DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. The enzyme is encoded in humans by the DNMT3A gene.

This enzyme is responsible for de novo DNA methylation. Such function is to be distinguished from maintenance DNA methylation which ensures the fidelity of replication of inherited epigenetic patterns. DNMT3A forms part of the family of DNA methyltransferase enzymes, which consists of the protagonists DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B.

While de novo DNA methylation modifies the information passed on by the parent to the progeny, it enables key epigenetic modifications essential for processes such as cellular differentiation and embryonic development, transcriptional regulation, heterochromatin formation, X-inactivation, imprinting and genome stability.

DNMT3a is the gene most commonly found mutated in clonal hematopoiesis, a common aging-related phenomenon in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or other early blood cell progenitors contribute to the formation of a genetically distinct subpopulation of blood cells.

DNMT3A is a 130 kDa protein encoded by 23 exons found on chromosome 2p23 in humans. There exists a 98% homology between human and murine homologues. DNMT3A is widely expressed among mammals.

There are two main protein isoforms, DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2 with molecular weights of about 130 kDa and 100 kDa, respectively. The DNMT3A2 protein, which lacks the N-terminal region of DNMT3A1, is encoded by a transcript initiated from a downstream promoter. These isoforms exist in different cell types. When originally established, DNMT3A2 was found to be highly expressed in testis, ovary, spleen, and thymus. It was more recently shown to be inducibly expressed in brain hippocampus and needed in the hippocampus when establishing memory. DNMT3A2 is also upregulated in the nucleus accumbens shell in response to cocaine.

DNMT3A consists of three major protein domains: the Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro (PWWP) domain, the ATRX-DNMT3-DNMT3L (ADD) domain and the catalytic methyltransferase domain.

The structures of DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2 have analogies with the structure of DNMT3B1 and also with the two accessory proteins DNMT3B3 and DNMT3L (see Figure of simplified domains of DNMT3A isoforms). The two accessory proteins stimulate de novo methylation by each of their interactions with the three isoforms that have a functional catalytic domain. In general, all DNMTs require accessory proteins for their biological function.