John G. Trump
1954 faculty portrait
Born	John George Trump (1907-08-21)August 21, 1907 New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	February 21, 1985(1985-02-21) (aged 77) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education	Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (BS) Columbia University (MS) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (DSc)
Occupation	Electrical engineer
Employer	MIT
Known for	Van de Graaff generator Electron beam sterilization of wastewater^[3]^[4]^{[failed verification]}
Spouse	Elora Sauerbrun
Children	John Christine Karen
Parent(s)	Frederick Trump Elizabeth Christ Trump
Relatives	Trump family
Awards	King's Medal for Service (1947) President's Certificate (1948) Lamme Medal (1960) National Medal of Science (1983)
Scientific career
Fields	Electrical engineering
Institutions	MIT
Thesis	Vacuum electrostatic engineering (1933)
Doctoral advisor	Robert J. Van de Graaff
Notable students	Jay W. Forrester (BS)^[1] Louis Smullin (MS)^[2] Mac Van Valkenburg (MS)

Signature

John George Trump (August 21, 1907 – February 21, 1985) was an American electrical engineer, physicist, and inventor who engineered high-voltage electrostatic generators and found new applications for them in medicine, industry, and nuclear science. A professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he led the High Voltage Research Lab (HVRL) and co-founded the High Voltage Research Corporation (HVE), a particle accelerator manufacturer. He was the paternal uncle of President Donald Trump.

The first PhD student of Robert Van de Graaff, Trump helped build the first supervoltage generator, then invented a compact version for hospital use. As director of MIT's High Voltage Research Laboratory (HVRL) for 27 years, Trump pursued improvements and useful applications of high-voltage generators. He developed rotational radiation therapy using high-voltage x-rays, which advanced cancer treatment techniques by allowing deeper tumor targeting. The lab oversaw treatment of thousands of cancer patients. During his tenure, HVRL focused on technologies to improve high-voltage machinery and researched its application in areas like food sterilization and wastewater treatment.

During World War II, Trump was a key figure in delivering radar to allied forces through the MIT Rad Lab, the war's largest civilian scientific enterprise. In 1940, he joined the newly formed National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as technical aide to MIT President Karl Compton. Trump became an assistant director of the Rad Lab, serving on its steering committee and leading its Field Service division. From 1944 until the end of the war in Europe, he directed the British Branch of the Radiation Lab, where he organized radar installations for D-Day operations and the campaign to liberate Europe.

After the war, Trump co-founded the High Voltage Engineering Corporation (HVE) and served as its first chairman. Using Van de Graaff's design, HVE manufactured radiology machines for cancer clinics and manufacturers, then scaled up to build particle accelerators for nuclear science laboratories. It became the earliest successful investment of the American Research and Development Corporation, the first modern venture capital fund.

President Ronald Reagan awarded Trump the National Medal of Science in Engineering Sciences in 1983 for his contributions to "the beneficial application of ionizing radiation." He received war service commendations from both President Harry Truman and King George VI. Many of his inventions remain in use: Trump installed the original Van de Graaff generator at Boston Museum of Science and HVE particle accelerators remain in use in laboratories worldwide.

Early life and education

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New York years (1907–1931)

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Born in the Bronx, New York City, on August 21, 1907, John Trump was the youngest of three children born to German immigrants Frederick and Elizabeth Christ Trump. When the Queensboro Bridge was finished in 1910, the family moved to Queens, eventually settling in the Woodhaven neighborhood.^[5] At age 11, his father died in the 1918 influenza pandemic, leaving his mother to support the family.^[6]

Like his siblings, Trump attended Richmond Hill High School, where he was a gifted student.^[5] He joined Western Electric's Manhattan engineering office in 1923, two years before it became known as Bell Labs.^[7]

Both John Trump and his brother Fred joined their family real estate firm, and their mother hoped that Fred would build homes and John design them.^[5] Trump enrolled at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to study architecture. The brothers' work together ended due to differences in business philosophy: John disagreed with Fred's strategy of pre-selling units, preferring to sell once they were finished.^[5] By the end of his freshman year, John left the family real estate business and switched his concentration from architecture to engineering.^[5]

Trump received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1929 as valedictorian.^[8] While teaching electrical engineering at his alma mater, he earned his master's degree in physics from Columbia University's graduate school in 1931.^[9]^[10]

MIT doctorate (1931–1933)

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In 1931, Trump enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to pursue doctoral training in electrical engineering. When he arrived, MIT's leadership was focused on building the institute's reputation in basic physics.^[11] Vannevar Bush, dean of MIT's engineering school, advised Trump to work with the young physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff, who was recently recruited to MIT to improve his newly invented electrostatic generator.^[10]^[12] Particle physicists around the world were running breakthrough experiments with high-voltage generators, and MIT's leadership sought to demonstrate a megavoltage model of Van de Graaff's prototype.^[12] Scaling up would require a high-power vacuum. To power the vacuum cylinder, Trump designed a synchronous alternating-current motor that was assembled in an MIT machine shop.^[12]

Using Trump's motor, the 43-foot (13 m) experimental generator was successfully demonstrated at Round Hill in November 1933.^[13]^[14] Proven effective and safe, the Round Hill generator was returned to MIT's campus in 1937.^[13] When MIT built a cyclotron, the generator was moved to the new building of the Boston Museum of Science, where it remains in educational use today.^[9]

Trump received his doctorate of electrical engineering in 1933.^[12] His thesis, "Vacuum Electrostatic Engineering," examined the factors governing voltage-insulation strength in vacuums.^[15] In addition to his work on motor design, his dissertation showed how insulated vacuum lines could be used for low-loss, long-distance transmission of direct current.^[12] In 1932, Van de Graaff filed to patent components in the transmission system they developed, and Trump filed a further transmission patent in 1937, his first.^[16] Federal government interest in Trump and Van de Graaff's transmission system prompted MIT to develop a patent policy, one of first to allow universities to benefit when scientific discoveries were found to have profitable commercial uses.^[16]

Career

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Early applied research (1935–1941)

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After graduating, Trump remained at MIT as a research associate, then became an assistant professor in 1936.^[17] His research focused on improving high-voltage generators and finding new uses for them in industry.^[18]

In 1932, Trump learned about an MIT lecture by radiologist George W. Holmes on medical uses of high-voltage x-rays.^[19] Prevailing low-voltage radiotherapy techniques could only target superficial tissues and required long exposures that damaged skin.^[20] Because Van de Graaff generators produced steadier high-voltage power than transformer-based generators, Trump hypothesized they could produce penetrating x-rays that could target deeper tumors.^[12]

In May 1935, Trump showed that MIT's Van de Graaff generators could produce abundant x-rays.^[19] With a grant from the Godfrey M. Hyams Trust, he built a 1-megavolt (MV) generator for Boston's Huntington Memorial Hospital, a cancer treatment center.^[9]^[19]^[21] In March 1937, Trump's x-ray generator entered service at Huntington.^[20] With a room-sized voltage terminal and a long focusing coil snaking into the treatment room below, Trump's machine was described as a "magnificent monster" by one of its operators.^[19] Doctors reported that it provided "increased depth dosages, greater skin sparing, and greater intensity."^[22] The first patient treated for skin cancer survived beyond four years.^[21]^[20] However, Huntington Hospital survived only another four years, and the machine was shut down in 1941.^[22]

Using pressurized gas, Trump made new generators smaller than the original, air-insulated models. He built a compact 1.25-MV generator for Massachusetts General Hospital in 1940, which treated patients for sixteen years.^[10]^[20] Trump's pre-war x-ray experiments have been acknowledged as precursors to the field of radiosurgery.^[23]

With World War II engulfing Europe and Asia, the United States military began expanding its fleet production. Trump investigated practical applications of x-rays in military industry. With Carlton G. Lutts, an engineer at Boston Navy Yard, Trump discovered that his high-voltage generator could detect manufacturing defects in ships and aircraft.^[9]

War years (1941–1945)

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During World War II, Trump shifted his research from medical uses of x-rays to military uses of microwaves, focusing on the development of radar. During 1940, he joined the newly formed National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as technical aide to Karl Compton, president of MIT, who was serving also as the chairman of the radar division within the NDRC.^[10]^[12]

During 1942, Trump became secretary of the microwave committee, a sub-committee of the NDRC.^[9] The director of the microwave committee was Alfred Lee Loomis, the "millionaire physicist," who decided to create a laboratory. He^[who?] selected a site for it, chose a suitably discreet and ambiguous name for it, and funded its construction, until governmental administration was established.^{[citation needed]} The new institution came to be called the MIT Radiation Laboratory, or the "Rad Lab." As wartime shortages in Britain increased, many of its radar researchers would move to the well-funded laboratory at MIT, where they helped create groundbreaking progress in developing practical devices and systems, which would see widespread field deployment in combat.

The British had already started researching radar, which they termed Radio Direction Finder (RDF). Their Tizard Mission to the US showed how much more advanced they were with some of the key technologies, particularly the magnetron. The US decided to send a team to Britain to help coordinate their efforts with the "British Branch of the Radiation Laboratory" (BBRL), which operated as a department of Britain's Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at Malvern, in Worcestershire. From February 1944 to the end of the war in Europe, Trump was the director of the BBRL.^[24]^[9]

In January 1943, Trump was asked by the U.S. Office of Alien Property Custodian to examine the notes, papers, and artifacts left by the inventor Nikola Tesla, who had died two days prior.^[25] U.S. government officials believed the papers might contain designs for Tesla's promised high-voltage weapons, and were reluctant to have Tesla's nephew bring them to German-occupied Yugoslavia.^[25]^[26] After a three-day investigation, Trump reported that the materials had no "significant value to this country" nor would they "constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands."^[25] In his view, Tesla's late-career projects "did not include new sound workable principles or methods" and were primarily promotional.^[26]

During the war, Trump also served in the Advisory Specialist Group on Radar, advising USAAF General Carl Spaatz on navigational radar, precision-bombing radar, and also defenses against the German radars found in their night-fighters and in their flak units. The systems included: Gee, Oboe, LORAN, H2X, MEW & SCR-584. Trump worked with all the most important British radar experts, including Sir Robert Watson-Watt, A.P. Rowe, and Bernard Lovell. At the end of the war, Trump also conducted debriefing interviews with Germany's main radar technicians.^{[clarification needed]}^[24]^[27]

Trump received recognition for his war-work partnership from both the United States and the United Kingdom.^[17]^[28]

Post-war cancer research (1946–1973)

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After the war, Trump returned to MIT and was appointed director of High Voltage Research Laboratory, a lab pursuing industrial applications of electrostatic energy.^[12] Building upon his pre-war collaboration with area hospitals, Trump focused on applying high-voltage engineering to medical challenges, particularly cancer treatment.

Months after the war ended, Trump began work with his Huntington colleagues to treat cancer patients at a 3-MV generator building on MIT's campus.^[29] Having discovered a way to reach deep-seated cancer lesions while sparing intervening tissues, he worked on methods to improve targeting. Trump designed an apparatus to rotate the patient around the beam, allowing x-rays to be cross-fired at the tumor site.^[29]^[30] The groundbreaking technique, known as "rotational radiation therapy," remains widely used in radiotherapy.

In 1949, Trump began a two-decade collaboration with the Lahey Clinic, Boston's leading cancer hospital.^[31]^[32] Over the next 22 years, over 500 cancer patients a year received treatment at MIT using Trump's x-ray generator.^[33] Trump supervised treatments, improved targeting techniques, and personally trained many doctors in their use.^[18] For many years, he taught radiation physics to early-career doctors.^[34] The lab also focused on skin cancer treatment, designing a 5-MV electron-beam generator for targeting superficial lesions.^[31]^[33]

Despite earlier advances in supervoltage (>1MeV) generators, few hospitals had introduced high-voltage cancer treatment by the 1940s.^[30] Trump received many requests from hospitals for his generator, and he oversaw a commercialization effort to meet demand.^[30] He designed a compact, low-cost 2-MV Van de Graaff generator, then founded a firm to build them.^[29]^[30] Between 1948 and 1969, the High Voltage Engineering Corporation manufactured 43 of these 2-MV machines, which treated as many as 1,000 patients a day in the United States alone.^[22]

By the time Trump was appointed full professor in 1952, his cancer research devices had received worldwide attention.^[30]^[10]^[18] He attracted support from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, each of which were building major cancer research operations. His 1960 Lamme Medal citation, given for his major contributions to electrical engineering, took time to praise his stature among radiologists and observed that Trump had "remain[ed] faithful to his original goals in the treatment of malignant diseases."^[10] In 1963, Trump was appointed to the board of the Lahey Clinic, and became its chair after retiring his professorship in 1973.^[31] Throughout this period, he published widely in radiology and scientific instrument journals.

Compact Van de Graaff machines were among the earliest x-ray machines that could target deep tumors with precision. However, their voltages were effectively limited to 3–4 MeV, restricting their targeting depth and extending the required duration of treatment.^[19]^[22] A 1968 global census of radiotherapy devices showed that they were being eclipsed by linear accelerators.^[22] Trump's innovations influenced this next generation of higher-voltage radiotherapy devices. Ed Ginzton, who built the first medical linear accelerator in 1956, assembled it inside the housing of Trump's 2-MeV model and borrowed its rotational setup.^[35] "Linacs"—which have greater beam stability, smaller forms, and substantially higher voltages than their predecessors—are now the most prevalent devices for deep tumor radiotherapy.^[19]

High Voltage Engineering Corporation

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In 1946, Trump approached MIT President Karl Compton about commercializing his 2-MeV generator for hospital use.^[30] Compton had championed the Van de Graaff generator's development since the 1930s and Trump's proposal aligned with his post-war ambitions.^[30] Compton had recently co-founded the American Research and Development Corporation (ARD), the first closed-end venture capital fund, focused on forming new American industries from high-tech research.^[36]^[37] ARD's leadership offered Trump $200,000 to start the High Voltage Engineering Corporation (HVE), and Compton provided an exclusive license to MIT's Van de Graaff patents.^[30] HVE would become the second start-up backed by ARD, and later its first successful investment.^[36]

HVE's original leadership consisted of Trump, Van de Graff, and Dennis Robinson, a British engineer Trump met through the Rad Lab whom he recruited as HVE's chief executive.^[38] Trump, who held a 13.3 percent stake in the firm, served as its founding chairman and technical director.^[18]^[38] Working out of a Cambridge parking garage, HVE initially built Trump's compact Van de Graaff for hospitals and manufacturers.^[18]^[37] Although the 2-MeV machines sold immediately, they faced competitive threats from other radiotherapy technologies like colbalt-60 machines.^[30]

Growing federal support for nuclear science enabled HVE to invest in a higher-margin product: research particle accelerators for university and government labs.^[30]^[39] Initially, its 2-MeV hospital accelerator found customers in nuclear science, and orders came from the Naval Research Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and European universities.^[30] In 1955, HVE was contracted to design a pioneering 5-MeV tandem accelerator for Chalk River Laboratories in Ottawa. The firm invested heavily in building higher-power tandem machines, and Trump and Van de Graaff supplied ideas for increasing their scale and voltage.^[40]^[41] HVE would manufacture a further 55 tandem accelerators for research labs around the world.^[42] The firm's largest and last successful model, the "MP" or "emperor tandem," debuted in 1963.^[42] HVE tandem accelerators were prized for their precision, maintainability, and easy-to-upgrade design.^[38]

In the scientific particle accelerators business, HVE had little competition, high net earnings, and a full book of orders through the late 1950s.^[38]^[39] Setting up a production plant in Burlington, Massachusetts, HVE grew to over 1,400 employees and built at least 500 generators across all models.^[41]^[43] By 1957, it had provided a ten-fold return to early investors.^[39] HVE was ARD's most successful investment for its first decade and effectively assured the fund's survival.^[39]^[36]

HVE remained profitable into the late 1960s, when federal funding for accelerator purchases fell.^[41]^[40] Thereafter, the company was beset with product development issues and competitive threats. Labs reported operational problems with HVE's emperor tandem and began eyeing competitors' models.^[40] The firm placed its bets on building Van de Graaff's enormous 20-MeV "transuranium accelerator," but the Atomic Energy Commission refused to fund its purchase.^[40] Van de Graaff died in 1967, leaving the firm without its famed scientist. HVE's MIT leadership began leaving active management, though Trump provided technical advice until 1978.^[40]^[41] After 1971, National Electrostatics Corporation, a competitor founded by Trump's longtime associate Ray Herb, booked all orders for tandem accelerators.^[42] Under new leadership, HVE sold its Burlington plant, divested from the accelerator business, and focused on its conglomerate businesses that manufactured smaller industrial products.^[40]^[41]

Holding HVE shares until his death, Trump made no personal fortune from the firm's years of profitability.^[38] Several years after Trump's death, HVE accepted a buyout from a South African private equity firm.^[41] Denis Robinson, its first chief executive, said the real estate Trump convinced HVE to buy on Massachusetts Route 128 would later sell at a value as high as many years of HVE's profits.^[9]^[18]

Wastewater experiments (1974–1985)

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In 1972, Congress passed new Clean Water Act standards for secondary treatment of wastewater discharged into oceans and waterways. New rules gave cities five years to make major upgrades to sewage treatment.^[44] Trump, who had longstanding interests in sterilization methods, initiated a new program at MIT concentrated on disinfecting wastewater. He researched using an electron beam from a 2-MeV accelerator as the deactivating agent in the treatment of municipal wastewater sludge.^[18] The High Voltage Research Laboratory developed a prototype system that was tested at Boston's Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant, and it was able to provide bacterial and viral disinfection via continuous on-line treatment.^[45]

Trump retired from his faculty appointment in 1973, but continued to running wastewater experiments and teaching MIT students as a senior lecturer.^[28] He directed the High Voltage Research Laboratory until stepping down in 1980.^[12] Trump remained engaged in wastewater research until the year of his death.^[18]

Trump died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on February 21, 1985.^[28]^[46]

Science education

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Trump became a trustee of the Boston Museum of Science in 1961.^[47] When the museum installed the original Van de Graff generator as a permanent exhibition, he designed electrostatic shielding that allowed live audience demonstrations.^[18] He became a life trustee of the museum.^[18]

Legacy

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Trump received the 1983 National Medal of Science in Engineering Sciences for his "introduction of new methods for the beneficial application of ionizing radiation in medicine, industry and atomic physics."^[48] The White House held a ceremony for the medalists on February 27, 1985, six days after Trump's death. His son, John Jr., accepted the medal from U.S. President Ronald Reagan.^[17]^[49] In a posthumous tribute, the National Academy of Engineering described John Trump as "a pioneer in the scientific, engineering and medical applications of high voltage machinery."^[17]

During his career, Trump tested dual uses of high-voltage radiation during war, worked on the development of military radar, and sold particle accelerators to military research labs. After his death, some collaborators maintained that Trump declined to pursue research in offensive weaponry. James Melcher, who succeeded Trump as HVEL director, said: "John, over a period of three decades, would be approached by people of all sorts because he could make megavolt beams of ions and electrons – death rays... What did he do with it? Cancer research, sterilizing sludge out in Deer Island, all sorts of wondrous things. He didn't touch the weapons stuff."^[50]^[51]

In addition to his cancer research, Trump made institutional contributions to the Lahey Clinic. While chair of its board, he advocated for the relocation of the cancer clinic to a new hospital campus in Burlington, Massachusetts. The radiation oncology building of the Lahey Hospital & Medical Center is named for Trump. In 2024, one of his scientific collaborators endowed a fund at Lahey for diagnostic radiation named for Trump.^[52]

Trump held his professorship for 37 years, appointed at age 27 and retiring at MIT's then-mandatory retirement age of 65. He remained on MIT's faculty as a senior lecturer for another twelve years. Although Donald Trump has frequently claimed his uncle was the longest serving professor in the history of MIT, this is not accurate.^[53] Julius Stratton, who joined MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering eight years before Trump, retired in 1966 after 38 years as an MIT professor.^[54] Nevertheless, Trump's young appointment as professor allowed him to serve nearly the maximum possible tenure under MIT's retirement policies. Congress prohibited mandatory faculty retirement in 1986, allowing later professors to serve longer careers.^[55]

Personal life

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John G. Trump was a member of the Trump family. He married Elora Sauerbrun (1913–1983), and they had three children: John Gordon Trump (1938–2012) of Watertown, Massachusetts; Christine Philp (1942–2021) of New London, New Hampshire; and Karen Ingraham of Los Alamos, New Mexico; and six grandchildren.^[28]^[56]

The Trumps lived in Winchester, Massachusetts and were members of the Winchester Unitarian Society.^[57]

Awards and honors

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Trump received a number of awards including:

1947: The King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (KMS), given by George VI^[28]
1948: The President's Certificate of Merit, presented by Harry S. Truman^[28]
1950: Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences^[58]
1960: The Lamme Medal, given by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers^[28]
1983: The National Medal of Science for Engineering Sciences^[59]^[28]

Selected publications

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Trump wrote approximately 100 peer-reviewed articles, published across journals in applied physics, nuclear science, radiology and medicine, scientific instruments, and environmental engineering.^[17]^[18]

Dissertation

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Trump, John G. (1933). Vacuum electrostatic engineering (Sc.D thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering. hdl:1721.1/32556.

Journal articles

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— —, Merrill, F.H.; Safford, F.J. (December 1938). "Van de Graaff generator for general laboratory use". Review of Scientific Instruments. 9 (12): 398–403. Bibcode:1938RScI....9..398T. doi:10.1063/1.1752376.
– – with Andrias, James (1941). "High-voltage D-C Flashover of Solid Insulators in Compressed Nitrogen". Electrical Engineering. 60 (11): 986–989. doi:10.1109/EE.1941.6434541.
– – (1947). "Electrostatic Sources of Electric Power". Electrical Engineering. 66 (6): 525–534. doi:10.1109/EE.1947.6443559.
– – with Van de Graaff, Robert J. (1947). "The Insulation of High Voltages in Vacuum". Journal of Applied Physics. 18 (3): 327–332. Bibcode:1947JAP....18..327T. doi:10.1063/1.1697654.
Schumb, Walter C.; Trump, John G.; Priest, Grace L. (1949). "Effect of High Voltage Electrical Discharges on Sulfur Hexafluoride". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (7): 1348–1349. doi:10.1021/ie50475a012.
— —, Wright, K.A.; Evans, W.W.; Anson, J.H.; Hare, H.F.; Fromer, J.L.; Jacque, G.; Horne, K.W. (1953). "High Energy Electrons for the Treatment of Extensive Superficial Malignant Lesions". American Journal of Roentgenology. 69 (4): 623–629. PMID 13030918.
Cloud, Robert W.; Beckman, Lars; Trump, John G. (1957). "Barium Absorption Pumps for High-Vacuum Systems". Review of Scientific Instruments. 28 (11): 889–892. Bibcode:1957RScI...28..889C. doi:10.1063/1.1715756.
Wright, Kenneth A.; Trump, John G. (1962). "Back-Scattering of Megavolt Electrons from Thick Targets". Journal of Applied Physics. 33 (2): 687–690. Bibcode:1962JAP....33..687W. doi:10.1063/1.1702488.
– – (1967). "New Developments in High Voltage Technology". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 14 (3): 113–121. Bibcode:1967ITNS...14..113T. doi:10.1109/TNS.1967.4324534.
Diessner, Armin; Trump, John G. (1970). "Free Conducting Particles in a Coaxial Compressed-Gas-Insulated System". Journal of Applied Physics. 89 (8): 1970–1978. Bibcode:1970ITPAS..89.1970D. doi:10.1109/TPAS.1970.292781.
— — (1978). "Disinfection of Municipal Sludge by High-Energy Electrons". Pollution Engineering. 10 (9): 49–51.
— — Merrill, E.W.; Wright, K.A. (1984). "Disinfection of Sewage Wastewater and Sludge by Electron Treatment". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 24 (1): 55–66. Bibcode:1984RaPC...24...55T. doi:10.1016/0146-5724(84)90007-4.

Reports

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Final Report on the MIT Project in High-Voltage Radiography (Report). Vol. 1–4. U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development. 1945. OSTI 4434017. OSRD 4488.
Five Years at the Radiation Laboratory (Report). Cambridge, MA: MIT Radiation Laboratory. 1946. OCLC 230425018. OSTI 4434017.
Trump, John G.; Wright, Kenneth A. (July 1953). Sterilization of Blood Plasma and Fractions with High Energy Electrons. Progress Report to National Institutes of Health (Report). U. S. Public Health Service.
High Voltage Laboratory Progress Report (1965), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
High Energy Electron Radiation of Wastewater Liquid Residuals: A Report to the National Science Foundation (PDF) (Report). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1977. OCLC 30710419 – via IAEA.

Essays

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—— (December 1947). "Roentgen Rays against Cancer". The Technology Review. Vol. 50, no. 12. pp. 91–95.
—— (1960). "Supervoltage Radiation Therapy in the Next Decade". Surgical Clinics of North America. 40 (3): 839–848. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)36109-6. PMID 13839571.
—— (1971). "Energized Electrons Tackle Municipal Sludge". American Scientist. Vol. 69, no. 3. pp. 276–284. JSTOR 27850426.

Manuscripts

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A War Diary, 1944-5 (1973)

Further reading

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– – Taylor, Lauriston S. (1978). Vignettes of Early Radiation Workers. MIT – via YouTube.
John G. Trump papers, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MC-0223
Papers of John George Trump, 1944–1945, Imperial War Museum, London, Documents.4461
– – (June 25, 1982). "John George Trump interview, 1982". Niels Bohr Library & Archive (Interview). Interviewed by Henriksen, Paul. American Institute of Physics. OCLC 881396249. 5062.

References

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^ Mertz, Richard R (1977). "Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973" (PDF). Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
^ Penfield, Paul, Jr. "Mr. Louis D. Smullin". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved April 4, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Sewage Problem Solved". Spokane Daily Chronicle. May 21, 1977. p. 2. Retrieved August 19, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
^ US 2123728 "High Energy Electron Treatment of Water" of Dr. John G. Trump, requested by High Voltage Engineering Corp
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Blair, Gwenda (2000). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. New York: Simon & Schuester. ISBN 9780743210799.
^ Blair, Gwenda (February 7, 2018). "Friedrich Trump Establishes a Dynasty". The Gotham Center for New York City History. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
^ "Vignettes of Early Radiation Workers". 1978. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
^ Polywog Yearbook Class of 1929. Brooklyn, New York: Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. 1929. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Thomas, William (October 19, 2018). "A profile of John Trump, Donald's oft-mentioned scientist uncle". Physics Today (10): 30972. Bibcode:2018PhT..2018j0972T. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4.20181019a. S2CID 240036168. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cantwell, J.G. (August 1961). "John G. Trump, 1960 Lamme Medalist". Electrical Engineering. 80 (8): 596–600. doi:10.1109/EE.1961.6433377. Retrieved March 19, 2025.
^ Alexander, Philip N. (2011). ""All knowledge his sphere": Karl Taylor Compton, 1887–1954". A Widening Sphere: Evolving Cultures at MIT. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 355–429. doi:10.7551/mitpress/8361.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-262-29540-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Wildes, Karl L.; Lindgren, Nilo A. (1985). "Chapter 10: The High-Voltage Research Laboratory: John G. Trump". A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-262-29103-3.
^ ^a ^b Furfari, F.A. (January 2005). "A history of the Van de Graaff generator". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine. 11 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1109/MIA.2005.1380320. Retrieved April 13, 2025.
^ "Man Hurls Bolts of 7,000,000 Volts". New York Times. November 29, 1933. Retrieved April 13, 2025.
^ Trump, John G. (1933). Vacuum electrostatic engineering (Sc.D thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/32556. OCLC 434565313.
^ ^a ^b Owens, Larry (1990). "MIT and the Federal "Angel": Academic R & D and Federal-Private Cooperation before World War II". ISIS. 81 (2): 188–213. doi:10.1086/355334. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Smullin, Louis (1989). "John George Trump". Memorial Tributes. Vol. 3. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/1384. ISBN 978-0-309-03939-0. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Robinson, Denis M. (1985). "John George Trump". Physics Today. 38 (9): 90–92. Bibcode:1985PhT....38i..90R. doi:10.1063/1.2814707.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schulz, Milford D (August 1975). "The Supervoltage Story". The American Journal of Roentgenology. 124 (4): 540–559. doi:10.2214/ajr.124.4.540. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Suit, Herman D; Loeffler, Jay S (2011). "Radiation Oncology and the MGH 1896–1945". Evolution of Radiation Oncology at Massachusetts General Hospital (PDF). Springer. pp. 13–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6744-2. ISBN 978-1-4419-6743-5. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
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^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964 Neal Elgar Miller
1980s	1986 Herbert A. Simon 1987 Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988 Milton Friedman
1990s	1990 Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991 George A. Miller 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson 1994 Robert K. Merton 1995 Roger N. Shepard 1996 Paul Samuelson 1997 William K. Estes 1998 William Julius Wilson 1999 Robert M. Solow
2000s	2000 Gary Becker 2003 R. Duncan Luce 2004 Kenneth Arrow 2005 Gordon H. Bower 2008 Michael I. Posner 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
2010s	2011 Anne Treisman 2014 Robert Axelrod 2015 Albert Bandura
2020s	2023 Huda Akil Shelley E. Taylor 2025 Larry Bartels

Biological sciences

1960s	1963 C. B. van Niel 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965 Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966 Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967 Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968 Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969 Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr
1970s	1970 Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973 Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 1974 Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975 Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville Alvin Vogel 1976 Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss
1980s	1981 Philip Handler 1982 Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983 Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986 Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987 Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989 Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood
1990s	1990 Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991 Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992 Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993 Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994 Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995 Alexander Rich 1996 Ruth Patrick 1997 James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998 Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999 David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis
2000s	2000 Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001 Francisco J. Ayala George F. Bass Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002 James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003 J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004 Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005 Anthony Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006 Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007 Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008 Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009 Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner
2010s	2010 Ralph L. Brinster Rudolf Jaenisch 2011 Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2012 May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts 2013 Rakesh K. Jain 2014 Stanley Falkow Mary-Claire King Simon Levin
2020s	2023 Gebisa Ejeta Eve Marder Gregory Petsko Sheldon Weinbaum 2025 Bonnie Bassler Angela Belcher Helen Blau Emery N. Brown G. David Tilman Teresa Woodruff

Chemistry

1960s	1964 Roger Adams
1980s	1982 F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983 Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986 Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987 William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988 William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989 Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell
1990s	1990 Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991 Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992 Howard E. Simmons Jr. 1993 Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994 George S. Hammond 1995 Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996 Norman Davidson 1997 Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998 John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999 Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon
2000s	2000 John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001 Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002 John I. Brauman 2004 Stephen J. Lippard 2005 Tobin J. Marks 2006 Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007 Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008 Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009 Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox
2010s	2010 Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011 Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2012 Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2013 Geraldine L. Richmond 2014 A. Paul Alivisatos 2025 R. Lawrence Edwards

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962 Theodore von Kármán 1963 Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964 Charles S. Draper Othmar H. Ammann 1965 Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966 Claude E. Shannon 1967 Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968 J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969 Jack St. Clair Kilby
1970s	1970 George E. Mueller 1973 Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974 Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975 Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976 Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979 Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo
1980s	1982 Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983 Bill Hewlett George Low John G. Trump 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Tung-Yen Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987 Robert Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988 Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989 Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier
1990s	1990 Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991 George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992 Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y. Cho 1994 Ray W. Clough 1995 Hermann A. Haus 1996 James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998 Eli Ruckenstein 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
2000s	2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001 Andreas Acrivos 2002 Leo Beranek 2003 John M. Prausnitz 2004 Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005 Jan D. Achenbach 2006 Robert S. Langer 2007 David J. Wineland 2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009 Amnon Yariv
2010s	2010 Shu Chien 2011 John B. Goodenough 2012 Thomas Kailath
2020s	2023 Subra Suresh 2025 John Dabiri

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963 Norbert Wiener 1964 Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965 Oscar Zariski 1966 John Milnor 1967 Paul Cohen 1968 Jerzy Neyman 1969 William Feller
1970s	1970 Richard Brauer 1973 John Tukey 1974 Kurt Gödel 1975 John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979 Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth
1980s	1982 Marshall H. Stone 1983 Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986 Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987 Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988 Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989 Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer
1990s	1990 George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991 Alberto Calderón 1992 Allen Newell 1993 Martin David Kruskal 1994 John Cocke 1995 Louis Nirenberg 1996 Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997 Shing-Tung Yau 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999 Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman
2000s	2000 John Griggs Thompson Karen Uhlenbeck 2001 Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002 James G. Glimm 2003 Carl R. de Boor 2004 Dennis P. Sullivan 2005 Bradley Efron 2006 Hyman Bass 2007 Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009 David B. Mumford
2010s	2010 Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011 Solomon W. Golomb Barry Mazur 2012 Alexandre Chorin David Blackwell 2013 Michael Artin
2020s	2025 Ingrid Daubechies Cynthia Dwork

Physical sciences

1960s	1963 Luis W. Alvarez 1964 Julian Schwinger Harold Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965 John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966 Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967 Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968 Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969 Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky
1970s	1970 Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973 Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975 Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976 Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979 Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf
1980s	1982 Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983 E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987 Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988 D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Jack Steinberger 1989 Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel
1990s	1990 Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991 Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993 Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994 Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995 Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996 Wallace S. Broecker 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998 Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999 James Cronin Leo Kadanoff
2000s	2000 Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001 Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002 Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003 G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004 Robert N. Clayton 2005 Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006 Daniel Kleppner 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008 Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009 Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington
2010s	2011 Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates 2012 Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson
2020s	2023 Barry Barish Myriam Sarachik 2025 Richard Alley Wendy Freedman Keivan Stassun

v t e Family of Donald Trump
Spouses	Ivana Trump (first wife) Marla Maples (second wife) Melania Trump (third wife)
Children	Donald Trump Jr. (son) Ivanka Trump (daughter) Eric Trump (son) Tiffany Trump (daughter) Barron Trump (son)
Grandchildren	Kai Trump (granddaughter)
Parents	Fred Trump (father) Mary Anne MacLeod Trump (mother)
Siblings	Maryanne Trump Barry (sister) Fred Trump Jr. (brother) Robert Trump (brother)
Grandparents	Frederick Trump (grandfather) Elizabeth Christ Trump (grandmother)
In-laws	Vanessa Trump (ex-daughter-in-law) Jared Kushner (son-in-law) Lara Trump (daughter-in-law) Michael Boulos (son-in-law) Amalija Knavs (mother-in-law) Blaine Trump (ex-sister-in-law)
Others	John G. Trump (uncle) Mary L. Trump (niece) Fred Trump III (nephew) John W. Walter (cousin)