The Scottish Cabinet is the main decision-making body of the Scottish Government, the devolved government of Scotland. It is headed by the first minister, and made up of the deputy first minister, cabinet secretaries of the Scottish Government, the Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland (the Scottish Law Officers), the Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government and the Minister for Parliamentary Business.

Members of the cabinet are usually appointed on the decision of the first minister, as well as individual interests in obtaining a Cabinet Secretary position along with prior experience as an MSP. Decisions made by the cabinet are subject to scrutiny from the Scottish Parliament on matters such as the budget and spending allocation. Cabinet ministers are free to openly discuss and share their opinions on matters at cabinet meetings, however, once decisions have been agreed, whether they agree or disagree, ministers are expected to "put on a united front" for the purpose of promoting government policy.

The cabinet meets each Tuesday within the Cabinet Room located in Bute House in Edinburgh, the official residence of the first minister. If required, the cabinet will meet during periods of parliamentary recess, and is supported by Cabinet Sub-Committees. The sub–committees of the cabinet have delegated authority from the cabinet to take decisions on any legislative matter which do not require full cabinet consideration.

The First McConnell government was formed by first minister Jack McConnell on 27 November 2001 following his appointment as first minister following the resignation by Henry McLeish. McConnell formed his second cabinet on 20 May 2003 and was dissolved on 16 May 2007, whereby it was replaced by the First Salmond government following Alex Salmond's election victory in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election.

Following his appointment as First Minister, Alex Salmond replaced the term "minister" for members of his cabinet with the term "cabinet secretaries". One of the first decisions by Salmond as First Minister was to reduce the number of cabinet secretaries attending cabinet to six, a move which promoted as a key move in "efficient government agenda".

Following the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the SNP returned to government, forming a majority government, the first time in the history of the Scottish Parliament. The Second Salmond government was increased in size, from five cabinet secretaries to eight. Salmond's second cabinet was formed on 19 May 2011 and dissolved on 18 November 2014, following his resignation as first minister following the defeat of the Yes Scotland campaign in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Salmond's deputy first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, succeeded him as first minister, forming her government cabinet on 20 November 2014. It was formed of ten people: Sturgeon and nine cabinet secretaries. It was gender-balanced with five men and five women. There were thirteen junior ministerial positions outwith the cabinet.

Sturgeon formed her third cabinet following election victory in the 2021 election, with her third and final cabinet forming on 19 May 2021 and dissolving on 28 March 2023 following her decision to resign as first minister.

Humza Yousaf succeeded Sturgeon as first minister, forming his first cabinet of the Scottish Government on 29 March 2023. His cabinet was dissolved on 25 April 2024 following his decision to withdraw the SNP from the Bute House Agreement. His second cabinet was formed amongst a political crisis and was releatively short lived, formed on 25 April 2024 and dissolving on 7 May 2024 following his resignation as first minister. John Swinney was appointed first minister in May 2024, forming the incumbent Scottish cabinet on 8 May 2024.