Maryborough (/ˈmɛəribərə/) is a town in Victoria, Australia, on the Pyrenees Highway, 58 kilometres (36 mi) north of Ballarat and 168 kilometres (104 mi) northwest of Melbourne, in the Shire of Central Goldfields. At the 2021 census, the urban centre had a population of 7,769, while the larger Level 2 Statistical Area which includes the urban fringe, had a population of 8,160, both an increase of more than 3% since 2016.

The area was originally inhabited by the Dja Dja Wurrung people. The first Europeans to settle there were the Simson brothers, who established a sheep station, known as Charlotte Plains, in 1840. In 1854, gold was discovered at White Hill, four kilometres north of Maryborough, attracting a rush of prospectors to the area. At its peak, Maryborough reportedly had a population of up to 50,000. However, the late historian Betty Osborn, of Maryborough-Midlands Historical Society Inc., using a range of contemporary newspapers and government reports, placed the peak population at closer to 30,000.

The town site was surveyed in 1854, with a police camp, Methodist church, and hospital amongst the first infrastructure. The post office opened on 19 October 1854.

The settlement, originally known as Simsons, was renamed Maryborough by gold commissioner James Daly after his County Cork, Ireland birthplace, which still retains that name. One of Victoria's earliest newspapers, The Maryborough Advertiser, was established in 1854. Land sales commenced in 1856, and Maryborough became the area's administrative and commercial centre. It became a Municipal Borough in 1857.

The last gold mine in Maryborough closed in 1918. In 1924 the Maryborough Knitting Mills opened (closed 1996, demolished 2010), manufacturing whitewear (cotton underwear), gradually extending into a wider range of cotton, woollen and artificial fibre garments. The Borough of Maryborough became a City in 1961. In 1995 Maryborough became the administrative centre for the post-local government amalgamations Central Goldfields Shire of Victoria.

Maryborough enjoys a temperate climate with four distinct seasons and is typically dry and mild. The mean minimum January temperature 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) with the maximum a balmy 28.8 °C (83.8 °F). Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) are commonly recorded during the summer months. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) on 7 February 2009. The mean minimum temperature in July is 3.4 °C (38.1 °F), with and average maximum of 12.2 °C (54.0 °F). The lowest ever recorded minimum in the city was −4.6 °C (23.7 °F) on 21 July 1982. Although the city experiences little snow due to its low elevation, frosts are common during the colder winter months.

The city averages 528.1 millimetres (20.8 in) rainfall annually, with a slightly more rainfall falling in the second half of the year, generally only experienced in short bursts of showers, rather than extended periods of rainfall. The dryness of the area, due to poor topographical features places significant pressure on water reserves. Maryborough ended of one of the longest droughts on record during the 2010/2011 summer when it experience some of the highest rainfall on recorded which caused flooding throughout the local area. The city is currently on permanent water restrictions.

Maryborough has been in or around several bushfires, most notably a January 1985 one which killed three people and burned 180 homes.