Defence High Command

Defence High Command
Defence High Command
Alto Estado Mayor
	Building of the AEM, on La Castellana
Active	1939–1980
Country	Spain
Branch	Armed forces
Type	Military staff
Part of	Spanish Armed Forces
Headquarters	Madrid
Commanders
First Chief	Brigadier General Juan Vigón Suerodíaz
Last Chief	Lieutenant General Ignacio Alfaro Arregui
Insignia
Abbreviation	AEM
Emblem (until 1975)
Emblem (1975–1980)

The Defence High Command (Spanish: Alto Estado Mayor, AEM) was the principal staff body of the Spanish Armed Forces during the Francoist regime and the transition to democracy. It operated between 1939 and 1980, and was in charge of coordination between the staffs of the three branches of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy and the Air Force).^[1]^[2]

History

The AEM was created on 30 August 1939 with the objective of having a "body of coordination, study and information, which would provide to the supreme command the elements of suitable judgment for the orientation of its designs". In this way the Defence High Command is constituted with the following tasks:

Submit to the authority studies and proposals for the management of national energies so that in case of war they were insured to the maximum extent their evolution and functioning in autarkic regime.
Prepare the study of the resolutions that proceed in order to the weighting of organic media between the Army, Navy and the Air Force.
Study and propose the general lines of the permanent organizations that should constitute bases of combined operations of the aforementioned forces.
Study and propose directives and plans for their joint action in case of war.
Provide the supreme command with the necessary information for the appreciation of the military and economic potential of other countries.

For this it was necessary on the one hand the appointment of a General-Chief who would be a member and secretary of the National Defense Junta, and on the other hand the creation of a secretariat and three sections: a military, an economic and an informational.

On 5 February 1944, the need to act against foreign intelligence services within Spain was raised. That is why a new military intelligence agency began operating, the so-called "Third Information Section of the Defence High Command [es]" (SIAEM). However, due to problems of coordination between the various counterintelligence mechanisms of the time, it was decided in 1945 to divide the powers: the Defence High Command would be in charge of espionage and counterintelligence of military character both inside and outside the country, while the Ministry of the Interior would be in charge of the internal security of the country, and the rest of the ministries would collect the general information according to their needs.

After the death of Franco in 1975, the administrative structure of the Armed Forces was reorganized. The AEM disappeared in 1980 when all its functions were taken over by the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff (JUJEM), which was succeeded in 1984 by the Defence Staff (EMAD).

List of chiefs of the Defence High Command

† denotes people who died in office.

No.	Chief of the AEM	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Defence branch	Commander-in-Chief	Ref.
1	Vigón, JuanBrigadier General Juan Vigón (1880–1955)	30 August 1939	27 June 1940	302 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[3]
2	Martín-Moreno, FranciscoDivisional General Francisco Martín-Moreno (1880–1941)	30 July 1940	23 April 1941 †	267 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[4]^[5]
3	Arrondo, Fidel DávilaLieutenant General Fidel Dávila Arrondo (1878–1962)	5 May 1941	20 July 1945	4 years, 76 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[6]^[7]
4	Yoldi, Luis OrgazLieutenant General Luis Orgaz Yoldi (1881–1946)	19 October 1945	31 January 1946 †	104 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[8]
(1)	Vigón, JuanLieutenant General Juan Vigón (1880–1955)	15 February 1946	25 May 1955 †	9 years, 99 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[9]
5	Cabanillas, Carlos AsensioLieutenant General Carlos Asensio Cabanillas (1896–1970)	3 June 1955	6 June 1958	3 years, 3 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[10]
6	Grandes, Agustín MuñozCaptain General Agustín Muñoz Grandes (1896–1970) ^[a]	6 June 1958	11 July 1970 †	12 years, 35 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[11]
7	Díez-Alegría, ManuelLieutenant General Manuel Díez-Alegría (1906–1987)	23 July 1970	14 June 1974	3 years, 326 days	Army	Francisco Franco	^[9]^[12]
8	Vallespín, Carlos FernándezLieutenant General Carlos Fernández Vallespín (1913–1977) ^[b]	15 June 1974	28 April 1977 †	2 years, 317 days	Army	Francisco Franco Juan Carlos I	^[13]^[14]
9	Sánchez, Felipe GalarzaLieutenant General Felipe Galarza Sánchez (1913–1994) ^[c]	23 July 1977	12 September 1978	1 year, 51 days	Air Force	Juan Carlos I	^[15]^[16]
10	Arregui, Ignacio AlfaroLieutenant General Ignacio Alfaro Arregui (1918–2000) ^[c]	12 September 1978	19 May 1980	1 year, 250 days	Air Force	Juan Carlos I	^[17]^[18]

Timeline

Notes

^ Simultaneously served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 1962 to 1967
^ Simultaneously served as President of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff from 2 February 1977
^ ^a ^b Simultaneously served as President of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff

References

^ (in Spanish) Jornadas de estudio sobre el título preliminar de la Constitución, IV Volumen, pág. 2914
^ JAYME BIOBDI, Diego (2010). "El Alto Estado Mayor" (PDF). Los Ejércitos del Franquismo (1939-1975) (in Spanish). Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado - UNED: 55–62. ISBN 978-84-608-1110-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto nombrando Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, al General de Brigada D. Juan Vigón Suerodíaz. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al General de División don Francisco Martín Moreno, que cesa de Jefe de la División núm. 22 y Gobernador Militar del Campo de Gibraltar. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Fallecimiento del ilustre general Martín Moreno. ABC (24/04/41).
^ (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Fidel Dávila Arrondo. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto de 20 de julio de 1945 por el que cesa de Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, el Teniente General don Fidel Dávila Arrondo. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto de 19 de octubre de 1945 por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, al Teniente General don Luis Orgaz Yoldi, cesando en la comisión que se le había conferido. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ ^a ^b (in Spanish) Decreto 2187/1970, de 23 de julio, por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor a don Manuel Díaz-Alegria Gutiérrez. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ "Decreto por el que se dispone el del Teniente General don Carlos Asensio Cabanillas como Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor" (in Spanish). The Spanish Official Gazette. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se dispone el del Capitán General don Agustín Muñoz Grandes para el cargo de Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto 1640/1974, de 14 de junio, por el que cesa el Teniente General don Manuel Díez-Alegría Gutiérrez como Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Carlos Fernández Vallespín. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Ha muerto el Teniente General Fernández Vallespín. ABC (28/04/77).
^ (in Spanish) Corrección de errores del Real Decreto 1845/1977, de 23 de julio, por el que se nombra General Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor y Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Felipe Galarza Sánchez. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Real Decreto por el que se dispone el cese como Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor y Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor del Teniente General del Ejército del Aire don Felipe Galarza Sánchez. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Real Decreto por el que se nombra General Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor y Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Ignacio Alfaro Arregui. The Spanish Official Gazette.
^ (in Spanish) Ley 26/1980, de 19 de mayo, por la que se suprime el Alto Estado Mayor, una vez transferidas las funciones a la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor y Altos Organismos de Defensa. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[11] Simultaneously served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 1962 to 1967

[14] Simultaneously served as President of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff from 2 February 1977

[President_of_JUJEM-17] Simultaneously served as President of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff

[1] (in Spanish) Jornadas de estudio sobre el título preliminar de la Constitución, IV Volumen, pág. 2914

[2] JAYME BIOBDI, Diego (2010). "El Alto Estado Mayor" (PDF). Los Ejércitos del Franquismo (1939-1975) (in Spanish). Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado - UNED: 55–62. ISBN 978-84-608-1110-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

[3] (in Spanish) Decreto nombrando Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, al General de Brigada D. Juan Vigón Suerodíaz. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[4] (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al General de División don Francisco Martín Moreno, que cesa de Jefe de la División núm. 22 y Gobernador Militar del Campo de Gibraltar. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[5] (in Spanish) Fallecimiento del ilustre general Martín Moreno. ABC (24/04/41).

[6] (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Fidel Dávila Arrondo. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[7] (in Spanish) Decreto de 20 de julio de 1945 por el que cesa de Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, el Teniente General don Fidel Dávila Arrondo. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[8] (in Spanish) Decreto de 19 de octubre de 1945 por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor, al Teniente General don Luis Orgaz Yoldi, cesando en la comisión que se le había conferido. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[Boletín_Oficial_1-9] (in Spanish) Decreto 2187/1970, de 23 de julio, por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor a don Manuel Díaz-Alegria Gutiérrez. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[10] "Decreto por el que se dispone el del Teniente General don Carlos Asensio Cabanillas como Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor" (in Spanish). The Spanish Official Gazette. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.

[12] (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se dispone el del Capitán General don Agustín Muñoz Grandes para el cargo de Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[13] (in Spanish) Decreto 1640/1974, de 14 de junio, por el que cesa el Teniente General don Manuel Díez-Alegría Gutiérrez como Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[15] (in Spanish) Decreto por el que se nombra Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Carlos Fernández Vallespín. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[16] (in Spanish) Ha muerto el Teniente General Fernández Vallespín. ABC (28/04/77).

[18] (in Spanish) Corrección de errores del Real Decreto 1845/1977, de 23 de julio, por el que se nombra General Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor y Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Felipe Galarza Sánchez. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[19] (in Spanish) Real Decreto por el que se dispone el cese como Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor y Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor del Teniente General del Ejército del Aire don Felipe Galarza Sánchez. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[20] (in Spanish) Real Decreto por el que se nombra General Jefe del Alto Estado Mayor y Presidente de la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor al Teniente General don Ignacio Alfaro Arregui. The Spanish Official Gazette.

[21] (in Spanish) Ley 26/1980, de 19 de mayo, por la que se suprime el Alto Estado Mayor, una vez transferidas las funciones a la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor y Altos Organismos de Defensa. The Spanish Official Gazette.

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v t e Commanders of the Spanish Armed Forces since 1939
Chiefs of the Defence High Command (Alto Estado Mayor, AEM)	Emblem of the Defence High Command (until 1975) Emblem of the Defence High Command (1975–1980) Juan Vigón (1939–40) Francisco Martín-Moreno (1940–41) Fidel Dávila Arrondo (1941–45) Luis Orgaz Yoldi (1945–46) Juan Vigón (1946–55) Carlos Asensio Cabanillas (1955–58) Agustín Muñoz Grandes (1958–70) Manuel Díez-Alegría (1970–74) Carlos Fernández Vallespín (1974–77) Felipe Galarza Sánchez (1977–78) Ignacio Alfaro Arregui (1978–80)
Chiefs of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff (Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor, JUJEM)	Emblem of the Board of Joint Chiefs of Staff Carlos Fernández Vallespín (1977) Felipe Galarza Sánchez (1977–78) Ignacio Alfaro Arregui (1978–82) Álvaro de Lacalle Leloup (1982–84)
Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Estado Mayor de la Defensa, EMAD)	Emblem of the Defence Staff Ángel Liberal Lucini (1984–86) Gonzalo Puigcerver Romá (1986–90) Gonzalo Rodríguez Martín-Granizo (1990–92) José Rodrigo Rodrigo [es] (1992–96) Santiago Valderas Cañestro (1996–2000) Antonio Moreno Barberá [es] (2000–04) Félix Sanz Roldán (2004–08) José Julio Rodríguez Fernández (2008–11) Fernando García Sánchez (2011–17) Fernando Alejandre Martínez (2017–20) Miguel Ángel Villarroya (2020–21) Teodoro Esteban López Calderón (2021–present)

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