- Wikipedia

{"parse":{"title":"Richard Nixon","pageid":25473,"text":{"*":"

\"Nixon\" redirects here. For other uses, see Nixon (disambiguation) and Richard Nixon (disambiguation).

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Richard Nixon
$\"Richard$ Official portrait, 1972

37th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1969 \u2013 August 9, 1974
Vice President	\n Spiro Agnew (1969\u20131973) \n None (Oct\u2013Dec 1973) \n Gerald Ford (1973\u20131974) \n
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Gerald Ford
36th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 \u2013 January 20, 1961
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator from California
In office December 1, 1950 \u2013 January 1, 1953
Preceded by	Sheridan Downey
Succeeded by	Thomas Kuchel
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 12th district
In office January 3, 1947 \u2013 November 30, 1950
Preceded by	Jerry Voorhis
Succeeded by	Patrick J. Hillings
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Personal details
Born	Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-01-09)January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
Died	April 22, 1994(1994-04-22) (aged 81) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Political party	Republican
Spouse	\n Pat Ryan \n (m. 1940; died 1993)
Children	\n Tricia \n Julie \n
Parents	Francis A. Nixon Hannah Milhous
Education	\n Whittier College (BA) \n Duke University (JD) \n
Occupation	\n Author \n lawyer \n politician \n
Signature	$\"Cursive$
Military service
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	\n 1942\u20131946 (active) \n 1946\u20131966 (inactive) \n
Rank	Commander
Battles/wars	\n World War II\n Pacific War \n
Awards	\n Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal \n American Campaign Medal \n Asiatic\u2013Pacific Campaign Medal \n World War II Victory Medal \n Armed Forces Reserve Medal \n
\n \n \n Richard Nixon's voice \n \n Nixon speaks on peace in Vietnam Recorded November 3, 1969 \n

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Pre-vice presidency

House of Representatives\n
- 1946 election
Senate\n
- 1950 election
Checkers speech

36th Vice President of the United States

Post-vice presidency

1962 California gubernatorial bid\n
- \"Last press conference\"

37th President of the United States

Presidency\n
- Timeline
Transition
Inaugurations\n
- first
- second

Judicial appointments

Policies

Economic\n
- Nixon shock
Foreign\n
Environmental\n
- EPA
- Clean Water
- NOAA
- Legacy of Parks
Cannabis\n
- war on drugs
Native American

First term

Second term

Impeachment process

Post-presidency

Presidential campaigns

1960\n
- election
- primaries
- convention
- debates
1968\n
- election
- primaries
- convention
- \"Bring Us Together\"
1972\n
- election
- primaries
- convention

Vice presidential campaigns

1952\n
- selection
- convention
- election
1956\n
- convention
- election

\n $\"Seal$

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and as the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.\n

Nixon was born into a poor family of Quakers in Yorba Linda, Southern California. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Whittier College in 1934 and a Juris Doctor from Duke University in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife Pat to Washington, D.C., in 1942 to work for the federal government. After serving active duty in the Naval Reserve during World War II, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. His work on the Alger Hiss case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist. In 1950, he was elected to the Senate. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the 1960 presidential election to John F. Kennedy. After his loss in the 1962 race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in 1968, he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey.\n

Seeking to bring the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered military operations and carpet bombing campaigns in Cambodia. He covertly aided Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 and ended American combat involvement in Vietnam in 1973 and the military draft the same year. His visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he then finalized the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. Domestically, Nixon pushed for the Controlled Substances Act and began the war on drugs. Nixon's first term took place at the height of the American environmental movement and enacted many progressive environmental policy shifts; his administration created the Environmental Protection Agency and passed legislation such as the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Air Acts. He implemented the ratified Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, and enforced the desegregation of Southern schools. Under Nixon, relations with Native Americans improved, seeing an increase in self-determination for Native Americans and his administration rescinded the termination policy. Nixon imposed wage and price controls for 90 days, began the war on cancer, and presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing, which signaled the end of the Space Race. He was re-elected in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern in one of the largest landslide victories in American history.\n

In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli materiel losses in the Yom Kippur War, a conflict which led to the oil crisis at home. From 1973, ongoing revelations from the Nixon administration's involvement in Watergate eroded his support in Congress and the country. The scandal began with a break-in at the Democratic National Committee office, ordered by administration officials, and escalated despite cover-up efforts by the Nixon administration, of which he was aware. On August 9, 1974, facing almost certain impeachment and removal from office, Nixon resigned. Afterward, he was issued a controversial pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote nine books and undertook many foreign trips, rehabilitating his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. On April 18, 1994, he suffered a debilitating stroke, and died four days later. Rankings of his time in office have proven complex, with the successes of his presidency contrasted against the circumstances of both his ascension and his departure from office.\n

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v t e Richard Nixon
\n 37th President of the United States (1969\u20131974) \n 36th Vice President of the United States (1953\u20131961) \n U.S. Senator from California (1950\u20131953) \n U.S. Representative for CA\u201312 (1947\u20131950) \n
Presidency	\n Transition \n First inauguration \n Second inauguration \n Nixon Doctrine \n \"Bring Us Together\" \n Economic policies\n Nixon shock \n Tar Baby Option \n Environmental Protection Agency\n creation \n National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \n Space exploration \n 1971 National Cancer Act \n Vietnam War\n Cambodian bombing \n Paris Peace Accords \n \"Peace with Honor\" \n Vietnamization \n Silent majority \n Cold War period\n Linkage policy \n Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act \n 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit \n 1972 visit to China\n Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9 \n D\u00e9tente\n 1972 Moscow Summit \n Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty \n SALT I Treaty \n Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement \n Threshold Test Ban Treaty \n Endangered Species Act \n National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse \n War on Drugs\n Drug Enforcement Administration \n Cannabis policy \n Enemies List\n list of opponents \n Operation CHAOS \n Watergate\n timeline \n White House tapes \n United States v. Nixon \n Senate Watergate Committee \n impeachment process \n \"I am not a crook\" \n Resignation\n speech \n Pardon \n State of the Union Address\n 1970 \n 1971 \n 1972 \n 1973 \n 1974 \n Wilson desk \n Judicial appointments\n Supreme Court \n controversies \n Executive Orders \n Presidential Proclamations \n
Life and politics	\n Richard Nixon Foundation \n Presidential Library and Museum \n Birthplace and boyhood home \n Checkers speech \n 1958 motorcade attack \n Kitchen Debate \n Operation 40 \n \"Last press conference\" \n Florida White House \n \"La Casa Pacifica\" \n Nixon Center \n Nixon v. General Services Administration \n Death and state funeral \n
Books	\n Six Crises (1962) \n Bibliography \n
Elections	\n U.S. House of Representatives: 1946 \n 1948 \n U.S. Senate: 1950 \n California gubernatorial election: 1962 \n GOP presidential primaries: 1960 \n 1964 \n 1968 \n 1972 \n GOP national conventions: 1952 \n 1956 \n 1960\n campaign \n 1968\n campaign \n 1972\n campaign \n Presidential elections: 1952\n transition \n 1956 \n 1960\n debates \n Kennedy transition \n 1968 \n 1972 \n
Popular culture	\n \"Nixon goes to China\" \n Millhouse (1971 film) \n An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) \n Richard (1972 film) \n Another Nice Mess (1972 film) \n Four More Years (1972 film) \n Impeach the President (1973 song) \n The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) \n White House Madness (1975 film) \n All the President's Men (1976 film) \n The Public Burning (1977 novel) \n Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) \n Secret Honor (1984 film) \n Nixon in China (1987 opera) \n The Final Days (1989 film) \n Nixon (1995 film) \n Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) \n Futurama (1999 TV series) \n Dick (1999 film) \n Nixon's China Game (2000 film) \n Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) \n The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) \n Frost\u2013Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) \n Black Dynamite (2009 film) \n \"The Impossible Astronaut\" (2011 TV episode) \n Our Nixon (2013 film) \n X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) \n Crooked (2015 novel) \n Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) \n The Post (2017 film) \n Watergate (2019 board game) \n U.S. postage stamp \n
Related	\n Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act \n Presidential Townhouse \n Richard Nixon mask \n Nixon diamond \n
Staff	\n Jack Brennan (aide de camp) \n Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) \n Manolo Sanchez (valet) \n Rose Mary Woods (secretary) \n
Family	\n Thelma \"Pat\" Ryan Nixon (wife) \n Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) \n Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) \n Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) \n Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) \n Francis A. Nixon (father) \n Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) \n Donald Nixon (brother) \n Edward Nixon (brother) \n
\n \u2190 Lyndon B. Johnson \n Gerald Ford \u2192 \n $\"\"$ Category \n

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Early life and education

Primary and secondary education

College and law school

Early career and marriage

Military service

U.S. House of Representatives (1947\u20131950)

U.S. Senate (1950\u20131953)

Vice presidency (1953\u20131961)

1960 presidential campaign

1962 California gubernatorial campaign

Wilderness years

1968 presidential campaign

Presidency (1969\u20131974)

Foreign policy

China

Vietnam War

Latin American policy

Soviet Union

Middle Eastern policy

South Asia policy

Domestic policy

Economy

Governmental initiatives and organization

Civil rights

Space policy

Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation

1972 presidential campaign

Watergate

Resignation

Post-presidency (1974\u20131994)

Pardon and illness

Return to public life

Author and elder statesman

Death and funeral

Legacy

Personality and public image

Books

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Print sources

Nixon Library

Other sources

Further reading

External links

Official websites

Media coverage

Other

Richard Nixon

Talks

Richard Nixon's Talks