Jacques Cousteau AC
Cousteau in 1972
Born	Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-06-11)11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France
Died	25 June 1997(1997-06-25) (aged 87) Paris, France
Occupation	Oceanographer
Spouses	Simone Melchior (m. 1937; died 1990) Francine Triplet (m. 1991)
Children	Jean-Michel Philippe-Pierre Diane Pierre-Yves
Relatives	Pierre-Antoine Cousteau (brother)
Awards	Palme d'Or at Cannes Legion of Honour – Commander (1972)

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (/kuːˈstoʊ/, also UK: /ˈkuːstoʊ/, French: [ʒak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997)^[1] was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful open-circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called the Aqua-Lung, which assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries.

Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called The Silent World. Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004 (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received the award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957.

From 1966 to 1976, he hosted The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, a documentary television series. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.

Biography

[edit]

"The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat."

Jacques Cousteau

Early life

[edit]

Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.^[2]

In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles.^[1] Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).^[3]

On 12 July 1937, he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,^[4] with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).

Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving

[edit]

The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in Megève, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible places—for Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: Par dix-huit mètres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College.

In 1943, they made the film Épaves (Shipwrecks), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and Émile Gagnan.^[5] When making Épaves, Cousteau could not find the necessary blank reels of movie film, but had to buy hundreds of small still camera film reels the same width, intended for a make of child's camera, and cemented them together to make long reels.^[6]^[7]

Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere) and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.

During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur.^[6] Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Émile Gagnan.^[6] In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible.

Late 1940s: GERS and Élie Monnier

[edit]

In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film Épaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous la Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), and finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Expert Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre for Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new depth record to 120 m with the GERS near Toulon.^[8]

In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop Élie Monnier,^[9]^[10] with Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).

Cousteau and the Élie Monnier then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.

The adventures of this period are told in the two books The Silent World (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and Plongées sans câble (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).

1950–1970s

[edit]

In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.

In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called Calypso from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the Calypso as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952).

With the publication of his first book in 1953, The Silent World, Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the Élie Monier, was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.

In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.^[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.^[2] Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a "diving saucer" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.

In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.^[2] He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

He was involved in the creation of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.^[12]

Cousteau also took part in inventing the "SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.^[2]

In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump.^[13] Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.

In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater "villages"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the sea floor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.

A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style. This documentary television series ran for 10 years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.

In 1970, he wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".

In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, Calypso's second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.^[14]^[15]

In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President.^{[citation needed]}

In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song "Calypso" on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.^{[citation needed]}

In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS Britannic, which had sunk on 21 November 1916 after striking a mine in the Kea Channel, the third and final of the three Olympic-class liners and the younger sister to the RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic.^{[citation needed]} He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese in coastal waters of Crete.^{[citation needed]}

In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Environment prize.^{[citation needed]}

On 28 June 1979, while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus River near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side. This collaboration lasted 14 years.^{[citation needed]}

1980–1990s

[edit]

From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show Those Amazing Animals, along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.

In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.^[16]

From 1982 to 1984, Cousteau released a series of films on the Amazon with TBS.^[17]

In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. He also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Special.^[18]

From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released Rediscovery of the World, also with TBS.

On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.

In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. Six months later, in June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried to Francine Triplet, with whom he had a relationship since the early 1980s and two children, Diane (born in 1980) and Pierre-Yves (born in 1982). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened.

In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: "What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable".^[19]

In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.

In 1993, a brief biography, as well as an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational software program Undersea Adventure, developed by former game developer Knowledge Adventure.

In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.^[20] This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.

On 11 January 1996, Calypso was rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The Calypso was refloated and towed home to France.^[21]

Religious views

[edit]

Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his funeral Mass at Notre-Dame in Paris. In his homily he stated, "Without betraying any confidences, Father Carré told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity."^[22]

In a chapter entitled "The Holy Scriptures and the Environment" in the posthumous work The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists".^[23]

Opinion on recreational fishing

[edit]

Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.^[24]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, his birthplace.^[25] An homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth "rue du Commandant Cousteau", where a commemorative plaque was placed.

Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.^[1]

Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature. His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.

His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.

His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself,^[26]^[27] has been identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which are negatively affecting the Mediterranean's ecosystem.

The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.

In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.^[28]

Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat planned for the sea bottom in 2025.^[29]

In October 1997, an underwater plaque honoring Jacques Cousteau was placed in the underwater dive park off Casino Point in Avalon, California. In November 2020, due to deterioration, the plaque was replaced.^[30]^[31]

Awards and honors

[edit]

President Kennedy awards the National Geographic Society's Gold Medal to Jacques Cousteau, 1961

During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Cross of War 1939–1945 (1945)
National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961^[32]
Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972)
BAFTA Fellowship (1975)
Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985)
U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985)
Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987)
Elected to the Académie Française (1988)
Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters
Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990)^[33]

Filmography

[edit]

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No^[A]	Year (Fr/En)^[B]	French	English^[C]	Cousteau Film
1. Early Short Films
1S	1942	Par dix-huit mètres de fond		Yes
2S	1943	Épaves	Shipwrecks	Yes
3S	1944	Paysages du silence	Silent Lands...	Yes
4S	1948	Phoques au Sahara		—
5S	1949	Autour d'un récif		—
6S	1949	Une plongée du Rubis	A Dive on Board the Rubis	Yes
7S	1949	Carnet de plongée (avec Marcel Ichac)		—
8S	1955	La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle)		—
9S	1955	Station 307		—
10S	1955	Récifs de coraux		—
11S	1957	La Galère engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud)		—
12S	1959	Histoire d'un poisson rouge	The Golden Fish	Yes
13S	1960	Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Alépée)		—
14S	1960	Prince Albert I		—
2. Movies I
1F	1956	Le Monde du silence	The Silent World	Yes
2F	1964	Le Monde sans soleil	World Without Sun	Yes
3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I (also known as "The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau")
1	1966	L'aventure Précontinent	Conshelf Adventure	Yes
2	1967/1968	Les Requins	Sharks	Yes
3	1967/1968	La jungle de corail	The Savage World of the Coral Jungle	Yes
4	1967/1968	Le Destin des tortues de mer	Search in the Deep	Yes
5	1968	Baleines et cachalots	Whales	Yes
6	1968/1969	Le voyage surprise de Pepito et Cristobal	The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and Cristobal	Yes
7	1968/1969	Trésor englouti	Sunken Treasure	Yes
8	1968/1969	La légende du lac Titicaca	The Legend of Lake Titicaca	Yes
9	1969	Les baleines du désert	The Desert Whales	Yes
10	1969/1970	La nuit des calmars	The Night of the Squid	Yes
11	1969/1970	La retour des Éléphants de mer	The Return of the Sea Elephants	Yes
12	1970	Ces incroyables machines plongeantes	Those Incredible Diving Machines	Yes
13	1970	La mer vivante	The Water Planet	Yes
14	1970	La tragédie des Saumons rouges	The Tragedy of the Red Salmon	Yes
15	1970/1971	Le lagon des navires perdus	Lagoon of Lost Ships	Yes
16	1971	Les Dragons des Galápagos	The Dragons of the Galapagos	Yes
17	1971	Cavernes englouties	Secrets of the Sunken Caves	Yes
18	1971	Le sort des Loutres de mer	The Unsinkable Sea Otter	Yes
19	1971/1972	Les dernières Sirènes	The Forgotten Mermaids	Yes
20	1972/1971	Pieuvre, petite pieuvre	Octopus, Octopus	Yes
21	1972	Le chant des dauphins	A Sound of Dolphins	Yes
22	1973	500 millions d'années sous la mer	500 Million Years Beneath the Sea	Yes
23	1973/1972	Le sourire du Morse	A Smile of the Walrus	Yes
24	1973	Hippo, Hippo	Hippo!	Yes
25	1973	La baleine qui chante	The Singing Whale	Yes
26	1974/1973	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feu	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and Ice	Yes
27	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du Pingouin	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of Penguins	Yes
28	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un océan de glace	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen World	Yes
29	1974	Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard à Esperanza	Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope Bay	Yes
30	1975/1974	Patagonie: La vie au bout du monde	Life at the End of the World	Yes
31	1975	L'hiver des Castors	Beavers of the North Country	Yes
32	1975	Les Fous du Corail	The Coral Divers of Corsica	Yes
33	1975	Les requins dormeurs du Yucatán	The Sleeping Sharks of Yucatán	Yes
34	1976/1975	Coup d'aile sous la mer: Isabella	The Sea Birds of Isabella	Yes
35	1976	Au cœur des récifs des Caraïbes	Mysteries of the Hidden Reefs	Yes
36	1976	Le Poisson qui a gobé Jonas / El Gran Pez que se tragó a Jonás	The Fish That Swallowed Jonah	Yes
37	1976	La Marche des langoustes	The Incredible March of the Spiny Lobsters	Yes
4. Movies II
3F	1975 / 1976	Voyage au bout du monde	Voyage to the Edge of the World	Yes
5. Oasis in Space
1S	1977		What Price Progress?	No
2S	1977		Troubled Waters	No
3S	1977		Grain of Conscience	No
4S	1977		Population Time Bomb	No
5S	1977		The Power Game	No
6S	1977		Visions of Tomorrow	No
6. The Cousteau Odyssey II (also known as "The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey", continue "The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team")
38	1977	L'énigme du Britannic	Calypso's Search for the Britannic	Yes
39	1978	Le butin de Pergame sauvé des eaux	Diving for Roman Plunder	Yes
40	1978	À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie I	Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part I	Yes
41	1978	À la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie II	Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part II	Yes
42	1978	Le testament de l'île de Pâques	Blind Prophets of Easter Island	Yes
43	1978	Ultimatum sous la mer	Time Bomb at Fifty Fathoms	Yes
44	1979	Le sang de la mer	Mediterranean: Cradle or Coffin?	Yes
45	1979	Le Nil. Partie I	The Nile. Part I	Yes
46	1979	Le Nil. Partie II	The Nile. Part II	Yes
47	1980	Fortunes de mer	Lost Relics of the Sea	Yes
48	1980/1981	Clipperton: île de la solitude	Clipperton: The Island Time Forgot	Yes
49	1981/1982	Sang chaud dans la mer	Warm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep	Yes
7. North American Adventures
1F	1981	Les Pièges de la mer	Cries from the Deep	No
2F	1982	Du grand large aux grands lac	Saint Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea	Yes
8. Cousteau's Amazon Series
1S	1982	Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la Calypso	Calypso Countdown: Rigging for the Amazon	Yes
2	1983	Au pays des milles rivières	Journey to a Thousand Rivers	Yes
3	1983	La rivière enchantée	The Enchanted River	Yes
4	1983	Ombres fuyantes—Indiens de l'Amazonie	Shadows in the Wilderness—Indians of the Amazon	Yes
5	1983/1984	La rivière de l'or	River of Gold	Yes
6	1984	Message d'un monde perdu	Legacy of a Lost World	Yes
7	1984	Un avenir pour l'Amazonie	Blueprints for Amazonia	Yes
8	1984	Tempête de neige sur la jungle	Snowstorm in the Jungle	Yes
9. Other releases I
1	1985	Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Allié récalcitrant	Cousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant Ally	Yes
2	1985	Le Mississippi. Partie II. Allié et adversaire	Cousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly Foe	Yes
3	1985	Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1)	Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1)	No
4	1985	Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2)	Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2)	No
5	1985	Alcyone, fille du vent	Riders of the Wind	Yes
6S	1988		Island of Peace	Yes
10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I (also known as "Rediscover the World")
1	1986	Haïti: L'eau de chagrin	Haiti: Waters of Sorrow	Yes
2	1986	Cuba: les eaux du destin	Cuba: Waters of Destiny	Yes
3	1986	Cap Horn: les eaux du vent	Cape Horn: Waters of the Wind	Yes
4	1986	L'héritage de Cortez	Sea of Cortez: Legacy of Cortez	Yes
5	1987	Les Îles Marquises: montagnes de la mer	The Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the Sea	Yes
6	1987	Îles du Détroit: les eaux de la discorde	Channel Islands: Waters of Contention	Yes
7	1987	Îles du Détroit: à l'approche d'une marée humaine	Channel Islands: Days of Future Past	Yes
8	1988	Nouvelle-Zélande: la Rose et le dragon	New Zealand: The Rose and the Dragon	Yes
9	1988	Nouvelle-Zélande: au pays du long nuage blanc	New Zealand: The Heron of the Single Flight	Yes
10	1988	Nouvelle-Zélande: le Péché et la Rédemption	New Zealand: The Smoldering Sea	Yes
11	1988	Au pays des totems vivants	Pacific Northwest: Land of the Living Totems	Yes
12	1988	Tahiti: l'eau de feu	Tahiti: Fire Waters	Yes
13	1988	Les Requins de l'île au trésor	Cocos Island: Sharks of Treasure Island	Yes
14	1988/1989	Mer de Béring: Le crépuscule du chasseur en Alaska	Bering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan Hunter	Yes
15	1988/1989	Australie: l'ultime barrière	Australia: The Last Barrier	Yes
16	1989	Bornéo: Le spectre de la tortue	Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle	Yes
17	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée I: La machine à remonter le temps	Papua New Guinea I: Into the Time Machine	Yes
18	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée II: La rivière des hommes crocodiles	Papua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile Men	Yes
19	1989	Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée III: La coeur de feu	Papua New Guinea III: Center of Fire	Yes
20	1989	Thaïlande: les forçats de la mer	Thailand: Convicts of the Sea	Yes
21	1989/1990	Bornéo: la Forêt sans terre	Borneo: Forests Without Land	Yes
11. Other releases II
7	1990	Scandale à Valdez	Outrage at Valdez	No
8	1990	Lilliput en Antarctique	Lilliput in Antarctica	Yes
12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II (also known as "Rediscover the World")
22	1990	Andaman, les îles invisibles	Andaman Islands: Invisible Islands	Yes
23	1990/1991	Australie: à l'ouest du bout du monde	Australia: Out West, Down Under	Yes
24	1991	Australie: le peuple de la mer desséchée	Australia: People of the Dry Sea	Yes
25	1991	Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feu	Australia: People of Fire and Water	Yes
26	1991	Australie: les trésors de la mer	Australia: Fortunes in the Sea	Yes
27	1991	Tasmanie, une île s'éveille	Tasmania: Australia's Awakening Island	Yes
28	1991	Indonésie: les vergers de l'enfer	Indonesia I: The Devil's Orchard	Yes
29	1991	Sumatra: le cœur de la mer	Indonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the Sea	Yes
30	1991/1992	Nauru, îlot ou planète	Nauru: The Island Planet	Yes
31	1991/1992	La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mers	The Great White Shark—Lonely Lord of the Sea	No
32	1991	Palawan, le dernier refuge	Palawan: The Last Refuge	Yes
33	1992	Danube I: le lever de rideau	Danube I: The Curtain Rises	Yes
34	1992	Danube II: le rêve de Charlemagne	Danube II: Charlemagne's Dream	Yes
35	1992	Danube III: les Cris du Fleuve	Danube III: The River Cries Out	Yes
36	1992	Danube IV: les Débordements du Fleuve	Danube IV: Rivalries Overflow	Yes
37	1993	La société secrète des Cétacés	Bahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and Whales	No
38	1993	Mékong: le don de l'eau	Mekong: The Gift of Water	No
39	1993	Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusils	Vietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and Guns	No
13. Other releases III
9	1995	La Légende de Calypso	Calypso's Legend	Yes
10	1995	Profond, loin, longtemps	Deeper, Farther, Longer	Yes
11	1996	Les promisses de la mer	The Mirage of the Sea	Yes
14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III (also known as "Rediscover the World")
40	1995	Madagascar I: l'île des esprits	Madagascar I: Island of Heart and Soul	Yes
41	1995	Madagascar II: l'île des esprits	Madagascar II: Island of Heart and Soul	Yes
42	1996	Afrique du Sud: les diamants du désert	South Africa: Diamonds of the Desert	Yes
43	1996	Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vie	South Africa: Sanctuaries for Life	Yes
44	1996/1997	À travers la Chine par le fleuve Jaune	China: Across China with the Yellow River	Yes
45	1997/1999	Le lac Baïkal	Lake Baikal: Beneath the Mirror	Yes

Legend

[edit]

^ actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography

S – short film
F – full-length film
<only number> – length of the film is about 45 minutes

Bibliography

[edit]

The Silent World (1953, with Frédéric Dumas)
Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (1959, with James Dugan)
The Living Sea (1963, with James Dugan)
World Without Sun (1965)
The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1970–1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé)
- The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea (1970)
- Diving for Sunken Treasure (1971)
- Life and Death in a Coral Sea (1971)
- The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea (1972)
- Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence (1973)
- Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes (1973)
- Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus (1974)
- Dolphins (1975)
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973–78, 21 volumes)
- Oasis in Space (vol 1)
- The Act of Life (vol 2)
- Quest for Food (vol 3)
- Window in the Sea (vol 4)
- The Art of Motion (vol 5)
- Attack and Defense (vol 6)
- Invisible Messages (vol 7)
- Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
- Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
- Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
- Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
- Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
- A Sea of Legends (vol 13)
- Adventure of Life (vol 14)
- Outer and Inner Space (vol 15)
- The Whitecaps (vol 16)
- Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
- Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
- The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
- Guide to the Sea and Index (vol 20)
- Calypso (1978, vol 21)
A Bill of Rights for Future Generations (1979)
Life at the Bottom of the World (1980)
The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment (1981, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet)
Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983, with Alexis Sivirine)
Marine Life of the Caribbean (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)
Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (1984, with Mose Richards)
Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985)
The Whale (1987, with Philippe Diolé)
Jacques Cousteau: Whales (1988, with Yves Paccalet)
The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)

Media portrayals

[edit]

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:

The American comedy film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.^[34]^[35]^[36]
The French film The Odyssey, directed by Jérôme Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melchior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau.^[37]^[38]^[35]^[36]
Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.
Jacques Cousteau is depicted in the music video for the Plastic Bertrand song titled "Jacques Cousteau." In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as wearing nautical attire and living in a fish bowl.
Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the animated television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants", in the episode Spongebob's Big Birthday Blowout. He was portrayed as the French Narrator who frequently speaks and/or makes appearances in the show.

See also

[edit]

Becoming Cousteau, a 2021 full-length film biography
Alcyone – Experimental turbosail ship
William Beebe – American ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, and explorer (1877–1962)
Albert Falco – French scuba diver, chief diver and captain of the Calypso
Scuba diving – Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver
List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)

References

[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jacques Cousteau | French ocean explorer and engineer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
^ "Jacques Cousteau | Biography, Quotes, Books, WordCloud, Life History Timeline |Minds of Science". www.mindsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Lunn, Rosemary E. (8 March 2021). "WDHOF announces new Simone Melchior Cousteau Grant". X-Ray International Dive Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "le Scaphandre Autonome". Espalion-12.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Silent World. J. Y. Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953
^ Capitaine de frégate PHILIPPE TAILLIEZ, Plongées sans câble, Arthaud, Paris, January 1954, Dépôt légal 1er trimestre 1954 – Édition N° 605 – Impression N° 243 (in French)
^ Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York City: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-794-1. LCCN 2001018840.
^ Sevellec, E.J. (1 December 2006). "Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs démineurs" (in French). Philippe.tailliez.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010. According to Sevellec, the Élie Monnier was an old German tugboat originally called Albatros and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer Élie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at Mers-el-Kébir on the wreck of the battleship Bretagne
^ Riffaud, C. (1988). "La règne du scaphandre à casque", in La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer. Users.skynet.be. ISBN 2-226-03502-8. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). "Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954". Liwa. 5 (9): 3–28. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959–1973)". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
^ Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2008). Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813542201. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ "Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972–73". www.palmerstation.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ Ohayon, Albert (2009). "When Cousteau Came to Canada". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Knoll, Steve Knollby Steve (25 March 1984). "New Cable Fare Gets Double Exposure". The New York Times.
^ "Cousteau: Mississippi".
^ "Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) | AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. 1 November 1991. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name". The New York Times. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
^ "Calypso". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ "Homélie prononcée lors des obsèques de M. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, en la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris | Académie française". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781596917552
^ Cousteau, Jacques (1985). The Ocean World. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 383. ISBN 9780810980686. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ "La "conversion" du commandant Cousteau à l'Islam". Atheisme.free.fr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Davidson, Nick (1 April 2003). "Deep Sea Invasion". PBS. Nova. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ Meinesz, Alexandre (1999). Killer Algae (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226519228. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel". Watches.infoniac.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Palumbo, Jacqui (22 July 2020). "Fabien Cousteau and Yves Béhar unveil designs for Proteus, an underwater 'space station' and habitat – CNN Style". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ Ted, Apodoca (27 November 2020). "Cousteau Tribute gets needed upgrade". The Catalina Islander. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ Mulder, Bo; Berry, Matt (4 February 2013). "Jaque Cousteau Memorial Plaque". Flickr.
^ Jean-Michel Cousteau (11 June 2010). "Jacques Cousteau "would be heartbroken" at our seas today". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ "It's an Honour – Honours – Search Australian Honours". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'". Mental Floss. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou". The Playlist. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b "L'Odyssée : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau". Le Figaro. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian". Variety. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, "L'Odyssée", nous apprend de son côté obscur". The Huffington Post (French Edition). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

Further reading

[edit]

Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau (1957) by James Dugan
Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World (2000) by Roger King
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea (2002) by John Bankston
Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacques Cousteau.

"The Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
Jacques Cousteau at IMDb
Jacques Cousteau at Find a Grave
Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'^[usurped]
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Jacques-Yves Cousteau Memorial
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/His Legacy
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Photos

v t e Jacques Cousteau
Films directed	The Silent World (1956) World Without Sun (1964) Voyage to the Edge of the World (1976)
Other works	The Silent World (1953 book) The Golden Fish (1959 film produced) The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973–1978 encyclopedia) The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau (1976 television series)
Expedition ships	RV Calypso Alcyone
Concepts and designs	Aqua-Lung Calypso camera Continental Shelf Station Two Deep Star 4000 SP-350 Denise Turbosail
Works about	"Calypso" (1975 song) Cries from the Deep (1982 documentary) The Odyssey (2016 biopic) Becoming Cousteau (2021 documentary)
Tributes	En attendant Cousteau (1990 album) The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004 film) Mission 31 (2014 expedition)

Académie française seat 17

François de Cauvigny de Colomby (1634)
François Tristan l'Hermite (1649)
Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière (1655)
François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (1663)
François-Timoléon de Choisy (1687)
Antoine Portail (1724)
Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée (1736)
Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1754)
Jean-François Marmontel (1763)
Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes (1803)
Abel-François Villemain (1821)
Émile Littré (1871)
Louis Pasteur (1881)
Gaston Paris (1896)
Frédéric Masson (1903)
Georges Lecomte (1924)
Jean Delay (1959)
Jacques Cousteau (1988)
Érik Orsenna (1998)

BAFTA Fellowship

1971–2000

Alfred Hitchcock (1971)
Freddie Young (1972)
Grace Wyndham Goldie (1973)
David Lean (1974)
Jacques Cousteau (1975)
Charlie Chaplin (1976)
Laurence Olivier (1976)
Denis Forman (1977)
Fred Zinnemann (1978)
Lew Grade (1979)
Huw Wheldon (1979)
David Attenborough (1980)
John Huston (1980)
Abel Gance (1981)
Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger (1981)
Andrzej Wajda (1982)
Richard Attenborough (1983)
Hugh Greene (1984)
Sam Spiegel (1984)
Jeremy Isaacs (1985)
Steven Spielberg (1986)
Federico Fellini (1987)
Ingmar Bergman (1988)
Alec Guinness (1989)
Paul Fox (1990)
Louis Malle (1991)
John Gielgud (1992)
David Plowright (1992)
Sydney Samuelson (1993)
Colin Young (1993)
Michael Grade (1994)
Billy Wilder (1995)
Jeanne Moreau (1996)
Ronald Neame (1996)
John Schlesinger (1996)
Maggie Smith (1996)
Woody Allen (1997)
Steven Bochco (1997)
Julie Christie (1997)
Oswald Morris (1997)
Harold Pinter (1997)
David Rose (1997)
Sean Connery (1998)
Bill Cotton (1998)
Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise (1999)
Elizabeth Taylor (1999)
Michael Caine (2000)
Stanley Kubrick (2000)
Peter Bazalgette (2000)

2001–present

Albert Finney (2001)
John Thaw (2001)
Judi Dench (2001)
Warren Beatty (2002)
Merchant Ivory Productions (2002)
Andrew Davies (2002)
John Mills (2002)
Saul Zaentz (2003)
David Jason (2003)
John Boorman (2004)
Roger Graef (2004)
John Barry (2005)
David Frost (2005)
David Puttnam (2006)
Ken Loach (2006)
Anne V. Coates (2007)
Richard Curtis (2007)
Will Wright (2007)
Anthony Hopkins (2008)
Bruce Forsyth (2008)
Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders (2009)
Terry Gilliam (2009)
Nolan Bushnell (2009)
Vanessa Redgrave (2010)
Shigeru Miyamoto (2010)
Melvyn Bragg (2010)
Christopher Lee (2011)
Peter Molyneux (2011)
Trevor McDonald (2011)
Martin Scorsese (2012)
~~Rolf Harris~~ (2012)
Alan Parker (2013)
Gabe Newell (2013)
Michael Palin (2013)
Helen Mirren (2014)
Rockstar Games (2014)
Julie Walters (2014)
Mike Leigh (2015)
David Braben (2015)
Jon Snow (2015)
Sidney Poitier (2016)
John Carmack (2016)
Ray Galton & Alan Simpson (2016)
Mel Brooks (2017)
Joanna Lumley (2017)
Ridley Scott (2018)
Tim Schafer (2018)
Kate Adie (2018)
Thelma Schoonmaker (2019)
Joan Bakewell (2019)
Kathleen Kennedy (2020)
Hideo Kojima (2020)
Ang Lee (2021)
Siobhan Reddy (2021)
Billy Connolly (2022)
Sandy Powell (2023)
Shuhei Yoshida (2023)
Meera Syal (2023)
Samantha Morton (2024)
Floella Benjamin (2024)
Warwick Davis (2025)
Yoko Shimomura (2025)
Kirsty Wark (2025)

v t e International Emmy Founders Award
1980s	Jim Henson (1980) Roone Arledge / Shaun Sutton (1981) Michael Landon (1982) Herbert Brodkin (1983) David L. Wolper (1984) David Attenborough (1985) Donald L. Taffner (1986) Jacques Cousteau (1987) Goar Mestre (1988) Paul Fox (1989)
1990s	Joan Ganz Cooney (1990) Adrian Cowell (1991) Bill Cosby (1992) Richard Dunn (1993) Film on Four (1994) Don Hewitt (1995) Reg Grundy (1996) Jac Venza (1997) Robert Halmi Sr. (1998) Hisashi Hieda (1999)
2000s	John Hendricks (2000) Pierre Lescure (2001) Howard Stringer (2002) HBO (2003) MTV International (2004) Oprah Winfrey (2005) Steven Spielberg (2006) Al Gore (2007) Dick Wolf (2008) David Frost (2009)
2010s	Simon Cowell (2010) Nigel Lythgoe (2011) Alan Alda / Norman Lear / Ryan Murphy (2012) J. J. Abrams (2013) Matthew Weiner (2014) Julian Fellowes (2015) Shonda Rhimes (2016) No Award (2017) Greg Berlanti (2018) David Benioff / D. B. Weiss (2019)
2020s	~~Andrew Cuomo~~ (2020) Ava DuVernay (2022) Jesse Armstrong (2023) David E. Kelley (2024)

Underwater diving

Diving equipment

Basic equipment

Breathing gas

Buoyancy and
trim equipment

Decompression
equipment

Diving suit

Helmets
and masks

Instrumentation

Mobility
equipment

Safety
equipment

Underwater
breathing
apparatus

Open-circuit scuba	Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder
Diving rebreathers	Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva
Surface-supplied diving equipment	Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress

Diving
equipment
manufacturers

Diving support equipment

Access equipment

Breathing gas
handling

Decompression
equipment

Platforms

Underwater habitat	Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat

Remotely operated
underwater vehicles

Safety equipment

General

Freediving

Activities	Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting
Competitions	Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins
Equipment	Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap
Freedivers	Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Kateryna Sadurska
Hazards	Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia
Historical	Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming
Organisations	AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International

Professional diving

Occupations

Military
diving

Military
diving
units

Underwater
work

Salvage diving	SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa

Diving
contractors

Tools and
equipment

Underwater
weapons

Underwater firearm	Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06

Recreational diving

Specialties	Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving
Diver organisations	British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)
Diving tourism industry	Dive center Diving in Timor-Leste Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving in Guam
Diving events and festivals	Diversnight Underwater Bike Race

Diving safety

Diving
hazards

Consequences	Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury

Diving
procedures

Risk
management

Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Risk control
- Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout–tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness

Diving team	Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver
Equipment safety	Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators
Occupational safety and health	Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure

Diving medicine

Diving
disorders

Pressure
related

Oxygen	Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases	Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide	Hypercapnia Hypocapnia
Breathing gas contaminants	Carbon monoxide poisoning

Immersion
related

Treatment

Personnel

Screening

Research

Researchers in
diving physiology
and medicine

Diving medical
research
organisations

Law
Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

History of underwater diving

Archeological
sites

Underwater art
and artists

Engineers
and inventors

Historical
equipment

Diver propulsion vehicles	Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie

Military and
covert operations

Scientific projects

Awards and events

Incidents

Dive boat incidents	Sinking of MV Conception
Diver rescues	Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue
Early diving	John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson
Freediving fatalities	Stephen Keenan Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova
Offshore diving incidents	Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident
Professional diving fatalities	Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström
Scuba diving fatalities	1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Linnea Mills Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek

Publications

Manuals	NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba
Standards and Codes of Practice	Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
General non-fiction	The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
Research	List of Divers Alert Network publications
Dive guides

Training and registration

Diver
training

Competence and assessment
Diver training standard
Diving instructor
Diving school
Occupational diver training
Recreational diver training
- Introductory diving
- ISO training standards
Teaching method

Skills	Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches

Recreational
scuba
certification
levels

Core diving skills	Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver
Leadership skills	Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor
Specialist skills	Rescue Diver Solo diver

Diver training
certification
and registration
organisations

Commercial diver
certification
authorities

Commercial diving
schools

Free-diving
certification
agencies

AIDA International (AIDA)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Performance Freediving International (PI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)

Recreational
scuba
certification
agencies

American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
International Life Saving Federation (ILS)
Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
Scuba Diving International (SDI)
Scuba Educators International (SEI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
United Diving Instructors (UDI)
YMCA SCUBA Program

Scientific diver
certification
authorities

Technical diver
certification
agencies

American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
Technical Extended Range (TXR)

Cave diving	Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI)

Military diver
training centres

Military diver
training courses

United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course

Underwater sports

Surface snorkeling	Finswimming
Snorkeling/breath-hold	Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting
Breath-hold	Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving
Open Circuit Scuba	Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography
Rebreather	Underwater photography
Sports governing organisations and federations	International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America)
Competitions	14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships

Underwater divers

Pioneers of diving	Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Hannes Keller Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström
Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists	Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Jeffrey Bozanic Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato
Scuba record holders	Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski
Underwater filmmakers and presenters	Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight James Cameron
Underwater photographers	Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel
Underwater explorers	Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski Brian Kakuk William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis
Aquanauts	Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui
Writers and journalists	Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera
Rescuers	Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen
Frogmen	Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis
Commercial salvors	Keith Jessop

Science of underwater diving

List of researchers in underwater diving

Diving
physics

Diving
physiology

Decompression theory	Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression

Diving
environments

Underwater exploration
- Deep-sea exploration

Classification	List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment
Impact	Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving

Other

Deep-submergence
vehicle

Submarine rescue

Deep-submergence rescue vehicle	LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy)

Submarine escape

Escape set	Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment

Special
interest
groups

Neutral buoyancy
facilities for
Astronaut training

Other

Category
Commons
Glossary
Indexes: Dive sites
Divers
Diving
Outline
Portal

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium
Academics	CiNii
Artists	MusicBrainz Photographers' Identities Emmy Awards FID
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC