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Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBTQ people
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning people (LGBTQ community) people wishing to have children may use assisted reproductive technology. In recent decades, developmental biologists have been researching and developing techniques to facilitate same-sex reproduction.
The obvious[clarification needed] approaches, subject to a growing amount of activity, are female sperm and male eggs. In 2004, by altering the function of a few genes involved with imprinting, other Japanese scientists combined two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice and in 2018 Chinese scientists created 29 female mice from two female mice mothers but were unable to produce viable offspring from two father mice. One of the possibilities is transforming skin stem cells into sperm and eggs.
Lack of access to assisted reproductive technologies is a form of healthcare inequality experienced by LGBT people.
LGBT women and trans men may choose to donate their eggs in order to reproduce by in-vitro fertilization. Trans men in particular may freeze their eggs before transitioning and choose to have a female surrogate carry their child while when the time comes, using their eggs and someone else's sperm. This allows them to avoid the potentially dysphoria-triggering experience of pregnancy, or cessation of HRT for collecting eggs at an older age.
Cryopreservation of oocytes (eggs) requires hormonal stimulation and oocyte retrieval, as for IVF treatment, after which the oocytes are vitrified. Vitrification of oocytes has been found to be more successful than slow freezing oocytes. The success of oocyte banking declines significantly with increasing reproductive age. Ovarian stimulation will increase transgender men's serum estradiol levels, and in response transvaginal ultrasound monitoring may be necessary, strategies to minimize estradiol elevations include the concomitant use of aromatase inhibitors during stimulation. There is no data on the success of ovarian stimulation in transgender men who previously had puberty halted with GnRH agonist, followed directly by testosterone administration. There is also no data comparing the number of oocytes retrieved or the live-birth rate after fertility preservation stratified by time off testosterone.
A surgical procedure is required to collect tissue samples, if undergoing a hysterectomy and/or ovariectomy, one can choose to cryopreserve some tissue at the same time to avoid an additional surgical procedure. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has been successful, but so far[as of?], there have been no pregnancies recorded after thawing and in-vitro maturation (IVM) of this tissue, successful pregnancies have only been recorded after auto-transplantation. This method has a very low success rate of blastocyst development as in one study of 83 transgender males, 2 out of the 208 mature oocytes were recovered from thawed ovarian tissue created "good-quality" blastocysts.
For the purposes of either in-vitro fertilization or artificial insemination, LGBT individuals may choose to preserve their eggs or sperm.
Trans women may have lower sperm quality before HRT, which may pose an issue for creating viable sperm samples to freeze.
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Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBTQ people
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning people (LGBTQ community) people wishing to have children may use assisted reproductive technology. In recent decades, developmental biologists have been researching and developing techniques to facilitate same-sex reproduction.
The obvious[clarification needed] approaches, subject to a growing amount of activity, are female sperm and male eggs. In 2004, by altering the function of a few genes involved with imprinting, other Japanese scientists combined two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice and in 2018 Chinese scientists created 29 female mice from two female mice mothers but were unable to produce viable offspring from two father mice. One of the possibilities is transforming skin stem cells into sperm and eggs.
Lack of access to assisted reproductive technologies is a form of healthcare inequality experienced by LGBT people.
LGBT women and trans men may choose to donate their eggs in order to reproduce by in-vitro fertilization. Trans men in particular may freeze their eggs before transitioning and choose to have a female surrogate carry their child while when the time comes, using their eggs and someone else's sperm. This allows them to avoid the potentially dysphoria-triggering experience of pregnancy, or cessation of HRT for collecting eggs at an older age.
Cryopreservation of oocytes (eggs) requires hormonal stimulation and oocyte retrieval, as for IVF treatment, after which the oocytes are vitrified. Vitrification of oocytes has been found to be more successful than slow freezing oocytes. The success of oocyte banking declines significantly with increasing reproductive age. Ovarian stimulation will increase transgender men's serum estradiol levels, and in response transvaginal ultrasound monitoring may be necessary, strategies to minimize estradiol elevations include the concomitant use of aromatase inhibitors during stimulation. There is no data on the success of ovarian stimulation in transgender men who previously had puberty halted with GnRH agonist, followed directly by testosterone administration. There is also no data comparing the number of oocytes retrieved or the live-birth rate after fertility preservation stratified by time off testosterone.
A surgical procedure is required to collect tissue samples, if undergoing a hysterectomy and/or ovariectomy, one can choose to cryopreserve some tissue at the same time to avoid an additional surgical procedure. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has been successful, but so far[as of?], there have been no pregnancies recorded after thawing and in-vitro maturation (IVM) of this tissue, successful pregnancies have only been recorded after auto-transplantation. This method has a very low success rate of blastocyst development as in one study of 83 transgender males, 2 out of the 208 mature oocytes were recovered from thawed ovarian tissue created "good-quality" blastocysts.
For the purposes of either in-vitro fertilization or artificial insemination, LGBT individuals may choose to preserve their eggs or sperm.
Trans women may have lower sperm quality before HRT, which may pose an issue for creating viable sperm samples to freeze.