S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia" (Russian: Ракетно-космическая корпорация «Энергия» им. С. П. Королёва, romanized: Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya «Energiya» imeni S. P. Korolyova), commonly known as RSC Energia, is a Russian aerospace manufacturer and spacecraft design bureau. Headquartered in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, the company is the principal contractor for Russia's human spaceflight program, producing crewed and cargo spacecraft, space station modules, and satellite platforms.

Founded in 1946 as OKB-1 under Sergei Korolev, the group was responsible for pioneering achievements in the Soviet and Russian space programs, including the launch of the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 and the first human spaceflight, Vostok 1. Over subsequent decades it developed the Soyuz spacecraft, the Progress cargo vehicle, the Energia heavy-lift launch system, and modules for the Salyut, Mir, and the International Space Station (ISS).

In the post-Soviet period the company was reorganized as RSC Energia in 1994, continuing its role as the lead contractor for Russia's crewed spaceflight activities. By the 2020s, however, the company faced mounting financial and organizational problems, culminating in 2025 when internal communications revealed severe debt, declining morale, and warnings of possible bankruptcy.

The company traces its origins to August 1946, when the Soviet government established Experimental Design Bureau-1 (OKB-1) in today's Korolyov, what was then calledKorolyov, Moscow Oblast| Kaliningrad, under the leadership of Sergei Korolev to develop long-range ballistic missiles. Korolev's team initially adapted German V-2 rocket technology into the R-1 and subsequently developed the R-7 Semyorka, the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.

The R-7 became the basis for the Soviet space program. On 4 October 1957, OKB-1 launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, followed in April 1961 by Vostok 1, carrying Yuri Gagarin, the first human in space.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the bureau designed the Voskhod and Soyuz spacecraft, interplanetary probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and the first Soviet space stations. The Salyut programme pioneered long-duration missions, while OKB-1 developed modules, life-support systems, and docking technology.

In 1974, the bureau was reorganized as the NPO Energia design bureau, named for both its heavy-lift rocket project and its growing role in crewed spaceflight. It was a key contractor for Mir, the first modular space station, launched in 1986.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the enterprise was reorganized as the Rocket and Space Corporation Energia in 1994. Despite budget cuts in the 1990s, it remained central to Russia's human spaceflight program. Energia managed the production of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, which became essential for sustaining crews aboard the International Space Station.