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Jīva (Jainism)
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Jīva (Jainism)
Jīva (Sanskrit: जीव) or Ātman (/ˈɑːtmən/; Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within Jainism to identify the soul. As per Jain cosmology, jīva is the principle of sentience and is one of the tattvas or one of the fundamental substances forming part of the universe. The jiva, according to Jainism, is an essential part of how the process of karma, rebirth and the process of liberation from rebirth works.
Everything in existence is divided into two independent, everlasting, co-existing and uncreated categories called the jiva (soul) and the ajiva (Sanskrit: अजीव non-soul). This basic premise of Jainism makes it a dualistic philosophy.
Jains regard soul as one of the six fundamental and eternal substances (dravyas) which forms the universe. The two states of soul substance are — svābhva (pure or natural) and vibhāva (impure or unnatural state). Souls in transmigration are in impure state and liberated ones are said to be in natural or pure state. The soul is considered to be eternal and sentient. The liberated soul has four qualities: infinite joy, infinite energy, infinite consciousness, and infinite knowledge. A bound soul suffers because it is not aware of its true nature of ultimate bliss and omniscience. Souls are not material, but expand or shrink to the size of the body.
Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates matter from the soul. According to The Theosophist, "some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are identical, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are identical as well as distinct."
According to the Jain text, Samayasāra:
Know that the Jiva (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2
According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only arihant and Siddhas are the Real Self.
According to Jain philosophy, the soul undergoes rebirth. Depending on the karmic particles attached to a soul, Jain theology states a being is reborn in one of four gatis (states of existence), namely, heavenly being (deva), human (manushya), hell being (naraki) and animals and plants (triyancha). Besides this there also exist a sub-microscopic life form, Nigoda, possessing only one sense, i.e., of touch.
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Jīva (Jainism)
Jīva (Sanskrit: जीव) or Ātman (/ˈɑːtmən/; Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within Jainism to identify the soul. As per Jain cosmology, jīva is the principle of sentience and is one of the tattvas or one of the fundamental substances forming part of the universe. The jiva, according to Jainism, is an essential part of how the process of karma, rebirth and the process of liberation from rebirth works.
Everything in existence is divided into two independent, everlasting, co-existing and uncreated categories called the jiva (soul) and the ajiva (Sanskrit: अजीव non-soul). This basic premise of Jainism makes it a dualistic philosophy.
Jains regard soul as one of the six fundamental and eternal substances (dravyas) which forms the universe. The two states of soul substance are — svābhva (pure or natural) and vibhāva (impure or unnatural state). Souls in transmigration are in impure state and liberated ones are said to be in natural or pure state. The soul is considered to be eternal and sentient. The liberated soul has four qualities: infinite joy, infinite energy, infinite consciousness, and infinite knowledge. A bound soul suffers because it is not aware of its true nature of ultimate bliss and omniscience. Souls are not material, but expand or shrink to the size of the body.
Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates matter from the soul. According to The Theosophist, "some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are identical, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are identical as well as distinct."
According to the Jain text, Samayasāra:
Know that the Jiva (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2
According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only arihant and Siddhas are the Real Self.
According to Jain philosophy, the soul undergoes rebirth. Depending on the karmic particles attached to a soul, Jain theology states a being is reborn in one of four gatis (states of existence), namely, heavenly being (deva), human (manushya), hell being (naraki) and animals and plants (triyancha). Besides this there also exist a sub-microscopic life form, Nigoda, possessing only one sense, i.e., of touch.