Mary's execution caused outrage among Catholics and some Protestant rulers, who saw it as an act of tyranny. Elizabeth I feigned grief and blamed her advisors for carrying out the execution without her explicit order.

Conflicting narratives about Mary emerged. Catholics portrayed her as a martyr for her faith, while Protestants often depicted her as a scheming and adulterous queen. Scottish historians grappled with the implications of her reign and its impact on the nation's identity.

The 19th century saw a romantic revival of interest in Mary, Queen of Scots. She was portrayed as a tragic heroine, a victim of circumstance and political intrigue. This romanticized view often downplayed her flaws and controversial actions.

More recent historical interpretations offer more nuanced perspectives on Mary's life and reign. Historians examine her actions within the context of 16th-century politics and religion, considering the challenges she faced and the constraints under which she operated. There is still much debate about her culpability in the death of Darnley and her overall competence as a ruler.

Mary, Queen of Scots, continues to be a popular subject in literature, film, and television. These cultural representations often explore different aspects of her life, from her political struggles to her personal relationships, and contribute to ongoing debates about her legacy.