Frances Arnold
Arnold in 2021

Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
Incumbent
Assumed office January 20, 2021 Serving with Maria Zuber and Francis Collins
President	Joe Biden
Preceded by	Position established

Personal details
Born	Frances Hamilton Arnold (1956-07-25) July 25, 1956 (age 68) Edgewood, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Spouse	Jay Bailey (m. 1987; div. 1991)
Domestic partner	Andrew E. Lange (1994–2010)
Children	3
Education	Princeton University (BS) University of California, Berkeley (MS, PhD)
Awards	Garvan–Olin Medal (2005) FASEB Excellence in Science Award (2007) Draper Prize (2011) National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2013) Millennium Technology Prize (2016) Sackler Prize in Convergence Research (2017) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2018)

Scientific career
Fields	Chemical engineering Bioengineering Biochemistry
Institutions	California Institute of Technology
Thesis	Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations (1985)
Doctoral advisor	Harvey Blanch
Doctoral students	Christopher Voigt Huimin Zhao

Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956)^[1] is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.^[2]

In 2019, Alphabet Inc. announced that Arnold had joined its board of directors. Since January 2021, she has also served as an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).^[3]^[4]

Early life and education

[edit]

Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman (née Routheau) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold, and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold.^[5] She has an older brother, Bill, and three younger brothers, Edward, David and Thomas. She grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Edgewood, and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill, graduating from the city's Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974.^[6] As a high schooler, she hitchhiked to Washington, D.C., to protest the Vietnam War^[7] and lived on her own, working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver.^[8]

The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades. In spite of this, she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University, the alma mater of her father. She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted.^[9] Arnold's motivation behind studying engineering, as stated in her Nobel Prize interview, was that "[mechanical engineering] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left".^[10]

Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University, where she focused on solar energy research.^[11] In addition to the courses required for her major, she took classes in economics, Russian, and Italian, and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO, even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs.^[12] She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts, then returned to complete her studies.^[13] Back at Princeton, she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers, at the time led by Robert Socolow, working to develop sustainable energy sources, a topic that would become a focus of her later work.^[13]

After graduating from Princeton in 1979, Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado's Solar Energy Research Institute.^[13] At the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations (UN) position papers.^[12]

She then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a PhD degree in chemical engineering in 1985^[14] and became deeply interested in biochemistry.^[15]^[13] Her thesis work, carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch, investigated affinity chromatography techniques.^[14]^[16] Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering. For the first year of her Ph.D. coursework, the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses.^[9]

Career

[edit]

After earning her Ph.D., Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley.^[17] In 1986, she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1992, and full professor in 1996. She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and, her current position, the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017.^[18] In 2013, she was appointed director of Caltech's Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.^[19]

Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995 to 2000.^[20] She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. She served on the President's Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Science's Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics.^[21]

In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents.^[15] She co-founded Gevo, Inc., a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005.^[15] In 2013, she and two of her former students, Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho, cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection.^[15]^[22]^[23] She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc. since 2016.^[24]^[25]

In 2019 she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc., making Arnold the third woman director of the Google parent company.^[26]

In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). She is working with Biden's transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration. She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST's additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group. She has stated: "We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking, in decision making across the government. We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science ... I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that."^[27]

Research

[edit]

Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes (biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions) with improved and/or novel functions.^[28] The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems, including enzymes, metabolic pathways, genetic regulatory circuits, and organisms. In nature, evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins (including enzymes) well-suited to carry out biological tasks, but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations (mutations) and typically occurs over long time periods.^[29] Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins; she then tests these mutations' effects. If a mutation improves the proteins' function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further. This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to discover proteins for a wide variety of applications.^[30] For example, she has used directed evolution to discover enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment.^[28]

One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random; instead, they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential, but not so random as to be inefficient. The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical, but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible, she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options, focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be, at best, neutral and at worst, detrimental (such as disrupting proper protein folding).^[28]

Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes (although not the first person to do so, see e.g. Barry Hall^[31]). In^[28] her seminal work, published in 1993, she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in the organic solvent DMF, a highly unnatural environment.^[32] She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme's gene, expressed by bacteria, through error-prone PCR. After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF. The bacteria secreted the enzyme and, if it were functional, it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo. She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis.^[28] Using this method, she discovered an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original.^[33]

She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions. She showed that, whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range, enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures.^[28] In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes, Arnold has discovered enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed, such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation^[34] and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions.^[28]^[35]

In addition to evolving individual molecules, she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways, such as those involved in the production of carotenoids^[36] and L-methionine^[37] in Escherichia coli (which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst).^[28] She has applied these methods to biofuel production. For example, she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol; it can be produced in E. coli bacteria, but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH, whereas E. coli makes the cofactor NADH. To circumvent this problem, she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH, allowing for the production of isobutanol.^[28]^[38]

Arnold has also used directed evolution to discover highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures.^[28] She, and others using her methods, have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly, with fewer by-products, and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals.^[33]

She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions. She developed computational methods, such as SCHEMA, to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure, so that the chimeras will fold properly, and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions.^[39]^[40]

At Caltech, Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals. A paper published in Science in 2019, with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia, has been retracted on January 2, 2020, as the results were found to be not reproducible.^[41]

As of 2024^[update], Arnold has an h-index of 147 according to Google Scholar.^[42]

Personal life

[edit]

Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge, California. She was married to James E. Bailey from 1987 to 1991, who died of cancer in 2001.^[43]^[24] The couple had James Howard Bailey (born in 1990). Her stepson Sean Bailey is an American film and television producer. He has been the president of Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production since his appointment in 2010.^[44] Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months.^[8]

Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E. Lange,^[45] beginning in 1994, and they had two sons, William Andrew Lange (1995) and Joseph Inman Lange (1997).^[46]^[44] Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons, William Lange-Arnold, died in an accident in 2016.^[24] Her father, William Howard Arnold died in 2015. ^[47]

Her hobbies include traveling, scuba diving, skiing, dirt-bike riding, and hiking.^[8]

Honors and awards

[edit]

Arnold's work has been recognized by many awards, including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the 2011 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Draper Prize (the first woman to receive it), and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation.^[18] She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.^[18] She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering (2000), the National Academy of Medicine, formerly called the Institute of Medicine (2004), and the National Academy of Sciences (2008).^[18]

Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiology, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018.^[48]^[49]

In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize, which she won for pioneering directed evolution.^[50] In 2017, Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences, which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research.^[51]

In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution, making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence, and the first American woman.^[52]^[53] She received a one-half share of the award, with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."^[28] She is the first woman graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton (man or woman) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories (chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine).^[11] In November 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.^[54] On October 24, 2019, Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.^[55] In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of The Life Scientific on BBC Radio 4.^[56]

Perkin Medal (2023)^[57]
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2020)^[58]
Honorary doctorate, Technical University of Denmark (2019)^[59]
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2018)
Elected to the American Philosophical Society (2018)^[60]
Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (2018)^[61]
Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research (2017)
Spiegelman Lecture, University of Illinois (2017)^[62]
Society of Women Engineers' 2017 Achievement Award^[63]
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College (2017)^[64]
Honorary doctorate, University of Chicago (2016)^[65]
Millennium Technology Prize (2016)^[66]
Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich (2015)^[67]
Elmer Gaden Award, Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2015)^[65]
Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (2014)^[68]
Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement (2014)^[65]^[69]
Emanuel Merck Lectureship (2013)^[70]
ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy (2013)^[71]
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University (2013)^[72]
Charles Stark Draper Prize (2011)^[73]
National Medal of Technology and Innovation^[74] (2011)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2011)^[65]
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University (2013)^[75]
Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2010)^[65]
Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology (2009)^[65]
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences (2008)^[65]
FASEB Excellence in Science Award (2007)^[65]
Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor (2007)^[76]
Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal, American Chemical Society (2005)^[65]
Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2001)^[65]
National Academy of Engineering (2000)^[65]

Appearances in popular media

[edit]

She portrayed herself in the 18th episode "The Laureate Accumulation" of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory.^[77] In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life. She also appeared in a brief interview in the NOVA episode Beyond the Elements: Life. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on the BBC's The Life Scientific on September 6, 2022.^[56]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

^ "Frances H. Arnold – Facts – 2018". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB. October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ "The Nobel Prize | Women who changed science | Frances H. Arnold". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ "Arnold Named Co-Chair of President-elect Biden's Science and Technology Advisory Council". Caltech. January 15, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ Al-Khalili, Jim (2022). "Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Science is easy, people are really really hard
^ Memorial Tributes. National Academies Press. September 26, 2017. doi:10.17226/24773. ISBN 978-0-309-45928-0.
^ Guarino, Ben (October 3, 2018). "She cut chemistry at Allderdice. Now Pittsburgh native Frances Arnold shares Nobel Prize in chemistry". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
^ Kharif, Olga (March 15, 2012). "Frances Arnold's Directed Evolution". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hamilton, Walter (July 3, 2011). "Frances Arnold: Career path of a Caltech scientist". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Meet Frances Arnold, Teenage Rebel Turned Nobel Laureate | College of Chemistry". chemistry.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Princeton engineering alumna Frances Arnold wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Princeton University. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Ouellette, Jennifer (March 8, 2013). "The Director of Evolution". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Evolution Gets an Assist". Princeton Alumni Weekly. October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Arnold, Frances Hamilton (1985). Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 910485566 – via ProQuest.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Frances H. Arnold". NAE Website. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ "A to G | Harvey W. Blanch". stage.cchem.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ "Interview with Frances H. Arnold – Design by Evolution". www.chemistryviews.org. December 5, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Frances Arnold Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ "Rosen Bioengineering Center". Rosen Bioengineering Center. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
^ "Frances Arnold Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Santa Fe Institute. October 16, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
^ "Frances Arnold's directed evolution". American Association for the Advancement of Science. August 31, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Freeman, David (May 31, 2016). "Meet The Woman Who Launched A New Field of Scientific Study". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Cumbers, John. "Nobelist Frances Arnold Is Nudging Nature To Make Your World Greener, One Small Evolution At A Time". Forbes. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "This Nobel winner lost a son and two husbands and survived cancer". NBC News. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
^ "Board of Directors". Illumina. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ "Alphabet Adds Nobel-Prize Winning Chemist Arnold to Board". Bloomberg.com. December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ "Eric Lander will be Biden's science adviser, a cabinet-level position for the first time". cen.acs.org. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018" (PDF). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Cirino, Patrick C.; Arnold, Frances H. (2002), Directed Molecular Evolution of Proteins, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 215–243, doi:10.1002/3527600647.ch10, ISBN 978-3-527-30423-3
^ "Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018" (PDF). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. October 3, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Hall, Barry G. (1978). "Experimental Evolution of a New Enzymatic Function. II. Evolution of Multiple Functions for EBG Enzyme in E. coli". Genetics. 89 (3): 453–465. doi:10.1093/genetics/89.3.453. PMC 1213848. PMID 97169.
^ Chen, K.; Arnold, F. H. (June 15, 1993). "Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (12): 5618–5622. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5618C. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5618. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 46772. PMID 8516309.
^ ^a ^b Fernholm, Ann (October 3, 2018). "A (r)evolution in chemistry" (PDF). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Popular Science Background. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Coelho, Pedro S.; Brustad, Eric M.; Kannan, Arvind; Arnold, Frances H. (January 18, 2013). "Olefin cyclopropanation via carbene transfer catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes" (PDF). Science. 339 (6117): 307–310. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..307C. doi:10.1126/science.1231434. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 23258409. S2CID 43145662.
^ Prier, Christopher K.; Hyster, Todd K.; Farwell, Christopher C.; Huang, Audrey; Arnold, Frances H. (April 4, 2016). "Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement Strategy". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 55 (15): 4711–4715. doi:10.1002/anie.201601056. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 4818679. PMID 26970325.
^ Schmidt-Dannert, C.; Umeno, D.; Arnold, F. H. (July 1, 2000). "Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (7): 750–753. doi:10.1038/77319. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 10888843. S2CID 7705191.
^ May, O.; Nguyen, P. T.; Arnold, F. H. (March 1, 2000). "Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L-methionine". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1038/73773. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 10700149. S2CID 20991257.
^ Bastian, Sabine; Liu, Xiang; Meyerowitz, Joseph T.; Snow, Christopher D.; Chen, Mike M. Y.; Arnold, Frances H. (May 2011). "Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methylpropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli". Metabolic Engineering. 13 (3): 345–352. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2011.02.004. ISSN 1096-7184. PMID 21515217.
^ "Structure-guided protein recombination". The Frances H. Arnold Research Group. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Meyer, Michelle M.; Hochrein, Lisa; Arnold, Frances H. (November 6, 2006). "Structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of distantly related β-lactamases". Protein Engineering, Design and Selection. 19 (12): 563–570. doi:10.1093/protein/gzl045. ISSN 1741-0134. PMID 17090554.
^ "Nobel Prize-winning scientist retracts paper". BBC News. January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
^ Frances Arnold publications indexed by Google Scholar
^ D. S. Clarke (2002) Biotechnology and Bioengineering vol 79, no 5, page 483 "In Appreciation:James E. Bailey, 1944–2001"
^ ^a ^b Overbye, Dennis (January 27, 2010). "Andrew Lange, Scholar of the Cosmos, Dies at 52". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Angier, Natalie (May 28, 2019). "Frances Arnold Turns Microbes Into Living Factories". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
^ "Andrew E. Lange '80". Princeton Alumni Weekly. January 21, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Nobel Prize in Chemistry. October 3, 2018.
^ "Frances H. Arnold – Caltech Arnold Lab Reflections". arnoldlabreflections.caltech.edu. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Pipa, Siobhan (September 18, 2018). "50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Webb, Jonathan (May 24, 2016). "Evolutionary engineer Frances Arnold wins €1m tech prize – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
^ "2017 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
^ "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Honors Work That Demonstrates 'The Power of Evolution'". NPR.org. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Golgowski, Nina (October 3, 2018). "Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?". BBC News. November 19, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ "Resignations and Appointments, 24.10.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, Frances Arnold: From taxi driver to Nobel Prize". Retrieved September 6, 2022.
^ "Awards. SCI America". SCI America. July 14, 2022. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
^ "Frances Arnold". Royal Society. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "Crown Prince and Princess attend DTU's Commemoration Day 2019". www.dtu.dk. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ "50 engineering leaders become Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering". Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
^ Spiegelman, Sol. "Enduring Legacy of Sol Spiegelman". Spiegelman Lecture. University of Illinois Dept of Microbiology. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
^ "Pioneer of "Directed Evolution" Wins Lifetime Achievement Award | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ "Frances Arnold (Doctor of Science)". Dartmouth College. June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Frances H. Arnold: The Division of Biology and Biological Engineering". www.bbe.caltech.edu. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Webb, Jonathan (May 25, 2016). "Evolutionary engineer Francis Arnold wins €1m tech prize". BBC News. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
^ "Doing the right things". ETH Zurich. November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ "Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame". Invent.org. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
^ "Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ Views, Chem (May 27, 2013). "Frances Arnold Awarded Emanuel Merck Lectureship 2013". Chemistry Views Magazine. ChemPubSoc Europe. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
^ "Eni Award 2013 Edition". Eni. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ "Honorary doctorates 1994–2016, Stockholm University". Stockholm University. October 7, 2018. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ "Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering". nae.edu. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators". whitehouse.gov. December 21, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2016 – via National Archives.
^ "Honorary doctorates 1994–2017, Stockholm University". Stockholm University. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
^ "Frances H. Arnold, Enzyme Engineering Award for 2007". www.engconf.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ The Laureate Accumulation, retrieved February 7, 2020

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frances Arnold.

Scholia has an author profile for Frances Arnold.

Chemical Eng, Caltech Faculty Page
Arnold Research Group
Video of Arnold talking about her work, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
Frances Arnold on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2018 Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925	1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present	2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov 2024: David Baker / Demis Hassabis / John M. Jumper

v t e 2018 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	Frances Arnold (United States) George Smith (United States) Gregory Winter (United Kingdom)
Literature (2018)	Olga Tokarczuk (Poland) (announced in 2019)
Peace (2018)	Denis Mukwege (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Nadia Murad (Iraq)
Physics	Arthur Ashkin (United States) Gérard Mourou (France) Donna Strickland (Canada)
Physiology or Medicine	James P. Allison (United States) Tasuku Honjo (Japan)
Economic Sciences	William Nordhaus (United States) Paul Romer (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

v t e Charles Stark Draper Prize recipients
1980s	Jack Kilby / Robert Noyce (1989)
1990s	Frank Whittle / Hans von Ohain (1991) John Backus (1993) John R. Pierce / Harold A. Rosen (1995) Vladimir Haensel (1997) Charles K. Kao / Robert D. Maurer / John B. MacChesney (1999)
2000s	Vinton Cerf / Bob Kahn / Leonard Kleinrock / Lawrence G. Roberts (2001) Robert Langer (2002) Ivan Getting / Bradford Parkinson (2003) Alan Kay / Butler Lampson / Robert Taylor / Charles P. Thacker (2004) Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller / James W. Plummer / Don H. Schoessler (2005) Willard Boyle / George E. Smith (2006) Tim Berners-Lee (2007) Rudolf E. Kálmán (2008) Robert H. Dennard (2009)
2010s	Frances Arnold / Willem P. C. Stemmer (2011) George H. Heilmeier / Wolfgang Helfrich / Martin Schadt / T. Peter Brody (2012) Thomas Haug / Martin Cooper / Yoshihisa Okumura / Richard H. Frenkiel / Joel S. Engel (2013) John B. Goodenough / Yoshio Nishi / Rachid Yazami / Akira Yoshino (2014) Isamu Akasaki / George Craford / Russell Dupuis / Nick Holonyak / Shuji Nakamura (2015) Andrew Viterbi (2016) Bjarne Stroustrup (2018)
2020s	Jean Fréchet / C. Grant Willson (2020) Steve Furber / John L. Hennessy / David Patterson / Sophie Wilson (2022)

v t e Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2020
Fellows	Timothy Behrens Yoshua Bengio Malcolm J. Bennett Ben Berks Zulfiqar Bhutta Kevin Brindle Gordon Brown William C. Campbell Henry Chapman G. Marius Clore Vikram Deshpande John Endler Adam Eyre-Walker Daniel Frost François Guillemot David Harel Marian Holness Ehud Hrushovski Andrew P. Jackson George Jackson Xin Lu Alexander Makarov Keith Matthews Iain McCulloch Linda Nazar Peter Nellist Giles Oldroyd Hugh Osborn Oliver L. Phillips Raymond Pierrehumbert John Plane Cathy Price Carol Prives Didier Queloz Nicholas Read Michael Rudnicki William Schafer Nigel Scrutton John Shine Stephen Smartt Ralf Speth Molly Stevens Donna Strickland Andrew M. Stuart Sarah Teichmann Richard Thompson Jack Thorne Nicholas Turner Jane Visvader Alan M. Wilson Steve Young
Honorary	David Cooksey
Foreign	Frances Arnold Francis Collins Kerry Emanuel Ben Feringa Else Marie Friis Regine Kahmann Margaret Kivelson Ramamoorthy Ramesh Wendelin Werner Ada Yonath

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