- Wikipedia

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\"Feynman\" redirects here. For other uses, see Feynman (disambiguation).

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Richard Feynman
$\"Feynman,$ Feynman c. 1965
Born	Richard Phillips Feynman (1918-05-11)May 11, 1918 New York City, U.S.
Died	February 15, 1988(1988-02-15) (aged 69) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place	Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum
Education	\n Massachusetts Institute of Technology (SB) \n Princeton University (PhD) \n
Known for	\n \n Manhattan Project Acoustic wave equation Bethe\u2013Feynman formula Feynman checkerboard Feynman diagrams Feynman gauge Feynman\u2013Kac formula Feynman parametrization Feynman point Feynman propagator Feynman slash notation Feynman sprinkler Hellmann\u2013Feynman theorem Heaviside-Feynman formula V\u2212A theory Brownian ratchet Feynman\u2013Stueckelberg interpretation Nanotechnology One-electron universe Parton Path integral formulation Playing the bongos Quantum cellular automata Quantum computing Quantum dissipation Quantum electrodynamics Quantum hydrodynamics Quantum logic gates Quantum turbulence Resummation Rogers Commission Shaft passer Sticky bead argument Synthetic molecular motor The Feynman Lectures on Physics Universal quantum simulator Vortex ring model Wheeler\u2013Feynman absorber theory Variational perturbation theory \n \n
Spouses	\n \n Arline Greenbaum \n (m. 1942; died 1945) \n \n Mary Louise Bell \n (m. 1952; div. 1958) \n \n Gweneth Howarth (m. 1960) \n
Children	2
Relatives	\n Joan Feynman (sister) \n Charles Hirshberg (nephew) \n
Awards	\n Albert Einstein Award (1954) \n E. O. Lawrence Award (1962) \n Nobel Prize in Physics (1965) \n Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1965) \n Oersted Medal (1972) \n National Medal of Science (1979) \n
Scientific career
Fields	Theoretical physics
Institutions	\n Cornell University \n California Institute of Technology \n
Thesis	The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics (1942)
Doctoral advisor	John Archibald Wheeler
Doctoral students	\n James M. Bardeen \n Laurie Mark Brown \n Michael Cohen \n Thomas Curtright \n Albert Hibbs \n Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz \n George Zweig \n
Other notable students	\n Robert Barro \n Douglas D. Osheroff \n Paul J. Steinhardt \n Stephen Wolfram \n
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Signature

Richard Phillips Feynman (/\u02c8fa\u026anm\u0259n/; May 11, 1918 \u2013 February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and in particle physics, for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichir\u014d Tomonaga.\n

Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, he was ranked the seventh-greatest physicist of all time.^[1]\n

He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to the wider public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with having pioneered the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.\n

Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think?, and books written about him such as Tuva or Bust! by Ralph Leighton and the biography Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.\n

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v t e Richard Feynman
Career	\n Feynman diagram \n Feynman\u2013Kac formula \n Wheeler\u2013Feynman absorber theory \n Bethe\u2013Feynman formula \n Hellmann\u2013Feynman theorem \n Feynman slash notation \n Feynman parametrization \n Path integral formulation \n Parton model \n Sticky bead argument \n One-electron universe \n Quantum cellular automaton \n Rogers Commission Report \n Feynman checkerboard \n Feynman sprinkler \n
Works	\n \"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom\" (1959) \n The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1964) \n The Character of Physical Law (1965) \n QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (1985) \n Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! (1985) \n What Do You Care What Other People Think? (1988) \n Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun (1997) \n The Meaning of It All (1999) \n The Pleasure of Finding Things Out (1999) \n Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track (2005) \n
Family	\n Joan Feynman (sister) \n Charles Hirshberg (nephew) \n
Related	\n Namesakes \n Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science \n Tuva or Bust! \n Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology \n Infinity (1996 film) \n QED (2001 play) \n The Challenger Disaster (2013 film) \n

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901\u20131925	\n 1901: R\u00f6ntgen \n 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman \n 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie \n 1904: Rayleigh \n 1905: Lenard \n 1906: J. J. Thomson \n 1907: Michelson \n 1908: Lippmann \n 1909: Marconi / Braun \n 1910: Van der Waals \n 1911: Wien \n 1912: Dal\u00e9n \n 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes \n 1914: Laue \n 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg \n 1916 \n 1917: Barkla \n 1918: Planck \n 1919: Stark \n 1920: Guillaume \n 1921: Einstein \n 1922: N. Bohr \n 1923: Millikan \n 1924: M. Siegbahn \n 1925: Franck / Hertz \n	$\"\"$
1926\u20131950	\n 1926: Perrin \n 1927: Compton / C. Wilson \n 1928: O. Richardson \n 1929: De Broglie \n 1930: Raman \n 1931 \n 1932: Heisenberg \n 1933: Schr\u00f6dinger / Dirac \n 1934 \n 1935: Chadwick \n 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson \n 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson \n 1938: Fermi \n 1939: Lawrence \n 1940 \n 1941 \n 1942 \n 1943: Stern \n 1944: Rabi \n 1945: Pauli \n 1946: Bridgman \n 1947: Appleton \n 1948: Blackett \n 1949: Yukawa \n 1950: Powell \n
1951\u20131975	\n 1951: Cockcroft / Walton \n 1952: Bloch / Purcell \n 1953: Zernike \n 1954: Born / Bothe \n 1955: Lamb / Kusch \n 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain \n 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee \n 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm \n 1959: Segr\u00e8 / Chamberlain \n 1960: Glaser \n 1961: Hofstadter / M\u00f6ssbauer \n 1962: Landau \n 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen \n 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov \n 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman \n 1966: Kastler \n 1967: Bethe \n 1968: Alvarez \n 1969: Gell-Mann \n 1970: Alfv\u00e9n / N\u00e9el \n 1971: Gabor \n 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer \n 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson \n 1974: Ryle / Hewish \n 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater \n
1976\u20132000	\n 1976: Richter / Ting \n 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck \n 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson \n 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg \n 1980: Cronin / Fitch \n 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn \n 1982: K. Wilson \n 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler \n 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer \n 1985: von Klitzing \n 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer \n 1987: Bednorz / M\u00fcller \n 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger \n 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul \n 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor \n 1991: de Gennes \n 1992: Charpak \n 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor \n 1994: Brockhouse / Shull \n 1995: Perl / Reines \n 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson \n 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips \n 1998: Laughlin / St\u00f6rmer / Tsui \n 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman \n 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby \n
2001\u2013 present	\n 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman \n 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi \n 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett \n 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek \n 2005: Glauber / Hall / H\u00e4nsch \n 2006: Mather / Smoot \n 2007: Fert / Gr\u00fcnberg \n 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa \n 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith \n 2010: Geim / Novoselov \n 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess \n 2012: Wineland / Haroche \n 2013: Englert / Higgs \n 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura \n 2015: Kajita / McDonald \n 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz \n 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne \n 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland \n 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz \n 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez \n 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe \n 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger \n 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier \n 2024: Hopfield / Hinton \n

v t e 1965 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	\n Robert Burns Woodward (United States) \n
Literature (1965)	\n Mikhail Sholokhov (Soviet Union) \n
Peace (1965)	\n UNICEF (United States) \n
Physics	\n Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (Japan) \n Julian Schwinger (United States) \n Richard Feynman (United States) \n
Physiology or Medicine	\n Fran\u00e7ois Jacob (France) \n Andr\u00e9 Michel Lwoff (France) \n Jacques Monod (France) \n
\n Nobel Prize recipients \n 1960 \n 1961 \n 1962 \n 1963 \n 1964 \n 1965 \n 1966 \n 1967 \n 1968 \n 1969 \n 1970 \n

v t e Manhattan Project
Timeline
Sites	\n Ames \n Berkeley \n Chicago (Site A) \n Dayton \n Hanford \n Inyokern \n Los Alamos \n Montreal \n New York \n Oak Ridge \n Salt Wells Pilot Plant \n Trinity \n Wendover \n Heavy water sites \n
Administrators	\n Vannevar Bush \n Arthur Compton \n James B. Conant \n Priscilla Duffield \n Thomas Farrell \n Leslie Groves \n John Lansdale \n Ernest Lawrence \n James Marshall \n Franklin Matthias \n Dorothy McKibbin \n Kenneth Nichols \n Robert Oppenheimer \n Deak Parsons \n Boris Pash \n William Purnell \n Frank Spedding \n Charles Thomas \n Paul Tibbets \n Bud Uanna \n Harold Urey \n Stafford Warren \n Ed Westcott \n Roscoe Wilson \n
Scientists	\n Luis Alvarez \n Robert Bacher \n Hans Bethe \n Aage Bohr \n Niels Bohr \n Norris Bradbury \n James Chadwick \n John Cockcroft \n Charles Critchfield \n Harry Daghlian \n John R. Dunning \n Enrico Fermi \n Richard Feynman \n Val Fitch \n James Franck \n Klaus Fuchs \n Maria Goeppert Mayer \n George Kistiakowsky \n George Koval \n Willard Libby \n Edwin McMillan \n Mark Oliphant \n George B. Pegram \n Norman Ramsey Jr. \n Isidor Isaac Rabi \n James Rainwater \n Bruno Rossi \n Glenn Seaborg \n Emilio Segr\u00e8 \n Louis Slotin \n Henry DeWolf Smyth \n Leo Szilard \n Edward Teller \n Stanis\u0142aw Ulam \n John von Neumann \n John Wheeler \n Eugene Wigner \n Robert Wilson \n Leona Woods \n Chien-Shiung Wu \n
Operations	\n Alsos Mission \n Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki \n Operation Crossroads \n Operation Peppermint \n Project Alberta \n Silverplate \n 509th Composite Group \n Enola Gay \n Bockscar \n The Great Artiste \n
Weapons	\n Fat Man \n Little Boy \n Pumpkin bomb \n Thin Man \n
Related topics	\n African Americans \n Atomic Energy Act of 1946 \n Bismuth phosphate process \n British contribution \n Calutron Girls \n Chicago Pile-1 \n Demon core \n Einstein\u2013Szilard letter \n Franck Report \n Interim Committee \n K-25 Project \n Los Alamos Primer \n Nobel Prize laureates \n Oppenheimer security hearing \n Plutonium \n Quebec Agreement \n RaLa Experiment \n S-1 Executive Committee \n S-50 Project \n Smyth Report \n Uranium \n X-10 Graphite Reactor \n Y-12 Project \n
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Early life

Religion

Education

Manhattan Project

Post Trinity and Cornell (1945-1949)

Brazil (1949\u20131952)

Caltech and later years (1952\u20131978)

Personal and political life

Allegations of sexism

Feynman diagram van

Physics

Machine technology

Pedagogy

Case before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

Challenger disaster

Recognition and awards

Death

Popular legacy

Works

Selected scientific works

Textbooks and lecture notes

Popular works

Audio and video recordings

References

Sources

Further reading

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Richard Feynman

Talks

8 August, 1958