- Wikipedia

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\"Napoleon Bonaparte\" redirects here. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

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Napoleon
$\"Portrait$ The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812
Emperor of the French
1st reign	18 May 1804 \u2013 6 April 1814
Successor	Louis XVIII^[a]
2nd reign	20 March – 22 June 1815
Successor	Louis XVIII^[a]\n

First Consul of the French Republic
In office 13 December 1799 \u2013 18 May 1804
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Born	Napoleone Buonaparte (1769-08-15)15 August 1769 Ajaccio, Corsica, France
Died	5 May 1821(1821-05-05) (aged 51) Longwood, Saint Helena
Burial	15 December 1840 Les Invalides, Paris
Spouses	\n \n Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais \n (m. 1796; ann. 1810) \n \n Marie Louise of Austria \n (m. 1810; sep. 1814) \n
Issue more\u2026	Napoleon II
Signature	$\"Napoleon's$

Battles of Napoleon

$\"Map\"$

$\"About$

$\"Maps:$

$\"\"$

\n1000km
620miles

\nRochefort

$\"Surrender$

\nWaterloo

$\"Battle$

\nElba

$\"Exile$

\nDizier

$\"Battle$

\nLeipzig

$\"Battle$

\nBerezina

$\"Battle$

\nBorodino

$\"Battle$

\nWagram

$\"Battle$

\nSomosierra

$\"Battle$

\nFriedland

$\"Battle$

\nJena

$\"Battle$

\nAusterlitz

$\"Battle$

\nMarengo

$\"Battle$

\nCairo

$\"Revolt$

\nMalta

$\"French$

\nArcole

$\"Battle$

\nParis

$\"13$

\nToulon

$\"Siege$

\u2002\u2002

Rescale the fullscreen map to see Saint Helena.

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone Buonaparte;^[1]^[c] 15 August 1769 \u2013 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He led the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then ruled the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815.\n

Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the French Royal Army in 1785. He supported the French Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the siege of Toulon in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris on 13 Vend\u00e9miaire in 1795. In 1796, Napoleon commanded a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies in the War of the First Coalition, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. He led an invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798 which served as a springboard to political power. In November 1799, Napoleon engineered the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, and became First Consul of the Republic. He won the Battle of Marengo in 1800, which secured France's victory in the War of the Second Coalition, and in 1803 sold the territory of Louisiana to the United States. In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French, further expanding his power.\n

The breakdown of the Treaty of Amiens led to the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered the coalition with a decisive victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena\u2013Auerstedt in 1806, marched his Grande Arm\u00e9e into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. Seeking to extend his trade embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and installed his brother Joseph as King of Spain in 1808, provoking the Peninsular War. In 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the War of the Fifth Coalition, in which Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after winning the Battle of Wagram. In summer 1812, he launched an invasion of Russia, briefly occupying Moscow before conducting a catastrophic retreat of his army that winter. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russia in the War of the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. They exiled him to the Mediterranean island of Elba and restored the Bourbons to power. Ten months later, Napoleon escaped from Elba on a brig, landed in France with a thousand men, and marched on Paris, again taking control of the country. His opponents responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51.\n

Napoleon is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history and Napoleonic tactics are still studied at military schools worldwide. His legacy endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Europe, embodied in the Napoleonic Code. He established a system of public education,^[2] abolished the vestiges of feudalism,^[3] emancipated Jews and other religious minorities,^[4] abolished the Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the principle of equality before the law for an emerging middle class,^[6] and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities.^[7] His conquests acted as a catalyst for political change and the development of nation states. However, he is controversial due to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his looting of conquered territories, and his mixed record on civil rights. He abolished the free press, ended directly elected representative government, exiled and jailed critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for Haiti, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, reduced the civil rights of women and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobility,^[8]^[9]^[10] and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule.^[11]\n

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Custody of Napoleon Buonaparte Act 1816
Act of Parliament
$\"\"$ Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act for the more effectually detaining in Custody Napoleon Buonapart\u00e9.
Citation	56 Geo. 3. c. 22
Dates
Royal assent	11 April 1816
Commencement	11 April 1816
Repealed	5 August 1873
Other legislation
Repealed by	Statute Law Revision Act 1873
Status: Repealed

Political offices\n
Preceded by French Directory \n	First Consul of the French Republic^[493] 13 December 1799 \u2013 18 May 1804 with Jean-Jacques-R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s and Charles-Fran\u00e7ois Lebrun\n	Succeeded by Himself as Emperor \n
Preceded by Cisalpine Directory \n	President of the Italian Republic^[494] 26 January 1802 \u2013 18 May 1805 with Francesco Melzi d'Eril as Vicepresident\n	Succeeded by Himself as King \n
Preceded by Helvetic Assembly \n	Mediator of the Swiss Confederation^[495] 19 February 1803 \u2013 29 December 1813\n	Succeeded by Swiss Restoration \n
Preceded by Himself as First Consul Louis XVIII as King of France \n	Emperor of the French^[496] as Napoleon I 18 May 1804 \u2013 6 April 1814 20 March \u2013 22 June 1815\n	Succeeded by Louis XVIII as King of France \n
Preceded by Himself as President \n	King of Italy^[497] 17 March 1805 \u2013 6 April 1814 with Eug\u00e8ne de Beauharnais as Viceroy\n	Vacant Title next held by Victor Emmanuel II in 1861 \n
Preceded by Francis II (Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire) \n	Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine^[498]^[499] 12 July 1806 \u2013 4 November 1813 with Karl von Dalberg as Prince-primate\n	Succeeded by Francis II (I) (Head of the German Confederation) \n
Preceded by Himself as Emperor \n	Prince of Elba^[500] 11 April 1814 \u2013 26 February 1815\n	Succeeded by Himself as Emperor \n

v t e Napoleon
\n Napoleonic era\n timeline \n First French Empire \n
Family	\n Wives: Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais \n Marie Louise \n Children: Charles L\u00e9on \n Alexandre Walewski \n Napoleon II \n Father: Carlo Maria Buonaparte \n Mother: Letizia Ramolino \n Brothers: Joseph Bonaparte \n Lucien Bonaparte \n Louis Bonaparte \n J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte \n Sisters: Caroline Bonaparte \n Pauline Bonaparte \n Elisa Bonaparte \n
Life and career	\n Stay in Auxonne [fr] \n Coup of 18 Brumaire \n Consulate \n Assassination attempts \n Le souper de Beaucaire \n Constitutions\n 1799 \n 1802 \n 1804 \n 1815 \n Napoleonic Wars \n Coronation \n Sale of Louisiana \n Planned invasion of the United Kingdom \n Holland \n Mesures usuelles \n Looting of art \n Tactics \n Weaponry and warfare \n 1st abdication\n 1st exile \n Route Napol\u00e9on \n 2nd abdication\n 2nd exile \n Death [fr]\n mask \n
Battles and wars	\n French Revolutionary Wars \n Siege of Toulon \n French Revolution \n 13 Vend\u00e9miaire \n Battle of Lodi \n Battle of Bassano \n Battle of Rivoli \n French campaign in Egypt and Syria \n Battle of the Pyramids \n Siege of Jaffa \n Battle of Marengo \n War of the Third Coalition \n Battle of Austerlitz \n War of the Fourth Coalition \n Battle of Eylau \n War of the Fifth Coalition \n Battle of Eckm\u00fchl \n French invasion of Russia \n Battle of Borodino \n War of the Sixth Coalition \n Battle of Leipzig \n Battle of Vauchamps \n Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube \n Hundred Days \n Battle of Ligny \n Battle of Waterloo \n
Views	\n Catholic Church\n Concordat of 1801 \n Tiara \n Jewish people\n Grand Sanhedrin \n Infamous Decree \n Protestants\n Organic Articles \n Slavery\n Law of 20 May 1802 \n Saint-Domingue expedition \n Women [fr] \n
Homes and honours	\n Arc de Triomphe \n Column of the Grande Arm\u00e9e \n Equestrian statue \n Palace of Fontainebleau \n Les Invalides \n Longwood House \n Maison Bonaparte \n Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker\n Milan \n Rue de la Victoire \n Warsaw monument \n
Legacy and memory	\n Bank of France \n Bonapartism \n Cultural depictions\n Napoleon complex \n \"China is a sleeping giant\" quote \n German Romanticism \n Napoleonic Code \n Propaganda \n Tomb\n Retour des cendres \n Penis \n Studies \n Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) \n
$\"\"$ Category / $\"\"$ Commons

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Russia Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Belgium
Academics	CiNii ORCID zbMATH
Artists	ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID
People	Netherlands 2 Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef Lexicon Istoric Retic Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC 2 Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM

Early life

Early career

Return to Corsica

Siege of Toulon

13 Vend\u00e9miaire

First Italian campaign

Egyptian expedition

Ruler of France

18 Brumaire

French Consulate

Temporary peace in Europe

French Empire

Bonaparte becomes Napoleon I

War of the Third Coalition

Middle-Eastern alliances

War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit

Peninsular War and Erfurt

War of the Fifth Coalition

Consolidation of the Empire

Invasion of Russia

War of the Sixth Coalition

Exile to Elba

Hundred Days

Exile on Saint Helena

Death

Religion

Religious beliefs

Concordat

Arrest of Pope Pius VII

Religious emancipation

Personality

Appearance and image

Reforms

Administration

Napoleonic Code

Warfare

Education

Nobility and honours

Memory and evaluation

Criticism

Propaganda and memory

Long-term influence outside France

Children

Titles

Arms

Notes

References

Works cited

Biographical studies

Historiography and memory

Specialty studies

Further reading

External links

Napoleon

Talks

11 April, 1814