A deprivation index or poverty index (or index of deprivation or index of poverty) is a data set used to measure relative deprivation (a measure of poverty) of small areas. Such indices are used in spatial epidemiology to identify socio-economic confounding.

In 1983, Brian Jarman published the Jarman Index, also known as the Underprivileged Area Score, to identify underprivileged areas. Since then, many other indices have been developed.

"Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2018.

Statistics Canada publishes the Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation.

China's county-level area deprivation index (CADI)

The European Deprivation Index was published by Launoy et al in 2018 with a goal of addressing social inequalities in health.

The Laeken indicators is a set of common European statistical indicators on poverty and social exclusion, established at the European Council of December 2001 in the Brussels quarter of Laeken, Belgium. They were developed as part of the Lisbon Strategy, of the previous year, which envisioned the coordination of European social policies at country level based on a set of common goals.

Laeken indicators include the following.