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Kalpa (time)

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Kalpa (time)

A kalpa is a long period of time (aeon) in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology, generally between the creation and recreation of a world or universe.

Kalpa (Sanskrit: कल्प, lit.'a formation or creation') in this context, means "a long period of time (aeon) related to the lifetime of the universe (creation)." It is derived from कॢप् (kḷp) + -अ (-a, nominalizing suffix) (Sanskrit: कॢप्, romanizedkḷp, lit.'to create, prepare, form, produce, compose, invent').

In Hinduism, a kalpa is a unit of time equal to 4.32 billion years. It corresponds to one day in the life of Brahma, the creator god, and represents the active, creative phase of the cosmic cycle. Each kalpa is made up of 1,000 Yuga Cycles, vast ages that repeat in a set pattern.

A kalpa is further divided into 14 manvantaras. Each manvantara lasts for 71 Yuga Cycles, or 306.72 million years. Before the first manvantara and after each one are transitional periods known as sandhyas, each as long as a Satya Yuga—1.728 million years.

At the end of each kalpa, the universe enters a period of rest and dissolution called pralaya, or the night of Brahma. This night is equal in length to the day—another 4.32 billion years. Together, one day and night of Brahma make up a full cosmic day, totaling 8.64 billion years.

Expanding further, a month of Brahma contains 30 such day-and-night cycles, which adds up to 259.2 billion years. A year of Brahma consists of 12 months, or 360 days and nights, equaling 3.1104 trillion years. Brahma's full lifespan is 100 of these divine years—a span of 311.04 trillion years, known as a maha-kalpa.

According to the traditional time-keeping, 50 years of Brahma's life have already passed. We are currently living in the Shveta-Varaha Kalpa, which marks the first day of Brahma’s 51st year. At the conclusion of each kalpa, it is believed that the world is destroyed by fire, only to be recreated again when the next day of Brahma begins.

The definition of a kalpa equaling 4.32 billion years is found in the Puranas such as Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana.

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