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George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,^[1] and never visited Hanover.^[2]\n

George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, King George II, as the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became heir apparent and Prince of Wales. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire.\n

In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. The exact nature of the mental illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either bipolar disorder or porphyria. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, the Prince of Wales, was named Prince Regent the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the Georgian and Regency eras. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history.\n

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Name	Birth	Death	Notes^[163]\n
George IV	12 August 1762	26 June 1830	Prince of Wales 1762\u20131820; married 1795, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel; had one daughter: Princess Charlotte\n
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany	16 August 1763	5 January 1827	Married 1791, Princess Frederica of Prussia; no issue\n
William IV	21 August 1765	20 June 1837	Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with Dorothea Jordan\n
Charlotte, Princess Royal	29 September 1766	6 October 1828	Married 1797, King Frederick of W\u00fcrttemberg; no surviving issue\n
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn	2 November 1767	23 January 1820	Married 1818, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; had one daughter: Queen Victoria\n
Princess Augusta Sophia	8 November 1768	22 September 1840	Never married, no issue\n
Princess Elizabeth	22 May 1770	10 January 1840	Married 1818, Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg; no issue\n
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover	5 June 1771	18 November 1851	Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799\u20131851; married 1815, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had one son: George V of Hanover\n
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex	27 January 1773	21 April 1843	(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, Lady Augusta Murray; had issue; marriage annulled 1794 (2) Married 1831, Lady Cecilia Buggin (later Duchess of Inverness in her own right); no issue\n
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge	24 February 1774	8 July 1850	Married 1818, Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel; had issue\n
Princess Mary	25 April 1776	30 April 1857	Married 1816, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh; no issue\n
Princess Sophia	3 November 1777	27 May 1848	Never married, no issue\n
Prince Octavius	23 February 1779	3 May 1783	Died in childhood\n
Prince Alfred	22 September 1780	20 August 1782	Died in childhood\n
Princess Amelia	7 August 1783	2 November 1810	Never married, no issue\n

Regnal titles\n
George III House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born: 4 June 1738 Died: 29 January 1820 \n
Preceded by George II \n	King of Great Britain and Ireland 25 October 1760 \u2013 31 December 1800\n	Acts of Union 1800 \n
Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg 25 October 1760 \u2013 12 October 1814\n	Congress of Vienna \n
Acts of Union 1800 \n	King of the United Kingdom 1 January 1801 \u2013 29 January 1820\n	Succeeded by George IV \n
Congress of Vienna \n	King of Hanover 12 October 1814 \u2013 29 January 1820\n
British royalty\n
Preceded by Frederick \n	Prince of Wales 1751\u20131760\n	Vacant Title next held by George (IV) \n
Peerage of Great Britain\n
Preceded by Prince Frederick \n	Duke of Edinburgh 1st creation 1751\u20131760\n	Merged with the Crown \n
Titles in pretence\n
Preceded by George II \n	\u2014 TITULAR \u2014 King of France 25 October 1760 \u2013 31 December 1800\n	Title abandoned \n

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Early life

Accession and marriage

Early reign

Early regnal years

Legislation and politics

Family issues and discontent in America

American War of Independence

Mid reign

Government

Illness

Later reign

War in Europe

Final years

Slavery

Legacy

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Honours

Arms

Issue

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

George III

Media collections