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Congress of Lushnjë
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Congress of Lushnjë
The Congress of Lushnjë (Albanian: Kongresi i Lushnjës), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 21 to January 31, 1920, in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and secondarily French troops and its political leadership by the pro-Italian Durrës-based government. Held at the residence of Kaso Fuga, it was attended by 56 delegates from Albania, adjacent Albanian-inhabited territories and representatives of Albanian emigrant colonies.
Aqif Elbasani was elected president of the congress and Ferid Vokopola secretary. The congress declared the Durrës government invalid and formed a new cabinet under Sulejman Delvina. The new government consisted of the High Council (Albanian: Këshilli i Lartë) and the National Council (Albanian: Këshilli Kombëtar). The last decision of the congress was the designation of Tirana as the new capital of Albania. The congress' decisions would eventually lead a few months later to the Vlora War and as a result to the total withdrawal of the Italian army from Albania and the final affirmation of the country's territorial integrity in 1921. The building where the congress was held became a museum in 1970.
After the end of the First World War in Albania, a new political and organizational process began for the re-establishment of the country's institutions. Political ideas were concluded with the organization of the Congress of Durrës on 25 December 1918 and the creation of the Provisional Government of Turhan Pashë Përmeti. The so-called Government of Durrës failed to extend its authority all over the territory set by 1913 Treaty of London, as General Piacentini's Italian forces were still present in Albania. However, the Congress, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory. In the Paris Peace Conference, Albania's representative delegation removed Prime Minister Përmeti as chairman of the delegation, because he openly presented the idea of placing Albania under the mandate of Italy, and appointed Luigj Bumçi as chairman.
On 19 July 1919, the secret agreement, later known as Venizelos–Tittoni agreement was signed by then Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Tommaso Tittoni, with bargains and mutual concessions for the territories of Albania. The Albanian delegation reacted to the agreement on 14 August 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference. At that conference, the agreement was merged with the secret Treaty of London of April 1915. A note of protest was also addressed to the President of the Peace Conference, Georges Clémenceau.
On 20 August 1919, an Italian-Albanian agreement was signed by Ministers Myfid Bej Libohova and Fejzi Bey Alizoti, and Marquis Carlo Durazzo, who was the Adviser of the Italian Legation in Albania. Italy accepted the extension of the authority of the administration of the Government of Durrës to all the territories occupied by Italy, with the exception of Sazan Island and that of Vlora, recognizing the latter sovereignty over those areas. The act also accepted the appointment as High Commissioner in Albania of Captain Fortunato Castoldi, to oversee the Albanian administration and institutions in "the most sensitive issues".
This was not well received by many prominent figures of the country, being considered as a truncation of the independence of the Albanian state. Influential people in Vlora such as Osman Haxhiu, Aristidh Ruҫi and Beqir Sulo Agalliu asked the government to allow the election of the members of the Senate, a request which was repeated on 15 October 1919 by members of the government itself. This never happened, pushing up revolts in almost the entire country.
The political situation escalated further on 14 January 1920, when the Prime Minister of United Kingdom David Lloyd George, that of France Georges Clémenceau and Francesco Nitti of Italy, in the absence of the U.S. representative, Frank L. Polk at the Peace Conference in Paris, signed an agreement that provided for the partition of Albania between its three neighboring countries, Greece in the south, Montenegro in the northwest and Serbia in the northeast.
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Congress of Lushnjë
The Congress of Lushnjë (Albanian: Kongresi i Lushnjës), historically documented by the name Mbledhja Kombiare Lushnje, was a conference of Albanian political leaders held from January 21 to January 31, 1920, in Lushnjë, Albania.
Its objective was to deal with the issues arising from the military control of the country by mainly Italian and secondarily French troops and its political leadership by the pro-Italian Durrës-based government. Held at the residence of Kaso Fuga, it was attended by 56 delegates from Albania, adjacent Albanian-inhabited territories and representatives of Albanian emigrant colonies.
Aqif Elbasani was elected president of the congress and Ferid Vokopola secretary. The congress declared the Durrës government invalid and formed a new cabinet under Sulejman Delvina. The new government consisted of the High Council (Albanian: Këshilli i Lartë) and the National Council (Albanian: Këshilli Kombëtar). The last decision of the congress was the designation of Tirana as the new capital of Albania. The congress' decisions would eventually lead a few months later to the Vlora War and as a result to the total withdrawal of the Italian army from Albania and the final affirmation of the country's territorial integrity in 1921. The building where the congress was held became a museum in 1970.
After the end of the First World War in Albania, a new political and organizational process began for the re-establishment of the country's institutions. Political ideas were concluded with the organization of the Congress of Durrës on 25 December 1918 and the creation of the Provisional Government of Turhan Pashë Përmeti. The so-called Government of Durrës failed to extend its authority all over the territory set by 1913 Treaty of London, as General Piacentini's Italian forces were still present in Albania. However, the Congress, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory. In the Paris Peace Conference, Albania's representative delegation removed Prime Minister Përmeti as chairman of the delegation, because he openly presented the idea of placing Albania under the mandate of Italy, and appointed Luigj Bumçi as chairman.
On 19 July 1919, the secret agreement, later known as Venizelos–Tittoni agreement was signed by then Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Tommaso Tittoni, with bargains and mutual concessions for the territories of Albania. The Albanian delegation reacted to the agreement on 14 August 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference. At that conference, the agreement was merged with the secret Treaty of London of April 1915. A note of protest was also addressed to the President of the Peace Conference, Georges Clémenceau.
On 20 August 1919, an Italian-Albanian agreement was signed by Ministers Myfid Bej Libohova and Fejzi Bey Alizoti, and Marquis Carlo Durazzo, who was the Adviser of the Italian Legation in Albania. Italy accepted the extension of the authority of the administration of the Government of Durrës to all the territories occupied by Italy, with the exception of Sazan Island and that of Vlora, recognizing the latter sovereignty over those areas. The act also accepted the appointment as High Commissioner in Albania of Captain Fortunato Castoldi, to oversee the Albanian administration and institutions in "the most sensitive issues".
This was not well received by many prominent figures of the country, being considered as a truncation of the independence of the Albanian state. Influential people in Vlora such as Osman Haxhiu, Aristidh Ruҫi and Beqir Sulo Agalliu asked the government to allow the election of the members of the Senate, a request which was repeated on 15 October 1919 by members of the government itself. This never happened, pushing up revolts in almost the entire country.
The political situation escalated further on 14 January 1920, when the Prime Minister of United Kingdom David Lloyd George, that of France Georges Clémenceau and Francesco Nitti of Italy, in the absence of the U.S. representative, Frank L. Polk at the Peace Conference in Paris, signed an agreement that provided for the partition of Albania between its three neighboring countries, Greece in the south, Montenegro in the northwest and Serbia in the northeast.
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