- Wikipedia

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This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). For the Islamic view and perspective, see Muhammad in Islam. For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation).

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Muhammad
\u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f‎
$\"Inscription$ \"Muhammad, the Messenger of God\" inscribed on the gates of the Prophet's Mosque, Medina
Personal life
Born	c. 570 CE (53 BH)^[1] Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	(632-06-08)8 June 632 CE (11 AH; aged 61\u201362) Medina, State of Medina
Resting place	Green Dome at the Prophet's Mosque, Medina, Arabia 24\u00b028\u203203\u2033N 39\u00b036\u203241\u2033E / 24.46750\u00b0N 39.61139\u00b0E / 24.46750; 39.61139 (Green Dome)
Spouse	See wives of Muhammad
Children	See children of Muhammad
Parents	\n Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (father) \n Amina bint Wahb (mother) \n
Known for	Establishing Islam
Other names	Ras\u016bl All\u0101h (lit. 'Messenger of God') See names and titles of Muhammad
Relatives	Ahl al-Bayt (lit. 'People of the House') See family tree of Muhammad
Arabic name
Personal (Ism)	Mu\u1e25ammad \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f‎
Patronymic (Nasab)	Ibn \u02bfAbd All\u0101h ibn \u02bfAbd al-Mu\u1e6d\u1e6dalib ibn H\u0101shim ibn \u02bfAbd Man\u0101f ibn Qu\u1e63ayy ibn Kil\u0101b \u0671\u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0671\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0670\u0647 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0650\u0628 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0647\u064e\u0627\u0634\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f \u0645\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0642\u064f\u0635\u064e\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0652\u0646 \u0643\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0628‎
Teknonymic (Kunya)	Ab\u016b al-Q\u0101sim \u0623\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0633\u0650\u0645‎
Epithet (Laqab)	Kh\u0101tam al-Nabiyy\u012bn \u062e\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064e\u0645 \u0671\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646‎ lit. 'Seal of the Prophets'
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Muhammad
Part of a series on
\n Life \n Mecca \n Hijrah \n Medina \n After Conquest of Mecca \n Farewell Pilgrimage (Farewell Sermon) \n Hadith \n Milestones and records
\n Career \n Military \n Diplomatic
\n Miracles \n Quran (First revelation) \n Isra and Mi'raj \n Splitting of the Moon
\n Views \n Jews \n Christians
\n Perspectives \n Islam \n Bible \n Judaism \n Medieval Christian \n Historicity \n Criticism
\n Succession \n Saqifah \n Ghadir Khumm \n Companions of Muhammad \n Hadith of the pen and paper \n Ahl al-Bayt
\n Praise \n Salawat \n Naat \n Mawlid
\n Related \n Al-Masjid an-Nabawi \n Possessions \n Relics \n Seal \n History of Islam
\n $\"\"$ Islam portal \n $\"\"$ Biography portal
v t e

Muhammad^[a] (c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE)^[b] was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam.^[c] According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets in Islam, and along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief.\n

Muhammad was born c. 570 CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, c. 610, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613,^[2] Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,^[3] proclaiming that 'God is One', that complete 'submission' (Isl\u0101m) to God (All\u0101h) is the right way of life (d\u012bn),^[4] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.^[5]\n

Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced persecution by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.\n

The revelations (wa\u1e25y) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses (\u0101yah) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as hadith, and in his biography (s\u012brah), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Apart from Islam, Muhammad is regarded as one of the prophets in the Druze faith and a Manifestation of God in the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith.\n

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Timeline of Muhammad's life\n
Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad\n
Date\n	Age\n	Event\n
c. 570\n	\u2013\n	Death of his father, Abdullah\n
c. 570\n	0\n	Possible date of birth: 12 or 17 Rabi al Awal: in Mecca, Arabia\n
c. 577\n	6\n	Death of his mother, Amina\n
c. 583\n	12\u201313\n	His grandfather transfers him to Syria\n
c. 595\n	24\u201325\n	Meets and marries Khadijah\n
c. 599\n	28\u201329\n	Birth of Zainab, his first daughter, followed by: Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatima Zahra\n
610\n	40\n	Qur'anic revelation begins in the Cave of Hira on the Jabal an-Nour, the \"Mountain of Light\" near Mecca. At age 40, Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) was said to appear to Muhammad on the mountain and call him \"the Prophet of Allah\"\n
Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca\n
c. 613\n	43\n	Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans\n
c. 614\n	43\u201344\n	Heavy persecution of Muslims begins\n
c. 615\n	44\u201345\n	Emigration of a group of Muslims to Ethiopia\n
c. 616\n	45\u201346\n	Banu Hashim clan boycott begins\n
619\n	49\n	Banu Hashim clan boycott ends\n
The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die\n
c. 620\n	49\u201350\n	Isra and Mi'raj (reported ascension to heaven to meet God)\n
622\n	51\u201352\n	Hijra, emigration to Medina (called Yathrib)\n
624\n	53\u201354\n	Battle of Badr\n
625\n	54\u201355\n	Battle of Uhud\n
627\n	56\u201357\n	Battle of the Trench (also known as the siege of Medina)\n
628\n	57\u201358\n	The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah\n
630\n	59\u201360\n	Conquest of Mecca\n
632\n	61\u201362\n	Farewell pilgrimage, event of Ghadir Khumm, and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia\n
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Biographical sources

Quran

Early biographies

Hadith

Meccan years

Early life

Beginnings of the Quran

Opposition in Mecca

Quraysh delegation to Yathrib

Migration to Abyssinia and the incident of Satanic Verses

Attempt to establish himself in Ta'if

Isra' and Mi'raj

Migration to Medina

Medinan years

Building the religious community in Medina

Constitution of Medina

Beginning of armed conflict

Conflicts with Jewish tribes

Meccan retaliation

Raid on the Banu Mustaliq

Battle of the Trench

Invasion of the Banu Qurayza

Incidents with the Banu Fazara

Treaty of Hudaybiyya

Invasion of Khaybar

Final years

Conquest of Mecca

Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk

Farewell pilgrimage

Death

Tomb

Succession

Household

Legacy

Islamic tradition

Appearance and depictions

Islamic social reforms

European appreciation

Criticism

Sufism

Other religions

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Encyclopaedia of Islam

External links

Muhammad

Talks

Timelines