Large-signal model

Large-signal modeling is a common analysis method used in electronic engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations. In circuits containing nonlinear elements such as transistors, diodes, and vacuum tubes, under "large signal conditions", AC signals have high enough magnitude that nonlinear effects must be considered.^[1]

"Large signal" is the opposite of "small signal". Small signal means that the circuit can be reduced to a linearized equivalent circuit around its operating point with sufficient accuracy.

A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point (bias) and linearizes all the components. Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point (gain, capacitance, etc.) doesn't change.

A large signal model, on the other hand, takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point, as well as that elements are non-linear and circuits can be limited by power supply values to avoid variation in operating point. A small signal model ignores simultaneous variations in the gain and supply values.

In the domain of artificial (machine) intelligence, Large Signal Models enable human-centric interactions and knowledge discovery of signal data similar to how prompts allow users to query an LLM based on unstructured text from the web. Users can ask general questions about relationships between the focus dataset and results from pre-compiled LSTM built on a signal dataset across a large range of domains. This is achieved by layering in latent pattern detection and knowledge graph-based (KG-based) explainability into an LSTM inference pipeline.

• Diode modelling
• Transistor models#Large-signal nonlinear models

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