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Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments
The Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments (Turkish: İstanbul Elektrik, Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri) or İETT is the transportation authority in Istanbul connected to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality specializing in public transportation.
After nationalizing various companies and combining them in 1939 with law 3645, the “Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel General Directorate” reached the status it has today. In 1945 the Yedikule and Hasanpaşa Coal gas factories and the pipes fed by this factory that distributed coal gas to Istanbul and Anatolia were handed over to the IETT. trolleybuses that were implemented in 1961 continued servicing citizens until 1984. A law passed in 1982 gave all authority and right over electricity to the Turkish Electricity Administration (TEK). Coal gas production and distribution was ended in 1993. Today, the IETT only handles public transportation including buses, trams and tunnels as well as the administration, management and supervision of Istanbul Ulaşım A.Ş.
Urban transportation in Istanbul began with the founding of the Dersaadet Tram Company and the decision to construct the Tünel. In 1871 this company began providing horse powered tram services for various routes including Azapkapı - Galata, Aksaray - Yedikule, Aksaray - Topkapı and Eminönü - Aksaray and amassed 4.5 million people in its first year. The 45 trams on these routes were pulled by 430 horses on meter gauge railway. In 1912, during the Balkan Wars, all horses were sent to the front line, and therefore all horse-operated tram services were suspended for a year.
On February 2, 1914, tram lines were electrified. On June 8, 1928, a new tram line was opened between Üsküdar and Kısıklı. On October 29, 1933, all 320 trams and 4 buses were ordered directly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to fully operate, as part of the 10th year anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Republic. By 1950 tram routes had reached 130 kilometers in total. In 1956, the trams had their peak year, with 108 million people using 56 tram lines and 270 trams in total. After the 1960 coup d’état, tram services started to be phased out for more modern trams. The lines were replaced to support more up-to date motorized trams that could go faster. The old trams continued servicing the European side until August 12, 1961 and the Anatolian side until November 14, 1966. Today, IETT runs the nostalgic tram line T2 from Taksim to Tünel, which runs on the famous Istiklal Avenue, and the line T3 operating as a ring in Moda, Kadıköy.
Alongside with trams, construction of the Tünel (lit. 'Tunnel') began in 1871. It opened on December 5, 1874, making it the second-oldest underground train line after the London Underground. Used only for livestock and cargo at first, it opened for passenger transportation on January 17, 1875.
Starting from 1871, to help the existing tram lines, the Dersaadet Tram Company was given permission to operate buses, although little is known about this period. In 1926, 4 Renault-Scémia brand buses were purchased and one of these buses subsequently began operating between on June 2, 1927, between Beyazıt and Taksim as a trial. The remaining buses started operating between Beyazıt and Eminönü, with stops in between. This route was later extended to Karaköy.
During the nationalization and merging with the IETT, the company had only three buses. In 1942, 23 buses were ordered from the White Motor Company. The first part of this order, comprising nine buses, arrived in pieces inside crates and were shipped to Turkey via ship on February 27, 1942. But because of the growing war, they were first dropped off at the Port of Alexandria in Egypt. In 1943, the crates were moved to Istanbul under harsh conditions, but it was determined that there were missing pieces. After the materials were taken from customs, they were immediately assembled, but because the factory in the United States stopped production, only nine White Motor Company buses could enter service. The other 14 that couldn't reach Istanbul were scrapped. Alternative routes were opened for these buses. In 1947, two buses were scrapped. After Scania-Vabis buses were ordered in bulk, the remaining 7 buses were retired.
By the end of that same year, 25 Scania-Vabis brand motorbuses were imported from Sweden and allocated to the IETT. From April 1943 to 1944, 20 new buses were bought, creating a fleet of 29 buses. After a fire in the Ankara bus garage on October 17, 1946 this fleet, alongside a fleet from Hatay was sent to replace the damaged buses.
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Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments
The Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments (Turkish: İstanbul Elektrik, Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri) or İETT is the transportation authority in Istanbul connected to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality specializing in public transportation.
After nationalizing various companies and combining them in 1939 with law 3645, the “Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel General Directorate” reached the status it has today. In 1945 the Yedikule and Hasanpaşa Coal gas factories and the pipes fed by this factory that distributed coal gas to Istanbul and Anatolia were handed over to the IETT. trolleybuses that were implemented in 1961 continued servicing citizens until 1984. A law passed in 1982 gave all authority and right over electricity to the Turkish Electricity Administration (TEK). Coal gas production and distribution was ended in 1993. Today, the IETT only handles public transportation including buses, trams and tunnels as well as the administration, management and supervision of Istanbul Ulaşım A.Ş.
Urban transportation in Istanbul began with the founding of the Dersaadet Tram Company and the decision to construct the Tünel. In 1871 this company began providing horse powered tram services for various routes including Azapkapı - Galata, Aksaray - Yedikule, Aksaray - Topkapı and Eminönü - Aksaray and amassed 4.5 million people in its first year. The 45 trams on these routes were pulled by 430 horses on meter gauge railway. In 1912, during the Balkan Wars, all horses were sent to the front line, and therefore all horse-operated tram services were suspended for a year.
On February 2, 1914, tram lines were electrified. On June 8, 1928, a new tram line was opened between Üsküdar and Kısıklı. On October 29, 1933, all 320 trams and 4 buses were ordered directly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to fully operate, as part of the 10th year anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Republic. By 1950 tram routes had reached 130 kilometers in total. In 1956, the trams had their peak year, with 108 million people using 56 tram lines and 270 trams in total. After the 1960 coup d’état, tram services started to be phased out for more modern trams. The lines were replaced to support more up-to date motorized trams that could go faster. The old trams continued servicing the European side until August 12, 1961 and the Anatolian side until November 14, 1966. Today, IETT runs the nostalgic tram line T2 from Taksim to Tünel, which runs on the famous Istiklal Avenue, and the line T3 operating as a ring in Moda, Kadıköy.
Alongside with trams, construction of the Tünel (lit. 'Tunnel') began in 1871. It opened on December 5, 1874, making it the second-oldest underground train line after the London Underground. Used only for livestock and cargo at first, it opened for passenger transportation on January 17, 1875.
Starting from 1871, to help the existing tram lines, the Dersaadet Tram Company was given permission to operate buses, although little is known about this period. In 1926, 4 Renault-Scémia brand buses were purchased and one of these buses subsequently began operating between on June 2, 1927, between Beyazıt and Taksim as a trial. The remaining buses started operating between Beyazıt and Eminönü, with stops in between. This route was later extended to Karaköy.
During the nationalization and merging with the IETT, the company had only three buses. In 1942, 23 buses were ordered from the White Motor Company. The first part of this order, comprising nine buses, arrived in pieces inside crates and were shipped to Turkey via ship on February 27, 1942. But because of the growing war, they were first dropped off at the Port of Alexandria in Egypt. In 1943, the crates were moved to Istanbul under harsh conditions, but it was determined that there were missing pieces. After the materials were taken from customs, they were immediately assembled, but because the factory in the United States stopped production, only nine White Motor Company buses could enter service. The other 14 that couldn't reach Istanbul were scrapped. Alternative routes were opened for these buses. In 1947, two buses were scrapped. After Scania-Vabis buses were ordered in bulk, the remaining 7 buses were retired.
By the end of that same year, 25 Scania-Vabis brand motorbuses were imported from Sweden and allocated to the IETT. From April 1943 to 1944, 20 new buses were bought, creating a fleet of 29 buses. After a fire in the Ankara bus garage on October 17, 1946 this fleet, alongside a fleet from Hatay was sent to replace the damaged buses.