Mária Telkes was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary). Information regarding her immediate family and early childhood is scarce, but it is known that she exhibited an early aptitude for science and mathematics.

Telkes pursued her higher education at the University of Budapest, focusing on physics. This was a significant step for a woman in science during this era.

Telkes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Budapest.

She continued her studies and earned a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the same university. Her doctoral research likely involved exploring the properties of materials, a foundation for her future work in solar energy storage.

Recognizing the limitations of scientific opportunities in post-war Hungary, Telkes immigrated to the United States. This move marked a pivotal moment in her career, opening doors to advanced research and innovation.