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First Era of Northern Domination
The First Era of Northern Domination refers to the period of Vietnamese history during which present-day northern Vietnam was under the rule of the Han dynasty and the Xin dynasty as Jiaozhi province and Jiaozhou province. It is considered the first of four periods of Chinese rule over Vietnam, and the first of the three in which were almost continuous and was referred to as Bắc thuộc ("Northern Domination").
In 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty conquered Nanyue during its expansion southward and incorporated what is today northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the burgeoning Han empire.
Because the Han dynasty historians did not keep accurate and detailed records of the personal and cultural identities of the Yue people, much of the information now known is in relation to their political and governmental roles that the Imperial Han court came into contact with by means of trade and colonization.
Those who were referred to as Yue may not have claimed the identity signifier for themselves. It was a term placed onto them and their culture by outsider forces. Since there was not one cohesively defined and unified “Yue” culture, the term encompassed several different groups of people with varying cultural identities that ranged throughout what is now the southern Chinese Provinces and Northern Vietnam. The inhabitants indigenous to the southernmost territories of Northern and Central China were referred to as the “Hundred Yue” to allude to the numerous different upland tribal hill cultures that made up the singular Baiyue identity.
After Qin Shi Huang defeated the state of Chu in 223 BC, the Qin dynasty in 221 BC undertook a military campaign against the Baiyue in Lingnan to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam. The emperor ordered his armies of five hundred thousand men to advance southward in the five columns to conquer and annex the Yue territories into the Qin empire. By 214 BC, Guangdong, Guangxi, and parts of northern Vietnam were subjugated and annexed into the Qin Empire. However, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue tribes to regain their independence.
Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Zhao Tuo, a general of the Qin dynasty, took advantage of the Qin's decline and the South region's crumbling political structure to set up his own kingdom, Nanyue. Nanyue was centered on Panyu (modern-day Guangzhou) and stretched from present-day Vietnam to modern-day Hunan.
In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo conquered the Vietnamese state of Âu Lạc. Despite coming from the North, Zhao Tuo assimilated into the Yue culture and created a new identity as the King of Nanyue. Zhao Tuo married a Yue woman, incorporated locals into his army, and even fought off Han invasions later on to protect his kingdom. Some historians do not see him as a foreign conqueror, but as the defender of Vietnam against the Han Chinese, and the legitimacy of the Triệu dynasty continues to be the source of debate among Vietnamese historians. Nevertheless, Zhao Tuo sought to extend his territory further south to the Red River Delta region.
Despite Zhao Tuo's commitment to assimilate the Yue tribes, Han Chinese influences were still introduced to the Yue peoples. He brought Han culture with him to Nanyue, leading to a syncretic fusion of Han and Yue styles in musical forms, handicrafts, and motifs. Artifacts uncovered from the Nanyue Kingdom display cultural mixture between the two cultures, especially from the tomb of Zhao Mo which displayed and exalted Han grandeur. Besides Zhao Tuo, members of the Han court and other Northern Han constituents of the Chinese sociopolitical elite who migrated to the South have also influenced Yue culture. Despite Nanyue being an autonomous entity that operated independently from the imperial authority of the Han dynasty's confines, the permeation of Han Chinese influences still remained prevalent in the region. Since Nanyue was under the suzerainty of Han imperial influence, its inhabitants often had to make tributes to the Han government leading to constant interactions between the two geopolitical entities. Furthermore, the Nanyue kingdom's elites encapsulated a mix of Northern Han Chinese who moved to the south intermingling with the former Yue elite bringing a syncretic interflow of the Han and Yue cultures. Nanyue's social elites soon became culturally mixed over time and would later take advantage of their commingled linguistic skills during the eventual Han conquest to act and serve as the linking agents between the Yue tribes and Han Chinese.
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First Era of Northern Domination
The First Era of Northern Domination refers to the period of Vietnamese history during which present-day northern Vietnam was under the rule of the Han dynasty and the Xin dynasty as Jiaozhi province and Jiaozhou province. It is considered the first of four periods of Chinese rule over Vietnam, and the first of the three in which were almost continuous and was referred to as Bắc thuộc ("Northern Domination").
In 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty conquered Nanyue during its expansion southward and incorporated what is today northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the burgeoning Han empire.
Because the Han dynasty historians did not keep accurate and detailed records of the personal and cultural identities of the Yue people, much of the information now known is in relation to their political and governmental roles that the Imperial Han court came into contact with by means of trade and colonization.
Those who were referred to as Yue may not have claimed the identity signifier for themselves. It was a term placed onto them and their culture by outsider forces. Since there was not one cohesively defined and unified “Yue” culture, the term encompassed several different groups of people with varying cultural identities that ranged throughout what is now the southern Chinese Provinces and Northern Vietnam. The inhabitants indigenous to the southernmost territories of Northern and Central China were referred to as the “Hundred Yue” to allude to the numerous different upland tribal hill cultures that made up the singular Baiyue identity.
After Qin Shi Huang defeated the state of Chu in 223 BC, the Qin dynasty in 221 BC undertook a military campaign against the Baiyue in Lingnan to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam. The emperor ordered his armies of five hundred thousand men to advance southward in the five columns to conquer and annex the Yue territories into the Qin empire. By 214 BC, Guangdong, Guangxi, and parts of northern Vietnam were subjugated and annexed into the Qin Empire. However, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue tribes to regain their independence.
Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Zhao Tuo, a general of the Qin dynasty, took advantage of the Qin's decline and the South region's crumbling political structure to set up his own kingdom, Nanyue. Nanyue was centered on Panyu (modern-day Guangzhou) and stretched from present-day Vietnam to modern-day Hunan.
In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo conquered the Vietnamese state of Âu Lạc. Despite coming from the North, Zhao Tuo assimilated into the Yue culture and created a new identity as the King of Nanyue. Zhao Tuo married a Yue woman, incorporated locals into his army, and even fought off Han invasions later on to protect his kingdom. Some historians do not see him as a foreign conqueror, but as the defender of Vietnam against the Han Chinese, and the legitimacy of the Triệu dynasty continues to be the source of debate among Vietnamese historians. Nevertheless, Zhao Tuo sought to extend his territory further south to the Red River Delta region.
Despite Zhao Tuo's commitment to assimilate the Yue tribes, Han Chinese influences were still introduced to the Yue peoples. He brought Han culture with him to Nanyue, leading to a syncretic fusion of Han and Yue styles in musical forms, handicrafts, and motifs. Artifacts uncovered from the Nanyue Kingdom display cultural mixture between the two cultures, especially from the tomb of Zhao Mo which displayed and exalted Han grandeur. Besides Zhao Tuo, members of the Han court and other Northern Han constituents of the Chinese sociopolitical elite who migrated to the South have also influenced Yue culture. Despite Nanyue being an autonomous entity that operated independently from the imperial authority of the Han dynasty's confines, the permeation of Han Chinese influences still remained prevalent in the region. Since Nanyue was under the suzerainty of Han imperial influence, its inhabitants often had to make tributes to the Han government leading to constant interactions between the two geopolitical entities. Furthermore, the Nanyue kingdom's elites encapsulated a mix of Northern Han Chinese who moved to the south intermingling with the former Yue elite bringing a syncretic interflow of the Han and Yue cultures. Nanyue's social elites soon became culturally mixed over time and would later take advantage of their commingled linguistic skills during the eventual Han conquest to act and serve as the linking agents between the Yue tribes and Han Chinese.