Lying in wait

In criminal law, lying in wait refers to the act of hiding and waiting for an individual with the intent to kill or inflict serious bodily harm to that person.^[1] Because lying in wait involves premeditation, some jurisdictions have established that lying in wait is considered an aggravating circumstance that allows for the imposition of harsher criminal penalties.^[1]^[2]

History

Scholars have traced the origins of this doctrine as far back as 1389, when the English Parliament passed a law that denied the right of pardon to individuals who killed while lying in wait.^[3]^[4]

In the United States

In 1794, Pennsylvania passed a law that defined first degree murder as "[a]ll murder which shall be perpetrated ... by lying in wait".^[5]

In the United States of America, some states modeled their penal codes after the Pennsylvania law, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, only four states identified "lying in wait" as a "death qualifying act".^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b "Lying in wait" (PDF). Black's Law Dictionary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ See also H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (discussing application of special circumstances when criminal defendants lie in wait).
^ H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (citing 13 Rich. 2, c.l (1389)).
^ Pardon of Offences Act 1389, 13 Rich. II St. 2 c. 1
^ Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 641-42 n.8 (1991) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (discussing origins of doctrine).
^ H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (identifying California, Colorado, Indiana, and Montana).

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[:0-1] "Lying in wait" (PDF). Black's Law Dictionary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[2] See also H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (discussing application of special circumstances when criminal defendants lie in wait).

[3] H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (citing 13 Rich. 2, c.l (1389)).

[4] Pardon of Offences Act 1389, 13 Rich. II St. 2 c. 1

[5] Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 641-42 n.8 (1991) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (discussing origins of doctrine).

[6] H. Mitchell Caldwell, The Prostitution of Lying in Wait, 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 311, 313 (2003) (identifying California, Colorado, Indiana, and Montana).

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