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Delayed milestone

A delayed milestone, which is also known as a developmental delay, refers to a situation where a child does not reach a particular developmental milestone at the expected age. Developmental milestones refer to a collection of indicators that a child is anticipated to reach as they grow older.

Each age group has its distinct set of milestones, representing behaviors that develop gradually and serve as foundational building blocks for growth and ongoing learning. These behavioral milestones fall into various categories of child development stages, including:

Developmental delay is prevalent in approximately 1-3% of children under the age of 5 worldwide. According to a systematic analysis done for a conducted study in 2016, there are approximately 52.9 million children worldwide under the age of 5 that are affected by some type of developmental delay or delayed milestone. For example, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders was estimated to be 2.64%. 95% of the children with these delayed milestones live in countries with low to middle income and have very limited availability of healthcare resources. There is a risk of having a delayed milestone if a child live in an under-resourced nation.

Delayed milestones can manifest as early as infancy and develop later in early school years. Many factors contribute to delayed milestone such as medications, trauma, environmental, genetics, and metabolic and there are some cases where delayed milestones are idiopathic.[predatory publisher]

One cause of delayed milestone is the use of anti-epileptic medications such as valproate during pregnancy. According to the study, there is an association between prenatal exposure to valproate and delayed milestones and intellectual disabilities. The risk of children having delayed developmental milestones is significantly higher compared to children without valproate exposure. Pregnant women taking higher doses of valproate have a higher risk of intellectual disabilities and delayed milestones compared to lower doses.

Other anti-epileptic medications such as carbamazepine, clonazepam, and oxcarbazepine have been associated with an increased risk of developmental milestones in children while exposed prenatally.

Children exposed to intimate partner violence have been associated with delayed milestones along with long term physical and mental health adverse effects. Trauma and toxic stress that stems from intimate partner violence interferes with the normal developmental processes of the brain.

Parental psychological distress such (PPD) as anxiety and depression have been associated with delayed milestones. PPD interferes with healthy attachment between parent and child which increases the risk of the child having behavioral and cognitive problems.

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