, she voiced a bobblehead version of herself in Bobbleheads: The Movie^[315] and joined the charity supergroup BBC Radio 2 Allstars for a cover of Oasis' "Stop Crying Your Heart Out". The recording, made in support of the Children in Need charity,^[316] became a UK top-ten single.^[317] Cher was featured in The New York Times Magazine's annual "Best Actors" list for 2020,^[318] becoming the first actor included without appearing in a theatrical release that year;^[319] her performance in Moonstruck (1987) was praised as "radiant" and a source of comfort during quarantine.^[318]

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, Cher collaborated with major fashion brands. After attending the 2015 Met Gala as Marc Jacobs' guest, Cher became the face of his Fall/Winter campaign.^[320] She then starred alongside rapper Future in Gap's Fall 2017 campaign,^[321] followed by Dsquared2's Spring/Summer 2020 campaign,^[322] MAC Cosmetics' "Challenge Accepted" campaign in January 2022 and UGG's "Feel" campaign the same month.^[323][324] For Pride Month in June 2022, Cher partnered with Versace to launch the "Chersace" capsule collection, with proceeds benefiting the LGBTQIA+ charity Gender Spectrum.^[325] In September 2022, she walked the runway at Paris Fashion Week, closing Balmain's Spring/Summer 2023 show, and in November, she starred in the brand's "Balmain Blaze" campaign.^[326][327] That month, Cher confirmed she was dating music executive Alexander Edwards, 40 years her junior. Their age gap sparked criticism online, which she addressed by tweeting, "Love doesn't know math."^[328] Cher's mother, Georgia Holt, died in December 2022 at the age of 96.^[329]

Cher's first holiday album, Christmas (2023), features duets with Cyndi Lauper, Stevie Wonder, Michael Bublé, Darlene Love and rapper Tyga.^[330] It reached number one at the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart,^[32] as well as the top ten in Austria,^[331] Germany,^[32] Scotland^[30] and the UK.^[32] The album's lead single, "DJ Play a Christmas Song", topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Dance/Electronic Digital Song Sales charts in December 2023,^[332] extending Cher's record as the only solo artist with Billboard number-one singles in seven consecutive decades (1960s–2020s).^[c]

In December 2023, Cher criticized the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for excluding her since becoming eligible in 1990, saying, "I wouldn't be in it now if they gave me a million dollars", and suggesting the institution "can just you-know-what themselves".^[333] Two months later, she received her first nomination and was inducted on October 19, 2024, becoming the first performer to have won an Academy Award for acting and been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^{[334][335][336]} Cher decided to accept the honor out of admiration for her fellow inductees.^[335] At the ceremony, she performed "If I Could Turn Back Time" and "Believe", the latter as a duet with Dua Lipa.^[335]

In May 2024, Cher won a legal dispute against Mary Bono, the widow of Sonny Bono, over royalties from her recordings with him. Under a 1978 divorce settlement, Cher was entitled to half the publishing revenue, but Mary Bono stopped payments in 2021 after invoking a copyright termination clause. A federal judge ruled that the royalties were a separate contractual obligation and ordered her to pay Cher around $418,000 in withheld earnings.^[337] In September, Cher withdrew a conservatorship petition over her son Elijah, originally filed in December 2023 due to concerns about his ongoing substance abuse. The court had earlier denied her requests for temporary control, citing Elijah's demonstrated ability to manage his affairs. The matter was resolved privately.^[338]

To celebrate 60 years in music, Cher released the compilation album Forever (2024), available as a 21-track standard edition and a 40-track digital edition, Forever Fan, featuring Sonny & Cher songs and lesser-known tracks curated by Cher.^[339] Rolling Stone noted the absence of "Half-Breed", her third Billboard Hot 100 number-one, linking it to a trend of artists reevaluating their catalogs in light of changing cultural sensitivities.^[339] In November 2024, she published Cher: The Memoir, Part One, the first of a two-part autobiography covering her childhood and early career.^[340] Written over seven years,^[340] it debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list, holding the position for three weeks.^[341] The second part is set for release on May 19, 2026, on the eve of her 80th birthday.^[342]

Cher has explored diverse musical styles, including rock (folk, punk, arena and pop subgenres), soul, jazz, disco, new wave, power ballads, hip hop and electronic dance music,^[336][343] aiming to "remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord".^[344] Music historian Annie Zaleski wrote in Cher's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction essay that she sings "nearly every style of music" effortlessly.^[336] Cher's music often centers on heartbreak, independence and women's empowerment, making her a "brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman", according to Out's Judy Wieder.^[345] Goldmine's Phill Marder credited Cher's musical success to her "nearly flawless" song selection, noting that while Sonny Bono contributed to early hits, most of her solo successes came from independent songwriters she chose.^[346] Her 2000 album Not Commercial, largely self-written, has a "1970s singer-songwriter feel" that highlights her storytelling skills, according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis.^[347]

Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits".^[348] Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism.^[346] According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single "The Way of Love" is "either about a woman expressing her love for another woman or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved".^[349] Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral songs.^[349]

Cher's contralto voice has been praised for its distinctiveness.^[350] Ann Powers of The New York Times described it as "a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky [and] a fine vehicle for projecting personality."^[351] Zaleski called her timbre "recognizable, dusky and sultry, like exquisite black velvet", with a wide range and "warbling" vibrato.^[336] AllMusic's Bruce Eder stated that her voice's "intensity and passion" are amplified by her acting skills, creating "an incredibly powerful experience for the listener".^[352] The Guardian's Laura Snapes called her voice "miraculous", capable of expressing "vulnerability, vengeance and pain" simultaneously.^[353] Zaleski added that her vocal delivery feels like "a direct line to her soul",^[336] while author Paul Simpson observed that "she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition".^[354]

"Believe" (1998)

"Believe" pioneered the use of Auto-Tune to intentionally distort vocals—a technique later known as the "Cher effect".

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"Believe" without Auto-Tune

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Writing about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Hilburn stated that "no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher".^[348] By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as "dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung".^[24] First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose,^[355] Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals on her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image.^[194] For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.^[193]

Cher's 1998 song "Believe" was the first commercial recording to use Auto-Tune—an audio processor for correcting off-key vocals—as a stylistic effect, creating a robotic, futuristic sound.^[356][357] Cher, who proposed the effect,^[358] faced resistance from her label but insisted it remain, saying, "You can change [the song] over my dead body".^[358] Dubbed the "Cher effect",^[356] the technique was later described by Pitchfork's Simon Reynolds as having "revolutionized the sound of popular music" and as "the sound of the 21st century".^[359] Cher used Auto-Tune extensively on Living Proof (2001) and later albums.^[303]

Maclean's magazine's Barbara Wickens described Cher as "probably the most fascinating movie star of her generation", highlighting her "magnetic" screen presence and her ability to be both "boldly shocking" and "ultimately enigmatic".^[360] Film Comment wrote, "For Cher is a star. That is, she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget: that's Cher."^[242] New York Post critic David Edelstein attributed Cher's "top-ranking star quality" to her capacity for projecting "honesty, rawness and emotionality", adding that she "wears her vulnerability on her sleeve".^[360] New York magazine's David Denby pointed to her distinctive appearance as a key factor in her appeal, describing her look as "odd, a bit oriental and snaky" and suggesting that it aligns with "the traditional definition of a Hollywood star—that you always want to see more".^[360]

Author Yvonne Tasker noted that Cher's film roles mirror her public image as a rebellious, sexually autonomous and self-made woman.^[361] She often portrays women who help marginalized male characters navigate mainstream society.^[362] This perception was reinforced in The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus" (1997), which follows a scientist's grotesque creature who idolizes Cher because of her role in Mask (1985), where her character cares for her disfigured son.^[363][364] Film critic Kathleen Rowe wrote of Moonstruck (1987) that the depiction of Cher's character as "a 'woman on top' [is] enhanced by the unruly star persona Cher brings to the part'".^[365]

Cher was ranked first by Billboard on its list of "The 100 Best Acting Performances by Musicians in Movies" for her role in Moonstruck, with the performance described as "the standard by which you mentally check all others".^[366] The film was named the eighth-greatest romantic comedy of all time by the American Film Institute.^[367] People included Cher among its "100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time"^[368] and Biography ranked her the third-favorite leading actress of all time, behind Katharine Hepburn and Audrey Hepburn.^[369]

Cher's music videos and live performances have frequently reflected her public image, addressing themes such as self-construction, female sexuality and the pursuit of perfection.^[370] Her concerts often include biographical montages and self-referential visuals. Author Diane Negra described them as multimedia retrospectives that merge different phases of her career into a cohesive stage narrative and frame performance as a form of autobiography.^[371] The New York Times observed that Cher's onstage appearances alongside projected images of her younger selves function to reaffirm and reclaim earlier identities,^[262] while the Los Angeles Times described her shows as rooted in "her larger-than-life story [and] mythology of self-reinvention".^[372]

In her 1991 Cher... at the Mirage concert video, she subverted the typical staging of female pop performances by replacing female backup dancers with a male dancer impersonating her. Dressed in a replica of her 1986 Academy Awards outfit, the impersonator initially appeared to be Cher. Cher then emerged in a different costume and began performing, while the impersonator interacted with oversized props symbolizing fame and media attention.^[370] Negra interpreted this segment as Cher casting herself as the narrator of her own life story, using the impersonator to emphasize her status as a "fictionalized production" shaped by media and performance—a dynamic she described as offering audiences a "pleasurable plurality".^[371] Commenting on the scale of her shows, Tony Spilde of The Bismarck Tribune wrote that "[Cher's] lavish concerts have become bigger than the music they're meant to promote".^[373] James Sullivan of the San Francisco Chronicle credited her with influencing the development of stadium-scale concerts, stating, "She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft."^[374]

Cher's 1980 video for "Hell on Wheels" employed cinematic techniques,^[375] and film historian Lawrence J. Quirk described it as one of the earliest examples of a modern music video.^[376] The 1989 music video for "If I Could Turn Back Time" was the first to be banned by MTV,^[370] due to controversy over Cher's performance aboard the battleship USS Missouri, where she straddled a cannon in a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks,^[184] accompanied by homoerotic imagery featuring sailors.^[377]

Time described Cher as a "cultural phenomenon [who] has forever changed the way we see celebrity fashion".^[378] She emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing "hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas and Cherokee-inspired tunics".^[379] In 1967, she caught the attention of then-Vogue editor Diana Vreeland at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy and began modeling for photographer Richard Avedon.^[379] She appeared five times as the cover model for US Vogue.^[380]

Avedon photographed Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown by Bob Mackie for the cover of Time in 1975;^[381] Billboard called it "one of the most recreated and monumental looks of all time".^[382] Cher had first worn the gown to the 1974 Met Gala. According to André Leon Talley of Vogue, "it was really the first time a Hollywood celebrity attended and it changed everything. We are still seeing versions of that look on The Met red carpet 40 years later."^[382] Billboard wrote that Cher has "transformed fashion and [become] one of the most influential style icons in red carpet history".^[382]

The Hamilton Spectator declared Cher "the It Girl of the '70s".^[383] She became a sex symbol through her TV shows, wearing inventive and revealing Mackie-designed outfits and successfully fighting network censors to bare her navel.^[173] Because she did so by choice rather than at the direction of male producers, Cher is often credited as the first woman to expose her navel on TV.^[i][385] People dubbed Cher the "pioneer of the belly beautiful".^[386] In 1972, after she was featured on the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List, Mackie stated: "There hasn't been a girl like Cher since [Marlene] Dietrich and [Greta] Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages."^[387]

In 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) honored Cher with its Influence on Fashion Award, Robin Givhan of the Los Angeles Times called her a "fashion visionary" for "striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess".^[388] Givhan noted that designers such as Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana have cited Cher as "source of inspiration and guidance".^[388] She added that "Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal."^[388] Vogue proclaimed Cher "[their] favorite fashion trendsetter", calling her "eternally relevant [and] the ruler of outré reinvention".^[389] The Independent's Alexander Fury traced her influence on celebrities including Beyoncé, Halle Berry, Jennifer Lopez and Kim Kardashian, stating, "They all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage with anyone."^[390]

Cher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance, including her youthful looks, hairstyles and tattoos. Journalists have often called Cher the "poster girl" of plastic surgery.^[391] Cher has admitted to plastic surgery but criticized media speculation, denying most rumored procedures. She stated she doesn't need to justify her choices, saying in 2002, "If I want to put my tits on my back, it's nobody's business but my own."^[392]

Author Caroline Ramazanoglu wrote that Cher's appearance has evolved from "a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look [to] a more symmetrical, delicate ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty". She argued that Cher's idealized beauty "now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves".^[393] Paddy Calistro of the Los Angeles Times wrote that during Cher's rise as a movie star in the 1980s, her "highly articulated bone structure captured audience attention", which led to an increased number of medical requests for "surgically inserted 'cheekbones'".^[394]

"The Cher Hair", Cher's signature hairstyle, in 1971

Cher with a blonde wig at a 2019 performance

Cher's signature hairstyle, known as "the Cher hair"—long, straight, jet-black hair parted in the center—was a 1970s fashion trend that saw multiple revivals in later decades.^{[388][395][396]} In the 1970s, she started wearing wigs on her TV shows to play various characters in the same episode.^[397] By the 1990s, wigs became a staple of her public appearances, enabling her to experiment with colors and lengths.^[398] She has stated that wigs help her "stay current" while protecting her natural hair.^[398] Professor Katrin Horn from University of Greifswald wrote that Cher's use of wigs has surpassed typical celebrity fashion, elevating her into "the realms of feminine drag".^[377]

Cher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the "Ms. Original Rose Tattoo".^[399] She got her first tattoo in 1972.^[399] According to Sonny Bono, "Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created."^[400] In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos.^[401] She commented, "When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised."^[402]

Cher was the inspiration for Mother Gothel, a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Tangled (2010). Director Byron Howard stated that Gothel's exotic appearance was based on Cher's "exotic and Gothic looking" appearance, continuing that the singer "definitely was one of the people we looked at visually, as far as what gives you a striking character".^[403] In 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored Cher as one of the five "most beautiful women of history" by creating a life-size statue.^[404]

Cher's social media presence has been noted for its unconventional and candid style. Time named Cher "Twitter's most outspoken (and beloved) commentator",^[378] while The New York Times' J Wortham highlighted her authenticity, contrasting it with the heavily curated online personas typical of celebrity accounts. Wortham described Cher as "an outlier, perhaps the last unreconstructed high-profile Twitter user", whose posts combine "nakedness and honesty" that is "rarely celebrated" in mainstream culture.^[405] Similarly, The Guardian's Monica Heisey described Cher's Twitter account as "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", noting, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out."^[406] Journalists have also remarked on her frequent use of emojis, which Cher has linked to her dyslexia, describing them as intuitive tools for visualizing emotions.^[407]

Cher is revered by the LGBTQ community, a status attributed to her career accomplishments, distinctive style and enduring longevity.^[408] Many of her songs are considered gay anthems, including "If I Could Turn Back Time",^[409] "Believe",^[410] "Strong Enough"^[411] and "Song for the Lonely".^[412] She is regarded as a gay icon and is frequently imitated by drag queens.^[413] According to Salon writer Thomas Rogers, drag queens emulate figures like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they "overcame insult and hardship on their path to success"—narratives that resonate with the struggles many gay men face when coming out.^[413]

Maclean's journalist Elio Iannacci stated that Cher was "one of the first to bring drag to the masses", hiring two drag queens to perform with her during her Las Vegas residency in 1979.^[414] The Advocate's Jeff Yarbrough described Cher as "one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood.^[415] Cher's social activism has further solidified her status as a gay icon.^[416] As the mother of a trans man, Chaz Bono, Cher has advocated for visibility and support for trans families.^[417]

Cher's influence on LGBTQ culture was highlighted in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, where she was the idol of gay character Jack McFarland. She appeared as herself in two episodes, including "Gypsies, Tramps and Weed" (2000)—referencing her 1971 song "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves"—which became the show's second-highest-rated episode.^[418][419] Cher's impact on the drag community is also evident in the reality competition RuPaul's Drag Race, which has honored her through challenges like the musical performance "Cher: The Unauthorized Rusical" in season 10 and the runway theme "Everything Every-Cher All at Once" in season 16.^[420][421]

Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times called Cher a "mainstream translator" of 1960s counterculture, underscoring her role as the link between teenage rebellion and marketability.^[372] Music critic Jeff Miers credited Cher with setting the template for generations of female pop artists, citing her mastery of theatrical presentation, seamless genre shifts and knack for provoking without losing mainstream appeal.^[422] According to The New York Times, Cher "earned her mononym" and inspired "an entire industry of imitators, both figurative and literal".^[423] Shon Faye of Dazed wrote that her legacy underpins many modern pop stars: "If Madonna and Lady Gaga and Kylie Minogue and Cyndi Lauper were playing football, Cher would be the stadium they played on and the sun that shone down on them."^[296] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called her "the one-woman embodiment" of pop music.^[176] Cher has been referred to as the "Goddess of Pop" in publications such as The Washington Post, Time and Billboard.^[j]

Cher's career has been marked by continual reinvention;^[440] Richard Aquila described her as "the ultimate pop chameleon",^[441] while The New York Times dubbed her the "Queen of the Comeback".^[207] Cher remarked, "It's a thousand times harder to come back than to become."^[442] Billboard highlighted her role in expanding visual storytelling in pop music, noting that her ability to shift personas on and off stage redefined the scope of image-making for performers.^[382] The Boston Globe described her as a forerunner of transformation in pop music, crediting her with driving her own evolution and turning reinvention into a deliberate strategy rather than a survival instinct.^[443] Author Craig Crawford described Cher as "a model of flexible career management", highlighting how she adapted her image to align with cultural trends while maintaining a rebellious persona that made her transformations both strategic and authentic.^[444] Author Lucy O'Brien saw her as embodying the American Dream of self-reinvention by challenging assumptions around aging in the entertainment industry.^[445]

Cher's sustained success in a male-dominated entertainment industry has invited discussion around gender roles and autonomy in entertainment.^[422][446] Billboard credited her with establishing an "androgynous musical identity" that predated and influenced artists such as David Bowie and Patti Smith.^[447] Goldmine's Phill Marder said Cher advanced "feminine rebellion" in 1960s rock, calling her "the prototype of the female rock star".^[346] Billboard described her as a "pioneer of female autonomy" in the music industry, as her unconventional themes—including racism and prostitution^[346]—challenged expectations for female artists in a "male-driven" era.^[448] Marder tied this perception of autonomy to her commanding, "near dominatrix" stage persona alongside Sonny Bono and her rise to greater prominence as a solo act.^[346]

Early in her career, Cher's critics often framed her output as an extension of male collaborators,^[449] a view Cher addressed directly: "It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think".^[207] Over time, her image evolved, reflecting what professor Yvonne Tasker described as her ambition to build an acting career "on her own terms" by rejecting both "dependence on a man [and] the conventional role assigned to women [over 40] in an industry that fetishises youth".^[450] AllMusic noted that during her popular 1970s TV shows with Sonny Bono, "he was a diminutive foil to Cher's sexually provocative comedienne", reversing traditional gender dynamics and positioning her as the comedic lead.^[451] Director George Schlatter credited Cher with redefining women's roles in TV comedy, stating, "Until Cher, women have been the joke, not done the joke ... She's the first female star to carry a show in the same way that men have".^[452]

Following her 1988 Academy Award win, The New York Times' Stephanie Brush compared Cher's impact on women to Jack Nicholson's cultural appeal among men, stating that she embodied women's "revenge fantasies" by confronting those who underestimated her: "You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years."^[58] Later that year, Ms. magazine praised her as an "authentic feminist hero" and "the quintessential woman of the '80s", emphasizing her refusal to conform to expectations of feminine decorum—both in appearance and behavior.^[453] It cited her flamboyant self-presentation, her public confrontations with David Letterman, TV censors and patronizing film directors, as well as her candor about single motherhood, younger partners, cosmetic surgery and her struggle to be taken seriously as a rock singer and actress.^[453] A 1996 Dateline NBC interview clip featuring Cher's response to her mother's advice to "marry a rich man"—"Mom, I am a rich man"—went viral in 2016.^[454] Bustle magazine described the quote as a subversion of traditional gender norms and a landmark feminist statement.^[455]

Cher's public image—marked by defiance, flamboyance and an unwavering sense of self—has itself become a subject of cultural study and popular fascination.^[456][408] In Rolling Stone, Jancee Dunn noted her enduring coolness, attributing it to her refusal to conform: "Her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.'"^[457] Alexander Fury of The Independent described her celebrity as "seemingly immortal" and operating at a "omnipotent, uni-monikered level",^[390] while Frank Bruni of The New York Times wrote that she personifies "a magnitude of celebrity for which the word fame is pathetically insufficient".^[458] Bego emphasized her multifaceted career: "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion model, a rock star, a Broadway actress, an Oscar-winning movie star, a disco diva and the subject of a mountain of press coverage."^[459] Lynch concluded, "The world would certainly be different if she hadn't stayed so irrevocably Cher from the start."^[447]

Cher has sold over 100 million records as a solo artist, ranking among the best-selling music artists of all time.^{[39][460][461]} She is one of five singer-actors to have earned both an Academy Award for acting and a US number-one single^[71] and the only Academy Award-winning actor inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^{[334][335][336]} Her breakthrough single "I Got You Babe" (1965) is a Grammy Hall of Fame inductee^[462] and appeared on Rolling Stone's 2003 list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".^[463] Billboard named "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" (1971) one of the greatest songs of the 20th century^[464] and listed "If I Could Turn Back Time" (1989) among its "500 Best Pop Songs" in 2023.^[465] "Believe" (1998), the UK's best-selling single by a female artist,^[227] was included on Rolling Stone's updated "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2021^[466] and ranked eighth in a 2003 BBC poll of the world's favorite songs—the only American entry.^[467]

Cher is the only solo artist to have achieved a number-one single on a US Billboard chart in seven consecutive decades^[c][468] and the only solo artist to have released new material that reached the Official UK Top 40 in seven consecutive decades (1960s–2020s).^[469] She held the previous record for the longest span between a first and most recent number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100—33 years, seven months and three weeks—from "I Got You Babe" (August 14, 1965) to the final week at number one for "Believe" (April 3, 1999).^[k][228] At 52, she became the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100.^[h][230] In 2023, "DJ Play a Christmas Song" made her the oldest female artist–at 77–to enter the Official UK Top 40.^[469]

Cher has received numerous lifetime and career achievement honors, including the Vanguard Award at the 1998 GLAAD Media Awards,^[471] the Legend Award at the 1999 World Music Awards,^[472] the Influence on Fashion Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1999,^[388] the Lucy Award for Innovation in Television at the 2000 Women in Film Awards,^[473] the Icon Award at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards^[293] and the Ambassador for the Arts Award at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography.^[474] Her handprints and footprints are set in the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.^[475] She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as part of Sonny & Cher^[217] and was offered a solo star in 1983 but declined the required personal appearance.^[476] In 2018, Cher received the Kennedy Center Honors, the highest cultural recognition in the US,^[311] and in 2024, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.^[477]

Cher has said that she is not a registered Democrat, but has attended many Democratic events.^[478] Her progressive political views have attracted media attention and she has been an outspoken critic of the conservative movement.^[460] She has commented that she did not understand why anyone would be a Republican because eight years under the administration of George W. Bush "almost killed [her]".^[479] During the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do "whatever possible to keep [Bush] out of office".^[478] She said, "If you're black ... a woman [or] any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left."^[478] She added, "I don't like Bush. I don't trust him ... He's stupid. He's lazy."^[478]

On October 27, 2003, Cher anonymously called a C-SPAN phone-in program to recount a visit she made to maimed soldiers at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and criticized the lack of media coverage and government attention given to injured servicemen. Although she identified herself as an unnamed entertainer, she was recognized by the C-SPAN host, who questioned her about her 1992 support for independent presidential candidate Ross Perot. She said:

When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now.^[480]

In a 2006 Stars and Stripes interview, Cher elaborated on her "against the war in Iraq but for the troops" position: "I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what ... they're told to do ... They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything."^[481]

Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.^[460] After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy.^[482][483] In a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she "still thinks Hillary would have done a better job", although she "accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems".^[460] During the 2012 United States presidential election, Cher and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled "Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights", criticizing Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the US Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were "part of God's plan".^[484]

In September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-LGBTQ legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event.^[485] In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made critical comments on Twitter, stating that "Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump".^[486] She endorsed Clinton in her 2016 presidential campaign.^[487] In 2018, after the victory in Brazil's presidential election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro, Cher called him a "pig" and "a politician from hell", before declaring that Bolsonaro should be "locked in prison for the rest of his life".^[488]

Cher has advocated for recognition of the Armenian Genocide. At the 2016 premiere of The Promise, a war film depicting the genocide, she criticized Turkey's denial and highlighted the general public's lack of awareness. She cited the Obersalzberg Speech and the line, "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" She also discussed her Armenian heritage and her grandparents' survival of the genocide.^[489] Cher expressed support for Armenia and Artsakh on Twitter during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.^[490] The following year, she congratulated Joe Biden for being the first US President to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide.^[491]

In September 2020, Cher raised nearly $2 million for Biden's presidential campaign at a virtual LGBTQ-themed fundraiser.^[492] In October, she campaigned for Biden in Nevada and Arizona^[493] and released a cover of "Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe", originally from the 1943 musical Cabin in the Sky, with lyrics updated to be about Biden.^[494] In 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Cher voiced support for Ukraine on Twitter and called for humanitarian aid.^[495] She referred to Russian President Vladimir Putin as a despot seeking to restore the Soviet Union^[496] and announced plans to provide shelter to Ukrainian refugees in her home.^[497] In October 2024, Cher endorsed the presidential ticket of Kamala Harris and Tim Walz, stating on social media that Harris was "fighting for all of us" and would "protect our rights".^[498]

Cher's philanthropic work is channeled through the Cher Charitable Foundation, which focuses on combating poverty, advancing medical research, improving health care and supporting the rights of vulnerable groups such as veterans, children, LGBTQ individuals, elders and animals.^[499] She has been a vocal advocate for American soldiers, returning veterans and communities affected by war. In 1993, she joined a humanitarian mission to Armenia, delivering food and medical supplies to the war-torn region.^[500] She has supported Operation Helmet, which provides free helmet upgrade kits to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, and contributed to the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, aiding military personnel severely injured in war-related operations.^[501]

Cher is a donor, fundraiser and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, which seeks to combat AIDS, including providing antiretroviral medicine to children and their families.^[501] In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival.^[502] In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for "her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good" and for being "one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS".^[503]

Cher has served as the Honorary National Chair of Habitat for Humanity's "Raise the Roof" fundraising initiative, aimed at supporting the construction and repair of affordable homes for families in need.^[501] In 2007, Cher became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School in Ukunda, Kenya, which "provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children".^[501] Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.^[501]

In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city.^[504] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cher launched the CherCares Pandemic Resource and Response Initiative (CCPRRI) alongside Dr. Irwin Redlener, the head of Columbia University's Pandemic Resource and Response Center, to distribute $1 million to "chronically neglected and forgotten people" through the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF). Cher told Billboard, "There are rural areas where people of color and Latinos and Native Americans were getting no services. It's not a lot of money—$1 million goes in the blink of an eyelash!—so now I'm trying to get my friends to make it a lot more so we can do something that will really meet people's needs."^[314]

In 2017, Cher weighed in on the need to protect elder rights as she executive produced Edith+Eddie, a documentary about a nonagenarian interracial couple, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.^[505] That same year, she co-founded Free the Wild, an international charity dedicated to protecting wild animals in captivity.^[506][507] In 2020, Free the Wild partnered with Four Paws International, prompting Cher to travel to Pakistan to advocate for and work with the country's government for the transfer of Kaavan, an elephant confined to a zoo for 35 years, to a wildlife sanctuary in Cambodia.^[508] This effort was chronicled in the documentary Cher & the Loneliest Elephant, released on Paramount+ in 2021, which detailed her collaboration with animal aid groups and veterinarians to free Kaavan.^[509]

Cher's older child, Chaz Bono, first came out as a lesbian at age 17, which reportedly caused Cher to feel "guilt, fear and pain".^[416] She later accepted Chaz's sexual orientation and came to the conclusion that LGBTQ people "didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair".^[510] Cher was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention and has since become one of the LGBTQ community's most vocal advocates.^[510] In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men".^[471] On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender man and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.^[511]

• Two the Hard Way (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)
• Black Rose (as lead vocalist of Black Rose) (1980)

• Two the Hard Way Tour (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)

• Take Me Home Tour (1979–1982)^[g]
• Cher (2008–2011)
• Classic Cher (2017–2020)

• The Ugly Duckling (1987)
• Forever Fit (1991)
• The First Time (1998)
• Cher: The Memoir, Part One (2024)